京都大学防災研究所年報第 49 号 B 平成 18 年 4 月. Annuals of Disas. Prev. Res. Inst., Kyoto Univ., No. 49 B, 2006 (SPOM) SPOM BOD. Webster & Pattern, 1979 POM

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1 京都大学防災研究所年報第 49 号 B 平成 18 年 4 月 Annuals of Disas. Prev. Res. Inst., Kyoto Univ., No. 49 B, km 47km (SPOM) SPOM g/m g/m g/m 3 14km g/m g/m g/m 3 3km 320km 2045km SPOM SPOM SPOM BOD Webster & Pattern, 1979 POM

2 POM Zah & Uehlinger, 2001Tockner et al., 2002 (Gorgian et al., 2003) POM SPOM Suspended POM SPOM SPOM SPOM SPOM 2 SPOM Fig. 1 POM 3 Lake Biwa Amagese Dam (16km) Uji River Junction (0km) Kizu River Yodo River Takayama Dam (47km) Fig. 1 Study area. Dam 10km 1/ km 13.4km 8.6km 5.2km 1.2km 16km 6 Fig.2 Junction(0km) st st4 st st3 st st1 stb sta 16 Amagase Dam16km 2km Fig. 2 Study sites in Uji River st16 st2 14.4km st1 st sta st36 st5 st6 stb 6 20km 1km 1/926 1/ m 47km 26km 26km, 19km 47km 9 Fig. 3 st1 26.9m 3 /s 15.9m 3 /s st1 SPOM st1

3 1 Junction(0km) 5km 6 12 st9 16 st8 26 st7 st6 st5 st Takayama Dam(47km) Fig. 3 Study sites in Kizu River. st3 st2 st m 3 /s m 3 /s, st H-Q 175m 3 /s 112m 3 /s 88m 3 /s 73m 3 /s 2 Q (1.125 H ) (1.125 H ) (1) Q(m 3 /s), H(m) SPOM, st6 2 H-Q m 3 /s 23.7m 3 /s 17.0m 3 /s 11.8m 3 /s 2 Q=34.94 (H+2.97) 2 Q(m 3 /s), H(m) st6 33.6m 3 /s st6 18.1m 3 /s st6 75.5m 3 /s POMParticulate Organic Matter DOMDissolved Organic Matter POM 1mm CPOMCoarse POM 1mm FPOMFine POMAllan, 1995 POM BPOMBenthic POMFig m (SPOM) SPOM 1mm CPOM1mm FPOM CPOM(Coarse POM) 1mm BPOM(Benthic POM) SPOM (Suspended POM) FPOM(Fine POM) 1mm River bed Fig. 4 Study object. 1m ( 30cm )

4 4mm1mm500m 250m125m25m 6 4mm 1-4mm SPOM 4 Table st g/m 3 st7 0.11g/m 3 st9 0.20g/m 3 st1 0.07g/m 3 st3 0.04g/m 3 st6 st7 0.10g/m 3 st8 0.17g/m 3 st g/m 3 st1 0.12g/m 3 st3 st4 0.09g/m 3,st6 0.24g/m 3 st7 0.18g/m 3 st9 0.22g/m 3 st4530km26km st6716km12kmst7812km 6kmFig. 6 Table 1 Method for classification of fixed POM samples. section (mm) > aquatic aquatic Material Classification Plant origine Animal origine water s aquatic terrestrial riparian terrestrial aquatic terrestrial edge (skin) (skin) water s aquatic terrestrial riparian terrestrial aquatic terrestrial edge (skin) (skin) Total AFDW Total AFDW Total AFDW Total AFDW SPOM g/m 3 AFDWash-free dry weight SPOM AFDW g/m g/m 3 SPOM st312km st1 16km 0.25 g/m 3 st g/m 3 st48.7km 0.62 g/m 3 st61km SPOM sta14.4km 0.78 g/m 3 SPOM st g/m 3 st g/m 3 st55.7km 1.93 g/m 3 stb2.9km 1.32 g/m 3 st g/m 3 st g/m 3 st g/m 3 st4st65.71km st6 Fig. 5 SPOM g/m g/m g/m 3 SPOM st1 0.05g/m 3 st2 0.08g/m 3 st430km Fig. 5 Longitudinal changes of SPOM concentration in Uji River. Fig. 6 Longitudinal changes of SPOM concentration in Kizu River. 3SPOM SPOM SPOMst3 st4 st6 st3 st4 st4-6 Fig. 7 SPOM CPOM CPOM CPOM st st5

5 18.2st6 st9 4mm CPOM 5 Fig. 8 SPOM CPOM st1 st6 st7st8 st st st5 CPOM Fig. 7 Longitudinal changes in size composition of SPOM in Uji River (upper: drought water flow, middle: average water flow, down: high water flow). 3SPOM 4mm SPOM st2 0.08g/m 3 st1 st g/m 3 SPOM st g/m 3 st6 st9 5 4mm SPOM st4,st5 0.02g/m g/m 3 st6 st7 st8 4mm SPOM 0.02g/m 3 st5 st6,st7 st6 st7 Fig. 8 Longitudinal changes in size composition of SPOM in Kizu River (upper: drought water flow, middle: average water flow, down: high water flow). 3CPOM Fig. 9 2 stast3 st4 4 2 Myriophyllum spicatum

6 Crangonyx floridanus st5 st6 3CPOM Fig.10 Fig. 9 Longitudinal changes in source composition of SPOM in Uji River (upper: drought water flow, middle: average water flow, down: high water flow). st2 st5 st6 4mm st2 14km st2 st5 Potamogeton oxyphylluspotamogeton crispus st2 st2 st3 st4 Fig. 10 Longitudinal changes in source composition of SPOM in Kizu River (upper: drought water flow, middle: average water flow, down: high water flow). st2 st3 Phragmites japonicast4 st5 4mm

7 Salix integrasalix serissaefolia Salix spp. st2 st6 st2 st3 POM kmst4 st6 st7 st9 st1 st2 3 st6 st8 st6st7 1 4mm 4mm 14mm POM km st3, st5, st6 1m km SPOM 1km SPOM SPOM 1km 2km 3km SPOM Fig km mm 4km (r= -0.96, n= 4) 3km (r= -0.91, n= 5) FPOM 3km (r= -0.94, n= 5)(p < 0.05, ) SPOM CPOM FPOM 4km 0.51mm SPOM FPOM 3km SPOM SPOM CPOM FPOM SPOM mm(r= 0.77, n= 5)0.5-1mm (r= 0.87, n= 5) FPOM (r= 0.84, n= 5) 10km (p< 0.05, ) 0.5-1mm(r= 0.83, n= 6)1-4mm(r= 0.84, n= 6) (r= 0.82, n= 6)FPOM(r= 0.77, n= 6)CPOM(r= 0.82, n= 6) 4km 1-4mm 4km (r= 0.87, n=6) 5km (r= 0.83, n=6), 7km (r= 0.93, n=6), 8km (r= 0.78, n=6)(p < 0.05, ) 10km 4km 5km 4km SPOM CPOM POM A S RA/S SPOM R, 2002

8 stastb(st6) st4 st4, (1) 1km Fig 11Fig 12 Fig. 11 Longitudinal changes of hydraulic radius in Uji River. Fig. 12 Longitudinal changes of hydraulic radius in Kizu River. R m m m st55.7km 5km 23km R m m m R R 34km R R SPOM SPOM 3.5 SPOM 3.4 SPOM SPOM 6km 4km 3 4mm 4km (r= 0.94, n= 4)5km(r= 0.86, n= 4) 45km 4 SPOM SPOM 4mm 8km (r= 0.98, n= 5),4mm 9km (r= 0.99, n= 5), CPOM 8km (r= 0.96, n= 5) CPOM 9km (r= 0.99, n= 5) mm 2km (r= -0.83, n= 6)(, p< 0.05) 4mm 8km (r= -0.82, n= 5) (, p< 0.05) 2km FPOM mm FPOM FPOM 4mm CPOM 8km

CPOM FPOM 4mm SPOM Fig. 8 4mm SPOM SPOM SPOM CPOM 0km 35km 0.5km Fig.

area bared ground area bared ground river channel Fig.

st3 35km st3st5 5070 st6 st8 (1) SPOM 3.4 3.6 SPOM CPOM 0.5km 7km SPOM Fig.14 Fig.

9 CPOM FPOM 4mm SPOM Fig. 8 4mm SPOM SPOM SPOM CPOM 0km 35km 0.5km Fig. 13 bedrock area bedrock woody plantl river bed degradation area narrow channel area glass plant glass plant area bared ground area bared ground river channel Fig. 13 Longitudinal changes in landscape compositions within levees in the lower reaches of Kizu River. st3 35km st3st st6 st8 (1) SPOM SPOM CPOM 0.5km 7km SPOM Fig.14 Fig.14 Relation between longitudinal changes of riverine vegetation and SPOM concentration at drought water flow in Kizu River. Peason s correlation analysis (n=7(00.5km), n=6(1 7km)). Red line shows significant point of correlation coefficient (p= 0.05).

10 0.56.5km 4mm km 4mm 14mm 01km 4mm 01km 4mm 02km mm 6.57km 4mm 05.5km 1 4mm 4mm 3 4km 4mm 15km mm SPOM 6.5km km 4mm SPOM 4mm 2km 2km 5.5km SPOM Fig. 15 SPOM,Fig. 16 4mm 06km 4mm 0.5km 14mm 1.5km 4mm 1km 4mm 1km 4mm 0.5km 14mm SPOM 1.5km 4mm SPOM 1km 4mm 1km 4mm 0.5km 4mm 0.5km 4mm 6km 1mm CPOM 2km, 6.5km 4mm Fig.15 Relation between longitudinal changes of riverine vegetation and SPOM concentration at average water flow in Kizu River. Peason s correlation analysis (n=7(00.5km), n=6(1 7km)). Red line shows significant point of correlation coefficient (p= 0.05). 4mm 3km 0.5km

11 Fig.16 Relation between longitudinal changes of riverine vegetation and SPOM concentration at high water flow in Kizu River. Peason s correlation analysis (n=7(00.5km), n=6(1 7km)). Red line shows significance point of correlation coefficient (p= 0.05). 4mm km 6km SPOM st6 68 m 3 /s 16km 15m 3 /s 14.5km 50m 3 /s st6 130m 3 /s 50m 3 /s 80m 3 /s st6 350m 3 /s 270m 3 /s 80m 3 /s 12.8km 8.6km 6.2km 37km 2.54m 3 /s 0.92m 3 /s31.4km 2.26m 3 /s 0.82m 3 /s m 3 /s m 3 /s st616km 18.1m 3 /s 33.6m 3 /s 77.5m 3 /s SPOM 13.4km 8.6km 5.2km 1.2km SPOM CPOM SPOM SPOM SPOM

12 CPOM CPOM sta st6 13.4km 39 st2 st6 12.9km 37st2 st5 8.2km 6280 st2 st6 12.9km 37 CPOM CPOM st1, POM st1 st2 3km st2 st3 5.5km st511.5km, st714km st337.5km st430kmst526km CPOM CPOM km km CPOM km CPOM, 10km 10km 1015km SPOM (1) CPOM CPOM km CPOM 10km 1015km 68m 3 /s 75.5m 3 /s SPOM CPOM km 4.4 SPOM CPOM Johnson & Covich1997 2m 3 /s Little Washita River CPOM Brookshire & Dwire m 3 /s m 3 /s FPOM 0.304m 3 /s 0.23m m 0.225m 3 /s 0.31m m(Georgian et al., 2003) Microcystis, 2003Microcystis 2.510m m FPOM Microcystis /s /s 32km 37 Microcystis SPOM SPOM 4.3 SPOM

13 SPOM, SPOM POM POM POM POM Microcystis /s 50 10km 32km Microcystis km 1/278 1/1151 POM CPOM 13.9km 310km, SPOM POM, 4mm 2.5km 6km 3km CPOM 4mm 2.5km 18.1 m 3 /s 3km 33.6 m 3 /s 6km 75.5 m 3 /s CPOM POM CPOM 2.56km CPOM CPOM 5070m 50100, m 2 /s m 2 /s m 2 /s m 2 /s 74.6 CPOM Washita River CPOM 1000 CPOM CPOM SPOM, SPOM SPOM CPOM CPOM 34km, 10km 310km

14 (2003), Microcystis,, 64, pp Allan, J.D. (1995): Stream Ecology, Structure and Function of Running Waters, Chapman & Hall, 388pp. Brookshire, E.N.J. Dwire, K.A. (2003): Controls on patterns of coarse organic particle retention in headwater streams, The North American Benthological Society, 22, pp Georgian, T., Newbold, J.D., Thomas, S.A., Monaghan M.T., Minshall, G.W. & Cushing, C.E. (2003): Comparison of corn pollen and natural fine particulate matter transport in streams: can pollen be as a seston surrogate?, The North American Benthological Society, 22, pp Johonson, S.L. & Covich, A.P. (1997): Scales of observation of riparian forests and distributions of suspended detritus in a prarie river, Freshwater Biology, 37, pp Tockner, K., Malard, F., Uehlinger, U. & Ward, J.V. (2002): Nutrients and organic matter in a glacical river-floodplain system (Val Roseg, Switzerland), Liminol. Oceanogr., 47, pp Webster, J.R. & Patten, B.C. (1979): Effects of watershed perturbation on stream potassium and calcium dynamics. Ecological Monographs, 49, pp Zah R. & Uehlinger U. (2001): Particulate organic matter inputs to a glacial stream ecosystem in the Swiss Alps, Freshwater Biology, 46, pp Longitudinal changes of SPOM in relation to river channel geomorphology Yasuhiro TAKEMON, Kana YAMAMOTO, Shuichi IKEBUCHI Synopsis Longitudinal changes in size and source composition of SPOM (Suspended Particulate Organic Matter) were investigated in Uji River below the Amagase Dam and in Kizu River below the Takayama Dam under three different flow conditions. In Uji River, SPOM concentration ranged from g/m 3 AFDW (average flow), g/m 3 AFDW (high flow) and g/m 3 AFDW (draught flow). Aquatic plants were major source of CPOM (Coarse POM) through 14km reaches. In contrast, in Kizu River, SPOM concentration increased in lower reaches, ranging from g/m 3 AFDW (average), g/m 3 AFDW (high) and g/m 3 (draught). CPOM derived from reservoir disappeared in a short distance and percentage of terrestrial plants increased within 3-20km, and then riparian and sub-merged plants became major source in 20-45km downstream. The differences in the longitudinal patterns of SPOM composition between the rivers indicated that sandy bar structure functions as both a filter of drifting SPOM and a provider of new SPOM from the riparian vegetation to the channel in the river ecosystem. Keywords: Suspended particulate organic matter, coarse particulate organic matter, river ecosystem, sand bar, vegetation

What Are Environmental (Instream) Flows?

1 What Are Environmental (Instream) Flows? Sustainable water management requires that both human needs and the needs of aquatic and riparian ecosystems be fulfilled. Dams and diversion of water for municipal