Session: NH 3 Fuel Use
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1 ISIS TSII Oxford Oxford Chemistry RAL: ISIS & Diamond Session: NH 3 Fuel Use Facilitator: Bill David ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK & Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, UK 2016 NH 3 Fuel Conference Luskin Conference Center, UCLA Sept 2016
2 ENERGY PRODUCTION Hydroelectric Solar Biomass SUN AIR Marine Wind Gas WATER Can we use the Global Commons to store energy? Global Commons Geothermal Nuclear Coal
3 SUN Compressed air storage (pressure energised air) AIR Hydroelectric storage (gravitationally energised water) WATER
4 Electricity storage DH = -220Wh/kg (Li + battery) issues with earth abundant materials SUN ( NH 3 = chemically energised water) 4NH 3 + 3O 2 6H 2 O + 2N 2 DH = -5,180Wh/kg NH 3 N 2 + 3H 2 2NH 3 AIR 4 CH 2 + 6O 2 4H 2 O + 4CO 2 2H 2 O 2H 2 + O 2 WATER but distributing & storing hydrogen is challenging DH = -13,140Wh/kg C 8 H 18
5 SUN ( NH 3 = chemically energised water) 4NH 3 + 3O 2 6H 2 O + 2N 2 AIR DH = -5,180Wh/kg NH 3 Hydroelectric storage (gravitationally energised water) WATER
6 NH 3 the quintessential non-carbon hydrocarbon Artificial NH 3 synthesis The Haber-Bosch process Fritz Haber Carl Bosch Without ammonia, there would be no inorganic fertilizers, and nearly half the world would go hungry. Of all the century's technological marvels, the Haber-Bosch process has made the most difference to our survival. source: bpstatisticalreview 170 million tonnes / year 1% world s energy use 2% global CO 2 emissions 40% nitrogen in our bodies PHYSICAL & THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 17.6wt% hydrogen 8bar (298K) storage same as butane/propane heat of combustion: 5,180Wh/kg c.f. (gasoline) 13,140Wh/kg (Li + battery) ~220Wh/kg
7 NH 3 Fuel Use : Agenda 1:00 pm 1:30 pm 1:55 pm 2:20 pm 2:45 pm 3:00 pm 3:25 pm 3:50 pm 4:15 pm 4:40 pm Cracking Ammonia (UK) Research and Development of Ammonia-fueled SOFC Systems (Japan) Power Generation and Flame Visualization of Micro Gas Turbine Firing Ammonia or Ammonia-Methane Mixture (Japan) NO x Emission Analysis and Flame Stabilization of Ammonia-Hydrogen- Air Premixed Flames (Turkey & USA) 15 minute break and Refreshments Nutrition Hub (Lobby) Combustion Characteristics of Ammonia / Air Flames for a Model Swirlburner and an Actual Gas Turbine Combustor (Japan) The Raphael Schmuecker Memorial Solar Hydrogen System an update (USA) Development of Ammonia / Natural Gas Dual Fuel Gas Turbine Combustor (Japan) Carbon Free Liquid Fuel for Today's (and Tomorrow s) Piston and Turbine Generators (USA) Adjourn for the day
8 ISIS TSII Oxford Oxford Chemistry RAL: ISIS & Diamond Cracking Ammonia Bill David 1,2, Josh Makepeace 2, Hazel Hunter 1, Tom Wood 1 1 ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK & 2 Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, UK 2016 NH 3 Fuel Conference Luskin Conference Center, UCLA Sept 2016
9 adjective BRITISH informal excellent he is in cracking form to win this race Cracking good cheese, Gromit!
10 Transport vehicles are now facing again the need to advance to use sustainable fuels such as hydrogen. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are being prepared for commercialization in Katsuhiko Hirose (Toyota) Head, Fuel cell development Katsuhiko Hirose Hydrogen as a fuel for today and tomorrow: expectations for advanced hydrogen storage materials/systems research Faraday Discussions, 2011, 151, DOI: /C1FD00099C
11 Reversible hydrogen storage materials storing hydrogen is a challenge W I F David, Effective hydrogen storage: a strategic chemistry challenge Faraday Discussions, 2011, 151, W I F David, DOI: Faraday /c1fd00105a Discuss., 2011, 151, DOI: /c1fd00105a
12 Katsuhiko Hirose (Toyota) Head, Fuel cell development Transport vehicles are now facing again the need to advance to use sustainable fuels such as hydrogen. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are being prepared for commercialization in Despite intensive research by the world s scientists and engineers and recent advances in our understanding of hydrogen behaviour in materials, the only engineering phase technology which will be available for 2015 is high pressure storage. Thus industry has decided to implement the high pressure tank storage system. Katsuhiko Hirose Hydrogen as a fuel for today and tomorrow: expectations for advanced hydrogen storage materials/systems research Faraday Discussions, 2011, 151, DOI: /C1FD00099C
13 NUCLEAR WIND SOLAR 700 bar H 2 ENERGY IN ENERGY OUT FUEL CELLS I.C.E.s TURBINES
14 Reversible hydrogen storage materials storing hydrogen is a challenge W I F David, Effective hydrogen storage: a strategic chemistry challenge Faraday Discussions, 2011, 151, DOI: /c1fd00105a
15 Ammonia cracking: NaNH 2 catalyst performance Na NaNH 2 Ni: silica/alumina-supported nickel (Alfa Aesar, 66±5 % nickel) Ru: alumina-supported ruthenium (Alfa Aesar, 5% ruthenium) Ni steel (Fe 4 N) Ru WIF David, JW Makepeace et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc (38)
16 PEM fuel cell demonstrator electricity 100W fuel cell purification reactor NH 3 gas in HMA Hunter et al. Journal of Power Sources 329 (2016) dx.doi.org/ /j.jpowsour
17 PEM fuel cell demonstrator HMA Hunter et al. Journal of Power Sources 329 (2016) dx.doi.org/ /j.jpowsour
18 PEM fuel cell demonstrator: purification 585 o C 300sccm 98.5% conversion 550 o C
19 PEM fuel cell demonstrator: purification before after
20 Ammonia cracking: NaNH 2 catalyst performance Li 2-x NH 1+x Na Ru Ni Fe 4 N Next step: 1.0kW(nett) 1.5kW(gross) 10l/m NH 3 (g) 0.4mol 7.5gm 12.5cm 3 NH 3 (l) NH 3 heat capacity reactor volume 21cm 3 0.5g Li 2-x NH 1+x DT 500K power required P / W 300sccm NH 3 450sccm H 2 45W
21 Ammonia cracking: catalyst performance summary Increasing temperature NaNH 2 Na <5% Solid Liquid Liquid + vapour LiNH 2 Li 1+x NH 2-x Li 2 NH 80% Solid Liquid Solid Li 2 Ca(NH) 2 CaNH + Li 1+x NH 2-x Li 2 Ca(NH) 2 Ca(NH 2 ) 2 >98% Solid Solid + Liquid Solid Next steps: completely solid catalyst, improved decomposition kinetics, promotion
22 STATUS & PROSPECTS Catalyst development Solid catalyst Stable imide unstable imide system Catalytic reactor redesign Flow-through design Catalyst support Purification materials improvement absorption reactor development Fuel cell developments Anionic membrane alkaline fuel cells Purge strategies for 3H 2 N 2 mixtures Vision 5-10kW nett remote telecommunications Partial conversion: additional combustion option Safe ammonia systems
23 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Fuel Cell Demonstrator Hazel Hunter ISIS Josh Makepeace ISIS / Oxford Tom Wood ISIS Kate Ronayne STFC Innovations Beth Evans ISIS Jamie Nutter ISIS Mark Kibble ISIS Richie Haynes ISIS James Taylor ISIS Catalysts Josh Makepeace ISIS / Oxford Martin Jones ISIS Hazel Hunter ISIS Tom Wood ISIS Ammonia + Anionic membrane AFCs Tom Wood ISIS Josh Makepeace ISIS / Oxford Martin Jones ISIS Dan Brett UCL Paul Shearing UCL John Varcoe Surrey
24 NUCLEAR WIND SOLAR ENERGY IN ENERGY OUT FUEL CELLS I.C.E.s TURBINES
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