Eutrophication test questions

Transcription

1 Eutrophication test questions From the course materials find answers to all questions. There may be (and often is) more than one correct choice. You have to mark down the right combination of choices. Some questions need googling. At the exam, a small subset of these questions have to be answered. 1. Define narratively the term eutrophicatoin 2. What is the approximate percentage of global nitrogen fixation due to industrial nitrogen fertilizer production: (1) 90%; (2) 50%; (3) 30%; (4) 3%; (5) 0.3% 3. What are the reasons for the increased N:P ratio during the last decades in the rivers discharging to coastal waters: (1) the ratio has increased due to removal of phosphate rich detergents; (2) the ratio has declined because agriculture uses less mineral N- fertilizers (3); the ratio has increased because sewage treatments plants remove P more efficiently than N; (4) the ratio has declined because the sewage treatment plants remove almost all the N; (5) the ratio has not changed 4. Which of the following biogenic substances is deposited from the atmosphere: (1) organic P; (2) PO 4 ; (3) amino acids; (4) NH 4 ; (5) organic sulphur compounds 5. In regions with high population density (e.g. Kattegat) the atmospheric nitrogen deposition can account for ca: (1) 60%; (2) 40%; (3) 25%; (4) 10%; (5) 2%; of the external nitrogen load 6. NO X includes: (1) NO; (2) NO 2 ; (3) N 2 O 5 ; (4) HNO 4 ; (5) HNO 2 ; (6) HNO 3 7. NO Y includes (1) NO; (2) NO 2 ; (3) N 2 O 5 ; (4) HNO 4 ; (5) HNO 2 (6) HNO The principal sources of atmospheric NH 4 include: (1) pig and cattle farms in large agricultural operations; (2) cereal fields; (3) land transport, highways; (4) burning of fossile fuels in power plants; (5) photochemical processes in the amtosphere; (6) oil platforms in the sea; (7) marine transport, shipping 1

2 9. The principal sources of atmospheric NO X include: (1) pig and cattle farms in large agricultural operations; (2) cereal fields; (3) land transport, highways; (4) burning of fossile fuels in power plants; (5) photochemical processes in the amtosphere; (6) oil platforms in the sea; (7) marine transport, shipping 10. Mechanical turbulence is created when: (1) the wind direction changes very quickly; (2) wind blows over rough surfaces; (3) stable atmospheric condition is in transition to unstable condition; (4) warm lower and cool higher air masses turn around forming large eddies; (5) in cloudy weather air masses with different moisture content mix 11. Convective turbulence is created when: (1) the wind direction changes very quickly; (2) wind blows over rough surfaces; (3) stable atmospheric condition is in transition to unstable condition; (4) warm lower and cool higher air masses turn around forming large eddies; (5) in cloudy weather air masses with different moisture content mix 12. Atmospheric stability means: (1) wind has been blowing steadily in one direction for prolonged time periods; (2) warm upper air masses and cool lower air masses; (3) warm lower air masses and cool upper air masses ; (4) thermal homogeneity of air masses throughout the atmosphere ; (5) moist upper air masses and dry lower air masses ; (6) dry upper air masses and moist lower air masses 13. Unstable atmospheric condition means: (1) wind has been blowing steadily in one direction for prolonged time periods; (2) warm upper air masses and cool lower air masses; (3) warm lower air masses and cool upper air masses ; (4) thermal homogeneity of air masses throughout the atmosphere ; (5) moist upper air masses and dry lower air masses ; (6) dry upper air masses and moist lower air masses 14. Neutral atmospheric condition means: (1) wind has been blowing steadily in one direction for prolonged time periods; (2) warm upper air masses and cool lower air masses; (3) warm lower air masses and cool upper air masses ; (4) thermal homogeneity of air masses throughout the atmosphere ; (5) moist upper air masses and dry lower air masses ; (6) dry upper air masses and moist lower air masses 15. Primary pollutants are the following: (1) NO; (2) NO 2 ; (3) N 2 O 5 ; (4) NH 3 ; (5) N 2 ; (6) HNO 3 ; (7) HNO Secondary pollutants are the following: (1) NO; (2) NO 2 ; (3) N 2 O 5 ; (4) NH 3 ; (5) N 2 ; (6) HNO 3 ; (7) HNO As a rule of a thum NH 3 deposits: (1) through dry deposition; (2) through wet deposition; (3) relatively far away from the source of the pollution; (4) relatively close to the source of the pollution; (5) there is no difference in the deposition mechanism and distance from the source 18. As a rule of a thum NO X deposits: (1) through dry deposition; (2) through wet deposition; (3) relatively far away from the source of the pollution; (4) relatively close 2

3 to the source of the pollution; (5) there is no difference in the deposition mechanism and distance from the source 19. Prerequisites for wet deposition: (1) windy weather more wind means more intensive deposition; (2) pollutants need to come into contact with condensed water droplets in the atmosphere; (3) terrain is covered with vegetation; (4) pollutants need to be scavenged by the water droplets; (5) landscape must be rough, irrespective of the vegetation; (6) it has to rain or snow (or hail) 20. Dry deposition is favored by (1) windy weather more wind means more intensive deposition; (2) pollutants need to come into contact with condensed water droplets in the atmosphere; (3) terrain is covered with vegetation; (4) pollutants need to be scavenged by the water droplets; (5) landscape must be rough, irrespective of the vegetation; (6) it has to rain or snow (or hail) 21. The annual atmospheric deposition on N into the Baltic Sea is in the order of: (1) g m -2 ; (2) 3 15 g m -2 ; (3) g m -2 ; (4) mg m -2 ; (5) µg m The high end of NH 3 emissions to the atmosphere in Europe are in the order of: (1) 30 kg km -2 ; (2) 300 kg km -2 ; (3) 3 tons km -2 ; (4) 30 tons km -2 ; (5) 300 tons km Important diffuse pollution sources are: (1) large animal farms and manure reservoirs; (2) deposition from the atmosphere; (3) runoff from agricultural fields; (4) municipal waste water treatment plants; (5) industry, power plants 24. Important point sources of pollution: (1) large animal farms and manure reservoirs; (2) deposition from the atmosphere; (3) runoff from agricultural fields; (4) municipal waste water treatment plants; (5) industry, power plants 25. The main N losses from the agricultural fields are related to: (1) soil particles containing the nutrients are washed away by surface flow; (2) leaching into the soil pore water in mineral form and further transport in dissolved form; (3) wind erosion of soil particles; (4) through subsurface drainage systems; (5) through groundwater 26. The main P losses from the agricultural fields are related to: (1) soil particles containing the nutrients are washed away by surface flow; (2) leaching into the soil pore water in mineral form and further transport in dissolved form; (3) wind erosion of soil particles; (4) through subsurface drainage systems; (5) through groundwater 27. Nitrogen losses to the atmosphere from the agricultural fields are favored by: (1) high water content of the soil; (2) low water content of the soil; (3) low ph; (4) high ph 28. Typical doses of mineral N fertilizers to fields in intensive European agricultural regions: (1) 0.2 kg ha -1 ; (2) 2 kg ha -1 ; (3) 20 kg ha -1 ; (4) 200 kg ha -1 ; (5) 2000 kg ha Typical N losses from Norwegian fields are in the order of: (1) kg ha -1 ; (2) 1 5 kg ha -1 ; (3) 6 15 kg ha -1 ; (4) kg ha -1 ; (5) kg ha -1 3

4 30. Typical N losses from Estonian and Latvian fields are in the order of: (1) kg ha -1 ; (2) 1 5 kg ha -1 ; (3) 6 15 kg ha -1 ; (4) kg ha -1 ; (5) kg ha Typical P losses from Norwegian fields are in the order of: (1) 3 5 kg ha -1 ; (2) kg ha -1 ; (3) kg ha -1 ; (4) kg ha -1 ; (5) kg ha Typical P losses from Estonian and Latvian fields are in the order of: (1) 3 5 kg ha -1 ; (2) kg ha -1 ; (3) kg ha -1 ; (4) kg ha -1 ; (5) kg ha The main cause why nutrient losses from Norwegian fields are higher than from Estonian and Latvian fields are: (1) Differences in agricultural practices; (2) The quantities of applied mineral fertilizers are much higher in Norway; (3) The crop yields are very different; (4) The climatic conditions are very different; (5) The topography is very different 34. Please describe efficient ways to reduce agricultural diffuse pollution (narrative question) 35. The variability in the annual riverine discharge of nutrients depends first of all: (1) The amount of applied mineral fertilizers; (2) Variability in the annual precipitation; (3) Occasional accidents and disasters; (4) The unstable efficiency of waste water treatment plants; (5) The geological properties of the region 36. What are the main reasons why the phosphate concentrations in the Rein river have declined. (1) The precipitation has increased and therefore there is more water in the river and the pollution gets more diluted; (2) Phosphate containing detergents have been removed from the market; (3) The Rein ecosystem is highly eutrophic and the regular algal blooms use up most of the available nutrients; (4) The waste water treatment plants remove P very efficiently; (5) The agriculture uses less and less mineral P fertilizers 37. What are the main reasons why the phosphate concentrations in the Daugava river have not declined:(1) The agriculture uses more and more mineral P fertilizers; (2) Due to the collapse of the agricultural industry the P losses from the fields increased dramatically; (3) The waste water treatments plants work very inefficiently; (4) The old phosphate containing detergents are still widely in use; (5) The phosphate that has accumulated during the previous decades in the water shed buffers the effect of nutrient reduction measures 38. Typical winter nitrate concentrations in the Baltic Sea: (google this up) (1) 1.2 µm; (2) 12 µm; (3) 120 µm; (4) 12 mm; (5) 120 mm 39. Typical winter phosphate concentrations in the Baltic Sea: (google this up) (1) 2 nm; 2) 20 nm; (3) 0.2 µm; (4) 2 µm; (5) 20 mm 4

5 40. Typical Baltic Sea spring bloom chlorophyll a concentrations: (1) 0.1 µg Chl L -1 ; (2) 1 µg Chl L -1 ; (3) 10 µg Chl L -1 ; (4) 100 µg Chl L -1 ; (5) 1 mg Chl L Typical Baltic Sea summer chlorophyll a concentrations: (1) 0.3 µg Chl L -1 ; (2) 3 µg Chl L -1 ; (3) 30 µg Chl L -1 ; (4) 300 µg Chl L -1 ; (5) 3 mg Chl L Typical chlorophyll a concentration in oligotrophic oceans: (1) 0.1 µg Chl L -1 ; (2) 1 µg Chl L -1 ; (3) 10 µg Chl L -1 ; (4) 100 µg Chl L -1 ; (5) 1 mg Chl L Typical oligotrophic regions of the world ocean are: (1) Barents Sea; (2) Baltic Sea; (3) Mediterranean Sea; (4) North Sea; (5) Sargasso Sea; (6) Peruvian coast 44. The mechanisms how underwater springs can be detected through the temperature difference: (1) Groundwater is always a bit warmer and this temperature anomaly can be detected; (2) The temperature of groundwater is stable compared to the surrounding ocean and this can be measured; (3) The temperature of groundwater is stable and this gives a higher temperature signal in winter and a cold temperature signal in summer; (4) It is only detectable when the groundwater is warmer than seawater and therefore floats to the surface, where the temperature anomaly can be measured 45. Chemical reactions are very intense when groundwater gets in touch withe the marine water because; (1) Groundwater transports very reactive pollutants to the sea; (2) The chemical reactions are caused by the large salinity gradient; (3) Groundwater has a high concentration of radioactive compounds; (4) When two water masses mix, the temperature rises and this accelerates all chemical processes; (5) The high pressure favors chemical reactions 46. The nitrogen discharge through groundwater is typically (1) Negligible compared to other sources and not worth taking into accunt; (2) Comparable to atmospheric deposition and river runoff; (3) The main source of pollution in the coastal waters, far more important than other sources; (4) Nothing is known about it yet 47. A rough estimate of the nitrogen pollution through groundwater compared to riverine runoff is: (1) %; (2) 0.3 1%; (3) 3 10%; (4) üle 30% 48. Nutrient uptake as a function of nutrient concentration is described by the following parameters: (1) Half saturation constant K s ; (2) Maximum growth rate µ; (3) Diffusion constant of dissolved mineral nutrients in the aquaeus solution; (4) Maximum nutrient uptake rate V max ; (5) Light attenuation coefficient in the surface water 49. The primary consequences of eutrophication are: (1) Increasing biomass of phytoplankton; (2) Increasing biomass of zooplankton; (3) Changes in the phytoplankton species composition; (4) Changes in the zooplankton species composition; (4) Changes pelagic food web structure; (5) Anoxia and hypoxia in deep water 5

6 50. The secondary consequences of eutrophication are: (1) Increasing biomass of phytoplankton; (2) Increasing biomass of zooplankton; (3) Changes in the phytoplankton species composition; (4) Changes in the zooplankton species composition; (4) Changes pelagic food web structure; (5) Anoxia and hypoxia in deep water 51. Typically the element that limits primary production in the ocean is: (1) N; (2) P; (3) Si; (4) S (SO 4 ); (5) C (CO 2 ) 52. Typically the element that limits primary production in lakes is: (1) N; (2) P; (3) Si; (4) S (SO 4 ); (5) C (CO 2 ) 53. Redfield ratio C:N:P (molar ratio): (1) 41:17.2:1; (2) 100:10:1; (3) 106:16:1; (4) 17.2:6:1; (5) 106:7:1; (7) 41:6:1; 54. The harmful effect of algal blooms can be: (1) Blooms can be toxic; (2) The water turns thick and viscous; (3) High biomass; (4) Poor edibility by zooplankton; (5) Mechanical damage to fish gills; (6) Changes the water color to green or brown 55. Preconditions to an algal bloom: (1) Very high growth rate of the algal species; (2) The growth rate is higher than the sum of all loss processes; (3) Production of toxins; (4) High nutrient affinity; (5) Resistance to grazing 56. Typical toxic algal species in the Baltic Sea include: (1) Nodularia spumigena; (2) Aphanizomenon sp.; (3) Prymnesium parvum; (4) Heterocapsa triquetra; (5) Phaeocystis; (6) Alexandrium tamarense (7) Emiliania huxleyi 57. New production is primary production, which is based on: (1) Nitrate; (2) Phosphate; (3) New nutrients; (4) Allochthonous nutrients; (5) Ammonium and urea; (6) Autochthonous nutrients; (7) Regenerated nutrients; 58. Regenerated production is primary production, which is based on: (1) Nitrate; (2) Phosphate; (3) New nutrients; (4) Allochthonous nutrients; (5) Ammonium and urea; (6) Autochthonous nutrients; (7) Regenerated nutrients; 59. f-ratio is : (1) new production / regenerated produciton; (2) export production / total primary production; (3) export production / new production; (4) export produciton / regenerated production; (5) regenerated production / new produciton /regenereeritud produktsioon jagatud uus produktsioon; (6) new production / total primary production 60. e-ratio is : (1) new production / regenerated produciton; (2) export production / total primary production; (3) export production / new production; (4) export produciton / regenerated production; (5) regenerated production / new produciton /regenereeritud produktsioon jagatud uus produktsioon; (6) new production / total primary production 6

7 61. With depth, the vertical flux of organic matter in the water column: (1) Increases; (2) Decreases; (3) Does not change; (4) Increases when a lot of zooplankton is present; (5) Increases when the bacterial activity is very high; (6) C:N ratio of the organic matter increases; (7) C:N ratio of the organic matter decreases 62. Please rank the heterotrophic degradation processes in the sediments starting from the ones taking place closer to the sediment surface: ( ) mangane respiration; ( ) methanogenesis; ( ) aerobic respiration; ( ) sulfate respiration (sulfate reduction); ( ) iron respiration; ( ) nitrate respiration 63. Beggiatoa and Thiovulum are:(1) reduce sulphides; (2) reduce sulphate; (3) oxidize sulphide; (4) oxidize sulphate; (5) reduce sulphur väävlit (S 0 ); (6) microaerophilic; (7) strictly anaerobic; 64. Soluble compounts that to into the pore water with diffusion: (1) Fe 2+ ions; (2) Mn 2+ ions; (3) Fe III compounds; (4) MnO 2 ; (5) NO 3 ; (6) SO Please describe narratively by what mechanisms the Fe III oxides form a layer on the sediment surface. 66. Please describe narratively by what mechanisms oceanic N limitation of primary production could be related to sulphate concentration in the water. 67. Calculation exercise: phosphorus flux from the sediments is 0.7 mg P m -2 per day. How much phytoplankton biomass can be formed from this amount of phosphorus during one day, when it all reaches the euphotic layer and P is the only limiting nutrient? For calculations you need to know the Redfield ratio, the atomic mass of C(12) and P(31). If you do not have a calculator at hand, just give the sequence of calculations. 68. Fish farms increase eutrophication because: (1) When fish die and decompose, a lot of nutrients is released to the water; (2) Fish food that is not eaten sinks to the bottom and leaks nutrients; (3) Fish excrements leak a lot of nutrients; (4) Close to the fish farms the conditions are particularly suitable for algal blooms; (5) CO 2 released through the respiration of fish stimulates the algal production 69. With modern fish farming technologies, the amount of fish biomass that can be produced with 1 kg of fish food is ca: (1) 0.9 kg; (2) 0.5 kg; (3) 0.2 kg; (4) 0.02 kg; (5) kg 70. Efficiency of energy transfer in a food web from one trophic level to another is about: (1) 95%; (2) 80%; (3) 75%; (4) 50%; (5) 30%; (6) 15%; (7) 5%; (8) 0.5%; (9) 0.05% 71. The marine production forms only a small proportion of human diet because: (1) It is substantially more difficult to get the food out of the ocean than from traditional agricultural systems; (2) The ocean has on average lower productivity; (3) From the 7

8 ocean we use higher trophic levels for food; (4) People do not have the habit and traditions to eat food from the sea; (5) People tend to use for food those fish species that are already rare and endangered 72. To increase the amount of food outtake from the ocean it is necessary to:(1) Favor eutrophication; (2) Abruptly increase fisheries efforts; (3) Hunt more marine mammals and birds; (4) Harvest form lower trophic levels; (5) Combine fish farming with macroalgae and/or mussel farming; (6) Artificially fertilize the ocean to increase productivity 8