FLEXIBLE POWER GRID RESOURCES AN NEA ANALYSIS

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1 April 1, 2015 Charlie Barnhart, Mik Carbajales-Dale and Sally Benson FLEXIBLE POWER GRID RESOURCES AN NEA ANALYSIS

2 2 A need for power grid flexibility BPA demand, solar insolation and wind data, 5 minute intervals, April 2010

3 1.3 GW of storage by 2020 in CA California adopts first-in-nation energy storage plan October, 2014 "Storage really is the game changer in the electric industry.

3 3 1.3 GW of storage by 2020 in CA California adopts first-in-nation energy storage plan October, 2014 "Storage really is the game changer in the electric industry. And while this new policy is not without risk, the potential rewards are enormous. -Commissioner Mike Florio Dave Fribush of PG&E, shows off the utility's new Yerba Buena battery energy storage project, Tuesday morning Oct. 15, 2013 in the hills above Evergreen Valley College in San Jose, Calif. ((Karl Mondon/Bay Area News Group))

4 4 Energiewende Germany Finances Major Push Into Home Battery Storage for Solar the program targets lead-acid and lithium-ion batteries. "As Germany looks out to 2050, the expectation is that the penetration of renewables could be as large as 80 to 90 percent," Kaun (Ben Kaun, EPRI) said. Coping with variability and the times when renewable production exceeds grid demand raises the perceived value of storing solar and wind in the form of hydrogen, a dispatchable resource. "There is significant loss in conversion from solar to hydrogen," he said. "But it's viewed as being better than zero if faced with curtailment. RenewEconomy, Giles Parkinson November 8, 2014 Energy Storage: A Different View from Germany, June 2014 Laurie Reese

5 Capital Costs 5

6 6 The role NEA can play in making good policy decisions What are the energetic and carbon costs of storage? How do these costs compare to existing flexible grid resources? How can we utilize storage technologies in ways that facilitate renewable proliferation in the spirit of environmental stewardship? Photo: Karim Nafatni

7 7 Flexible Generation Pathways Stored Renewables Grid Storage Responsive Gas Generation

8 8 How does the energetic performance of stored renewables compare with energetic performance of natural gas generation?

9 9 Methodology Developed a theoretical framework to combine the energetic costs and carbon intensities of electricity generation resources and electrical energy storage technologies. Track energy expenditures and flows as well as carbon emissions for energy resources and storage technologies. Data were obtained from several sources: Energy storage and energy generation life cycle assessment studies. Data were divided into cradle-to-gate and operational components. Energy expenditures and carbon emissions associated with decommissioning and recycling were not considered. Data are harmonized to Cradle-to-Gate when possible but are uncertain. This work focused on building the theoretical framework.

10 Carbon and Energy Intensity of Storage 10

11 11 Grid-Scale Storage Technologies safe inexpensive made from abundant materials high cycle-life high round-trip efficiency Lead Acid (PbA) Sodium Sulfur (NaS) Flow (ZnBr, VRB) Compressed air energy storage (CAES) Pumped hydroelectric storage (PHS)

12 Embodied Energy Requirements 12

13 Energy throughput 13

14 14 Life Cycle Storage CO 2 eq Emissions Sources: Sullivan and Gaines, 2000 Denholm and Kulcinski, 2004 egrid, EPA, 2009

15 15 Source Carbon Multiplier Storage Tech AC-AC efficiency Source Carbon Multiplier PbA Li-Ion NaS CAES PHS VRB

16 Resource Carbon and Energy Intensity 16

17 The Generation Resource Footprint Energy Intensity of Gas, PV and Wind 17 Energy Intensity data were obtained from numerous sources. Only post-2000 values were considered. Data were converted to electrical energy values by an energy quality correction value of 0.3 where appropriate. Gas: n=14 from 5 sources PV: n=24 from 27 sources Wind: n=42 from 4 sources (Kubiszewski et al., 2009 was in itself a meta-analysis considering 119 turbines)

18 Carbon Life Cycle Assessment (CO 2 eq) 18 kg CO 2 eq/mwh Upstream Operational Downstream ~60% - 70% ~21% - 26% ~5% - 20% 39 to 49 Hsu et al., 2012 Raw Materials Extraction Materials Production Module/System/Plant Component Manufacture Installation Power Generation System/Plant Operation System Maintenance Decommissioning Disposal 3 to 45 Dolan and Heath, to 670 O Donoughue et al., % Raw Materials Extraction Materials Production Parts Manufacture Wind/Turbine/Farm Construction 0.1% Raw Materials Extraction Materials Production System/Plant Component Manufacture 9% Power Generation System/Plant Operation System Maintenance 99.8% Fuel Cycle (13%) Combustion (87%) 5% Decommissioning Disposal 0.1% Decommissioning Disposal NREL LCA Harmonization Studies ( )

19 Flexible Electrical Energy Systems 19

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28 28 Big Ideas Flexible power grid technologies affect the carbon and energy intensity of the power grid The energy resource predominates energy and carbon intensities Technological solutions not only need to be affordable, they need to be aligned with the principles of environmental stewardship that guided policy makers to spur the use of renewable energy resources.

29 29 Discussion and Conclusions With today s flexible grid technologies we should Store energy with efficient and long-lived technologies like Li-Ion and PHS Consider curtailing wind before storing it during times of oversupply Employ solar to reduce carbon emissions Use efficient high power capacity gas turbines Promote swing capabilities of NGCC-CCS Avoid storing grid power Avoid older inefficient low capacity gas turbines Avoid conventional PbA Storage R&D focus for tomorrow s technologies should Focus on improving battery cycle life and efficiency NGCC-CCS is a low carbon high efficiency technology, technology for storage, capture and variable generation is needed.

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31 31 Data Sources for storage technologies T. Reddy and D. Linden, 2010 C. Rydh and B. Sanden, 2005 Denholm and Kulcinski, 2004 J.L. Sullivan and L. Gaines, 2010

32 32 Natural Gas Energy Data and Calculations

33 33 US Power Grid Energy Data and Calculations

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36 36 How does storage affect the grid-wide EROI?

MAKING GOOD ENERGY CHOICES: THE ROLE OF ENERGY SYSTEMS ANALYSIS

MAKING GOOD ENERGY CHOICES: THE ROLE OF ENERGY SYSTEMS ANALYSIS Professor Sally M. Benson Department of Energy Resources Engineering Co-Director, Precourt Institute for Energy Director, Global Climate