Boigas: : Rural House Hold Energy Supply A Nepal Case Study

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1 Boigas: : Rural House Hold Energy Supply A Nepal Case Study Workshop on Efficient Energy Management and Renewable Energy April 22, 2008 Trivandrum, Kerala, India Presented By: Ramesh P. Nepal Sr. Energy Efficiency Consultant IMRCA, Kathmandu, Nepal

2 Energy Storage All forms of energy are stored in different ways, in the energy sources that we use every day. These sources are divided into two groups -- renewable & nonrenewable Renewable Energy Nonrenewable Energy

3 Source of Renewable Energy Solar energy Solar energy is light and heat energy from the sun. Solar cells convert sunlight into electrical energy. Thermal collectors convert sunlight into heat energy. There is enough solar radiation striking the surface of the earth to provide all of our energy needs. Wind energy Moving air turns the blades of large windmills or generators to make electricity, or to pump water out of the ground. A high wind speed is needed to power wind generators effectively. While wind generators don t t produce any greenhouse gas emissions they may cause vibrations, noise and visual pollution. Tidal energy and wave energy If a dam or barrage is built across a river mouth or inlet, electricity can be obtained by the flow of water through turbines in the dam as the tide rises and falls. The movement of waves can also drive air turbines to make electricity. Although tidal and wave energy don t t produce pollution, they can cause other environmental problems. Biomass energy Biomass is plant and animal material that can be used for energy.. Converting biomass energy into useable energy has many environmental benefits. Fuels s such as ethanol can be made from biomass and used as an alternative to petrol to power motor cars. Hydroelectric energy Fast-flowing flowing water released from dams in mountainous areas can turn water w turbines to produce electricity. While it doesn t t cause pollution, there are many other environmental impacts to consider. Ecosystems may be destroyed, cultural sites may be flooded and sometimes people need to be resettled. There are also impacts on fish breeding, loss of wildlife habitat and changes in water flow of rivers. Geothermal energy Geothermal energy uses heat energy from beneath the surface of the t earth. Some of this heat finds its way to the surface in the form of hot springs or geysers. Other schemes tap the heat energy by pumping water through hot dry rocks several kilometres beneath the earth s s surface.

4 Source of Non-Renewable Energy Coal Coal is a fossil fuel formed over millions of years from decomposing sing plants. When coal is burned it produces large amounts of carbon dioxide, one of the gases responsible for the enhanced greenhouse effect Petroleum Petroleum, or crude oil, is formed in a similar way to coal. But instead of becoming a rock, it became a liquid trapped between layers of rocks. It can be made into gas, petrol, kerosene, diesel fuel, oils and bitumen. Another common use for petroleum is in producing petrochemicals such as plastics. Gas Gas is made in the same way as petroleum and is also trapped between layers of rock. Natural gas is tapped, compressed and piped into homes to be used in stoves and hot water systems. LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) is made from crude oil. It is used for cooking in homes. LPG G can also be used as an alternative to petrol as an engine and transport fuel. Using LPG reduces greenhouse gas emissions from a vehicle by up to 20 per cent. Nuclear energy Nuclear energy is the energy released when atoms are either split t or joined together. A mineral called uranium is needed for this process. Heat energy and steam produced can drive an electricity generator in a power station, or provide direct mechanical power in a ship or submarine. At each stage of the process various types of radioactive waste are produced. This waste is poisonous and can cause harm to people and a the environment coming into contact with it.

5 Historical Background Before Prototype model developed - Very few plants were constructed 1975/76 - Govt. announced agricultural year - Provided subsidy (one year) - Interest free loan from Agri. Dev. Bank - Around 199 plants constructed Late Govt. started subsidy scheme SNV/N started supporting Boigas Support Programme,, BSP I and II till 1996/ BSP III started further support from KFW in subsidy and credit facilities - Other banks also joined - Private biogas companies started immersing Phase IV started which ends on June 2009

6 Biogas A Rural Technology For Energy Supply

7 POTENTIAL Huge Potential being agricultural country Technically feasible 1.9 million plants Economically feasible 1.0 million plants More than 50 % in Terai Around 40 % in Hills Around 10 % in remote hills or mountain

8 Biogas- Penetration Biogas Plants constructed under BSP N Darchula 2 Bajhang Baitadi Bajura 24 Humla Mugu Dadeldhura Doti Kanchanpur 1677 Kailali 2437 Achham Kalikot 5 Dailekh 75 Surkhet 1049 Bardiya 1813 Biogas Plants Banke 682 Jumla Dolpa Mustang Jajarkot 2 Rukum 40 Manang Myagdi Salyan Rolpa Baglung Kaski Gorkha 1 Lam jung Kathmandu Parbat Rasuwa Bhaktapur Pyuthan Gulmi Syangja 17 Dang Tanahu Dhading Arghakanchi Nuwakot Sindhupalchoke Palpa Dolakha Kapilbastu Solukhumbu Rupandehi Nawalparasi Chitawan 2685 Makwanpur 2940 Kavre SankhuwasabhaTaplejung 5963 Lalitpur Ramechhap Okhaldhunga Parsa Sindhuli KhotangBhojpur Terhathum Bara Panchthar 1012 Rautahat Dhankuta Sarlahi Udayapur 1291 Ilam 1527 Dhanusa Mahotari Siraha 291 SunsariMorang Saptari Jhapa Miles

9 Overall Objectives: Quality biogas construction in rural areas Make biogas more attractive to smaller farmers Insure continued operation of all biogas installed Outreach of the programme enhanced Gender mainstreaming and social inclusion practices are applied Conduct applied R & D for its development and local production of gas valve, tap and lamp etc. Facilitate micro credit availability to the farmers for biogas system Development, promotion and implementation of biogas CDM project (phase IV target)

10 Key Points for Success Government subsidy Easily available loans from banks Technical support such as in providing design, construction and quality assurance Operation and maintenance training Guarantee accompanying the plant and maintenance services

11 Target in Phase IV ( ) 09) Reduction of the workload of 135,000 households mainly women and girls by about 3 hours/day/household. The saved time is used for education, income generation activities and leisure. Annual savings of: Fuel wood used for cooking to the extent of 270,000 2 tons/plant Agriculture waste to the extent of 47, ton/plant Dung cakes to the extent of 81, ton/plant Annual saving on kerosene of 3.37 million 25 litres/plant Annual reduction of GHG emission to the extent of 945,000 tons of CO2 7 tons/plant Annual production of 142,975 tons of dry weight slurry and 1.75 tons/plant Proper usages of this slurry and compost in 108,000 households Improved agriculture yields and reduced use of chemical fertilizers Reduction in indoor air pollution due to kitchen smoke in 135,000 households Reduced incidence if illness and expenses on health

12 Composition Methane (CH 4 ) 50-70% Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) 30-40% Other gases Odorless and colorless gas Burns with clear blue flame similar to LPG

13 Technical Fixed Dome Sizes 4,6,8 and 10 cubic meters At least two cattle (24 KG of dung/day) Warm temperature (more than 10 degree) Water source (not far than 20 minutes walking distance) Land with a house Feasible up to 2,100 meters altitude

14 BIOGAS Plant Design

15 Plant Feeding, Gas Production & Stove Burning Hours Plant size m3 Initial dung feed kg. Daily dung feed, kg. kg. dung/m3 plant size) No. of cow required kg dung/cow ) Daily water feed, litres Daily gas produced lt. (@40 lt./kg dung) Daily stove burning hours (@ 400 lt./hrs) 4 2, , , , , , ,

16 Quantity of main Construction Materials Plant Size m3 No of cement bags kg/bag) Stone quantity, m3 (or bricks, in number) (1,200) (1,400) (1,700) (2,000) Gravel in no. of cement bags Sand no. of cement bags Paint, in litres

17 Construction of Biogas Plants c.m. 6 c.m. 8 c.m. 10 c.m. 15 c.m. 20 c.m.

18 BIOGAS - Development 2003/4 2002/3 2001/2 00/01 99/00 98/99 97/98 96/97 95/96 94/95 93/94 92/93 Pre BSP , Phase I Phase II Phase III Phase IV ,824 plants 13,375 plants 91,196 plants 46,280 plants Total plants constructed 157,675 plants

19 Overall Achievements (From July 1992 December 2006) Installed 157,675 biogas plants 60 private Biogas Companies have been strengthened 15 Biogas appliances manufacturing workshops are developed Comprehensive quality standards and quality control system is developed 96% of constructed plants are in operation More and more toilets are constructed (motivated for construction) and connected with biogas plants. 80% of bio-slurry is utilized as an organic compost fertilizer Biogas programme is being developed as a first CDM project in Nepal 118 micro finance institutes are mobilized on biogas lending 980,000 persons are directly benefited 11,000 persons got employment

20 Growth of Biogas System Growth of Biogas System No of Plants Series Fiscal Year Legend: X-axis 1 means 1992/93 and 14 means 2005/06

21 BIOGAS- Current status 66 districts covered 98 % plants in operation 75% plants are toilets connected 46% plants are financed by FIs Average plant size is 6 m3 GPS monitoring system introduced 44 companies involved 90% Cooking and 10% lighting

22 BIOGAS- Overall Impact 900,000 persons are benefited 366,000 tones of fuel wood saved 213,000 tones fertilizer saved Better health/sanitation of 122,000 HH 64,000 persons employed 561,000 tones CO2 emission reduced/year

23 BIOGAS -Subsidy Terai Hills R.Hills 4 & 6 m3 5,500 8,500 11,500 8 & 10 m3 5,000 8,000 11,000 * Rs additional in Low penetration districts

24 Clean Development Mechanism Project First CDM project in Nepal Two Emmission Reduction Purchase Agreement (ERPA) has been signed with The World bank Approximately NRs.. 42 million ($ 607,000) per year revenue generated

25 Success Story A 6 c.m.. biogas plant installed in the name of Mrs. Saraswati Bhetwal Total cost was NRs.. 25,000 ($ 416) NGO supported hardware such as cement, pipes, rod etc. Biogas support Program provided cash subsidy of NRs.. 10,000 Mrs. Bhetwal had contributed NRs.. 6,000 no need to take bank loan Family owned one buffalo and one cow Before Mrs. Bhetwal used to spend 2 hrs. per day for fetching fuel wood Her mother 70 years old used to cook food She is very happy due to smokeless stove and no hard effort for cooking plus light Productivity in their land raised due to the use of digested slurry and able to earn thousand rupees a year by selling crop They feel gobar gas (biogas) is bestowal of god, which gives so many benefits Mrs. Bhetwal is a ward volunteer in Panchkhal and started serving a spokesperson for installing biogas to others in the village She took training in operation and maintenance Due to this success story, at present there are 1300 plant installed in that village

26 BIOGAS IS THE FORM OF ENERGY USED MOSTELY BY THE WOMEN IN RURAL AREAS FOR COOKING AND LIGHTING PURPOSES

27 Thanks for your kind attention