References and Resources

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James Fox
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1 References and Resources Glossary Adaptation- A characteristic or behavior that helps an organism to survive Advisory- A caution or warning Aquaculture- Fish farming; raising marine or freshwater organisms under controlled conditions Bay- a body of water set off by land from the main body Benefit- a positive consequence, advantage Bias- a personal or subjective outlook applied to some issue Bioaccumulation- term describing how the concentration of pollutants in organisms increases as you go up the food chain Bivalve- a mollusk containing two shells, which are connected by a hinge Blue crab- Callinectes sapidus, a large blue-green edible crab, highly valued commercial species in New Jersey Boundary- a geographic border, Calories- units used to describe the energy capacity of food Cardiovascular- of or relating to the heart and circulatory system Citizen- someone who lives in a city, town, or country Clam- an edible, marine bivalve mollusk living in sand or mud Classify- to organize according to some set of rules Collaboration- a win/win situation, where everyone works toward a group solution Common name- a casual name an organism goes by, i.e. hard clam as opposed to scientific name, i.e. Mercenaria mercenaria Competition- a win/lose situation, where not all parties wants are addressed Condensation- the process by which water vapor reforms into liquid Conflict- competitive action of different forces Consumer- an organism that cannot make its own nutrition, and must feed to survive Consumption- the act of process of eating Cooperation- a win some/ lose some situation, where everyone gets some of their wants met, but also makes some sacrifices 90

2 Cownose ray- Rhinoptera bonasus, the most common type of ray in the Chesapeake bay Dichotomous key- a series of paired, mutually exclusive statements used to identify objects or organisms Dioxin- any group of chemicals created as a byproduct from a process Disability- a behavioral, mental, or physical condition that limits an individual Divide- to separate into two or more parts Dredge- a clam harvesting method that consists of pulling a rake and bag structure across the sediment Energy- Estuary- A place where fresh and salt water meet; one of the most productive habitats on earth Evaporation- the process by which liquid water, through heating, is changed into its vapor state Fats- An organic compound from plants or animals, necessary for human health in small quantities, but also causes health problems Feelings- Food chain- the transfers of matter and energy from one organism to another Food web- the total interaction of food chains in an ecosystem Foot- A large muscular organ that assists in mollusk locomotion Framing- Fresh water- water with no salt content, commonly found in rain, lakes, and streams Gastropod- group of mollusks that live in a single, coiled or spiraled shell Gills- Organ used in marine animals to obtain oxygen from water Green crab- Carcinus maenas, a small shore crab that is an invasive species Ground water- water located beneath the surface Gull- large birds, generally live close to the shore Hard clam- Mercenaria mercenaria or Northern Quahog, an important commercial fishery in New Jersey Hierarchy- system of ranking and organization Hinge- the point at which two bivalve shells are connected by a ligament 91

3 Infiltration- the process by which water seeps into soil Lake- a body of standing (usually fresh) water surrounded by land Lenni Lenape- Native Americans inhabiting New Jersey Ligament- tissue that connects a bone to another bone Litter- garbage or refuse not properly disposed of, especially paper and plastic Meat- refers to the edible, inner mass of shellfish Media- Mercury- a silver-white heavy metal, it is harmful to humans Moon snail- Mussel- a marine bivalve National estuary program- Need- to have to have something Negotiation- the act of dealing with Non-point source- Nutrients- Ocean- saltwater that covers over 75% of the Earth Omega 3- fatty acid found in marine animals, has many health benefits to humans Organism- any living creature Oyster- any of various marine bivalve mollusks that have a rough irregular shell Oyster drill- Pathogens- a specific agent of disease PCBs- Perception- how one observes the environment around them Perspective- the way in which something is viewed Point source- Pollution- anything that is bad for the environment Precipitation- rain or snow Predation- the act of preying on something Predator- an animal that eats others for energy Prey- an animal taken by a predator Producer- any organism that can make its own food 92

4 Protein- naturally occurring complex substances that consists of amino acid Public policy- the rules of the public Pump- a device that raises, transfers, delivers, or compresses fluids Quahog- A common name for the Hard Clam, Mercenaria mercenaria Rake- A shellfish harvesting device which consists of a long handled rake with a cage on the end Reef- a chain of coral Risk- taking a chance River- a body of water that flows Runoff- the portion of rain that reaches streams, lakes, or rivers Salt water- water with salt in it Saturated- to be filled completely with something Scallop- marine bivalve that have a ribbed shell with the edge undulated and that swim by opening and closing the valves Scientific name- the taxonomic name for a type of organism, comprised of the genus and species identifiers, i.e. Mercenaria mercenaria Seafood- term commonly used to describe commercially harvested edible fish and shellfish Sediment- soil that has eroded or washed away from its origin, especially into a water body Shell- a hard outer covering; in mollusks, calcareous in nature Shellfish- term used to describe crustacean or molluscan seafood species Silo- a trench, pit, or small cylinder Siphon- tubular organs in animals and especially mollusks or arthropods that are used for drawing in or ejecting fluids Sluice- an artificial passage for water Stakeholder-a person entrusted with the stakes of others Steward- one who directs affairs Stewardship- the process of taking care of the environment Stormwater- land based runoff originating from a rain storm Surface water- water found on the surface of the land, as in lakes, streams 93

5 Taxonomy- classification of living things Tongs- Long metal poles with rake attachments used to harvest shellfish in deep waters Toxins- poisonous substances Treading- digging for clams in shallow water with one's feet Upweller- a land based tank nursery system for growing shellfish Value- Volunteer- someone who helps a cause with no expectation of compensation Wampum- Lenni Lenape currency made from shellfish shells Want- something that would be nice, but could be lived without Watershed- an area of land that drains to a particular water body; all of the land in the Barnegat Bay watershed drains to Barnegat Bay Wetland- an area that is covered by water for a certain period of time each year, often referred to as swamps, bogs, or marshes Whelk- a single shelled mollusk that is a predator of clams; the knobbed whelk is the state shell of New Jersey 94

Aquatic Communities Aquatic communities can be classified as freshwater

Aquatic Communities Aquatic communities can be classified as freshwater or saltwater. The two sets of communities interact and are joined by the water cycle. Gravity eventually returns all fresh water