The Role of Bioenergy in Modern Power Systems

Transcription

1 The Role of Bioenergy in Modern Power Systems Webinar - 3 April 2017 Dr Stephen Schuck Manager sschuck@bigpond.net.au

2 Why this webinar? The National Electricity Market (NEM) electricity supply system is under scrutiny; blackouts, coal fired power stations closing (Hazelwood, Munmorah), rapid and large PV- battery and wind influx, policy on the fly (Snowy 2), cost of electricity to consumers. Electricity is in the news. Finkel NEM Energy Security Review preliminary report has zero coverage of bioenergy. Discusses variable renewable energy Several state governments have announced 50% renewable energy targets by Federal Labor s policy. Raise awareness - to present a case for bioenergy in power systems.

3 Webinar coverage Bioenergy primer What bioenergy contributes to power systems Disruptive technologies impacting power systems Plant examples Potential for bioenergy Barriers International collaboration IEA Bioenergy

4 Conversion of Biomass to Energy and Energy Products Forestry and sawmill wastes Agricultural residues (e.g. bagasse, straw) Portion of urban wastes (MSW, organics) Sewage and manure Purpose grown woody and herbaceous energy crops Woody weeds (e.g. Camphor laurel, prickly acacia) Processing wastes (e.g. black liquor, nut shells) Macro and micro-algae Common theme photosynthesis a form of solar energy

5 Total Primary Energy Contributions Biomass provides ~10% of TPES or 60 EJ (10 18 ) Technical potential 1,500 EJ by 2050 Sustainability consideration EJ

6 Calibration - Global Bioenergy Facts Bioelectricity amounts to GW capacity (way larger than Australia s total coal fired power capacity) (REN21, 2016) Australia bioelectricity capacity ~ 1GW (~1% of global) In 2015, approx. 464 TWh bioelectricity generated worldwide (cf national renewables target of 33 TWh from all sources by 2020). NEM ~ 200 TWh/a. Australia ~3.5 TWh (<1%) In Australia biomass provides approx. 3.6% of TPES and ~1.5% of Australia s electricity.

7 United States Germany Brazil China Japan Sweden United Kingdom Finland Italy Canada Netherlands Poland Denmark Austria Belgium France Spain India Thailand Portugal Australia Bioelectricity Generation 20 leading countries plus Australia Australia ~3,500 GWh TWh/a on average (source REN21)

8 Australia s primary energy consumption, by fuel type, Energy consumption Average annual growth Share years PJ per cent per cent per cent Coal 1, Oil 2, Gas 1, Renewables bioenergy hydro wind solar Total 5, % Source: Energy in Australia 2016/Department of Industry and Science (2015) Australian Energy Statistics

9 Australia s electricity generation, by fuel type, TWh Average annual growth Share (per cent) (per cent ) 10 years (per cent) Black coal Brown coal Natural gas Oil products Non-renewables Biomass Biogas Wind Hydro Solar PV Geothermal Renewables Total

10 Capacity of renewable generation (MW) at 30 June 2014 Fuel type NSW VIC QLD SA TAS WA NT Total Hydro 2, , , ,297 Bagasse Biomass Black liquor Geothermal Landfill gas Sewage gas Large-scale solar Solar PV , ,584.7 Wave Wind , , ,797.1 Total 3, , , , , ,532.2 Source: Energy Supply Association of Australia (ESAA), Electricity Gas Australia 2015 Via Energy in Australia 2015.

11 Bioenergy Basics (focus on power) Greenhouse gas neutral (under Kyoto Protocol) 1 MW e capacity requires ~10,000 tonnes fresh weight solid biomass per year 1 tonne biomass provides ~ 1 MWh e Calorific value of wood (d.a.f.) MJ/kg at operational level ~ 10 MJ/kg depending mainly on moisture level. Stem wood has very low ash: ~ 0.2 percent (some coals can approach 50 percent) Generally low Sulfur in woody biomass (no acid rain) Agriculture straws halides and alkali metals can lead to corrosion and fouling of boiler tubes need careful design.

12 Potential Contribution to Electricity Two studies Clean Energy Future for Australia report (2004) found that for a deep carbon cut scenario by 2040 bioenergy could provide 28 percent of the generation mix. Equates to 73 TWh. Clean Energy Council (when BCSE) stationary bioenergy roadmap (2008) indicated: ,624 GWh per year (four-plus fold expansion from study year) ,629 GWh per year The ABBA project is underway to quantify resources

13 Clean Energy Future for Australia (2004) Energy Strategies, H. Saddler et al. Reissued by CEC.

14 Biomass Source Quantity 2010 (GWh/y) 2020 (GWh/y) 2050 (GWh/y) Poultry 94 million Cattle feedlots 870 thousand Pigs 1.8 million Dairy cows 1.4 million Abattoirs 1.3 million tonnes Stubble grain and cotton crops 24 million tonnes Bagasse 5 million tonnes million tonnes Sugar cane trash, tops and leaves Oil mallees Camphor laurel ~ 9 million tonnes Forest residues (native forests, plantations, processing residues) Black liquor Other pulp and paper wastes Urban food Wastes 2.9 million tonnes Garden organics 2.3 million tonnes Urban paper and 2.3 million tonnes cardboard Urban wood/timber wastes 1.6 million tonnes Landfill gas Sewage gas Source: BCSE (CEC) Bioenergy Roadmap 2008.

15 Co-Products Renewable Energy Certificates & GreenPower Other environmental instruments (carbon and salinity) Cogeneration opportunities Saleable ash Biofertilisers (e.g. Camellia anaerobic digester) Biorefinery products Pyrolysis oil products Charcoal, biochar and activated carbon Plant breeding and biotechnology Not just low emission electrons

16 Co-values of Bioenergy Greenhouse gas reduction Dispatchable base load power unlike wind and solar Regional development and employment Salinity mitigation and land repair Security of supply indigenous resource Weed control Fire hazard reduction (see Deloitte Access Economics study for the Australian Forest Products Association) Biodiversity and animal habitat Waste management.

17 Biomass Wood, MSW, Energy Crops... Manures, Sewage, Food Wastes... Canola... Thermal Processing Biochemical Mechanical Excess air Partial air No air Combustion Gasification Pyrolysis Anaerobic Digestion Fermentation Crushing Oil Crops Heat and Power Chemical Feedstocks Ethanol Biodiesel

18 Scale of Bioenergy Combustion Systems

19 Wood Pellets

20 Comparison of Wood Chips, Wood Pellets and Torrefied Pellets for Fuel Lower Heating Value MJ/kg Moisture Content (Percent wet basis) Bulk Density kg/m 3 Energy Density (mean) GJ/ m 3 Wood Chips Conventional Wood Pellets Torrefied Wood Pellets <10 <

21 270 kwe ORC at Gympie Timber BEA11 conference tour

22 Macadamia Nut Shell Project Gympie Qld 1.5 MW pinhole grate unit

23 Visy Bubbling Fluidised Bed Combustor Cogeneration plant at Coolaroo (BEA 12 conference tour)

24 Semi-trailer unloading fuel at Tracy Biomass Plant 21 MW Tracy Biomass Plant, California

25 Cuijk 24 MWe FBC plant in The Netherlands Source: Essent Energie

26 Rocky Point Sugar Mill Qld -30 MW Australian Examples of Grate Boilers 28 sugar mills: 1,200 GWh in 2006 to 7,800 GWh in Condong Sugar Mill NSW - 30 MW Now Cape Byron Power

27 Grayling- Michigan, USA, 36 MW

28 Kettle Falls (47 MW) Washington State

29 Shastra Anderson Plant (50 MW) California

30 Large-scale Biopower in Europe Rodenhuize Biomass Fuelled Power Plant, Ghent, Belgium. 180 MW fired on imported wood pellets. Abengoa announced in late 2014 another plant at Ghent - 215MWe CFBC.

31 Pellet barge 80 MW Les Awirs Power Station Unit - Belgium (was 120 MW coal fired unit)

32 Reciprocating engines for baseload operation Source: Wartsila Baseload CHP fuelled on straight vegetable oil. Monopoli, southern Italy MWe (Wartsila) Delivered x Wartsila 18V46 plus three 18V32 plus a steam turbine.

33 Alhomens Kraft 550 MWth, 240 MWe CFBC plant Slash bundles part of fuel supply source: Timberjack

34 Multi-fuel Unit AVEDØRE 2 CHP Plant 10 km south of Copenhagen Opened 2002; 510 MW e and 565 MW th USC boiler 310 bar Multifuel capability: straw, wood pellets, natural gas, oil and coal Separate straw boiler 40 MW e and 50 MW th. Straw 200,000 t/a 300,000 tonnes/a wood pellets. Pellet factory at nearby Køge. Also pellet supply from Sweden Efficiency up to 94%

35 D Gasifier Torrefaction E Stack Coal Mills Burners Boiler Flue Gas Treatment Pretreatment A Mills B C Steam Turbine Biomass A Co-milling of biomass with coal B Separate milling, injection in pulverised fuel lines, combustion in coal burners C Separate milling, combustion in dedicated biomass burners D Biomass gasification, syngas combusted in furnace E Co-milling of torrefied biomass with coal Co-Firing Regimes

36 Gasifier types, sizes & efficiencies Efficiency to electricity (%) Downdraft Pressure CFB Entrained flow CFB 2 fluid bed Fluid bed Rotary kiln etc Updraft 0 10kWe 100kWe 1MWe 10MWe 100WMe

37 Ankur Gasifier dual firing a diesel genset - Huon Valley, Tasmania.

38 Güssing - Austria CHP gasification plant Cogeneration Unit 2 MW e 4.5 MW th Electrical efficiency 25% Overall efficiency 81.3%

39 AMER Centraal gasifier - adjacent to 900 MW coal fired unit Co-firing wood gas: 83 MWth fuel input

40 Pyrolysis Bio-oil Dark brown mobile liquid Combustible Not miscible with hydrocarbons Heating value ~ 17 MJ/kg (60%v diesel) Density ~ 1.2 kg/l Acidic, ph ~ 2.5 Pungent odour Unstable - viscosity increases with time

41 Bio-oil applications Boiler Bio-oil Upgrade Extract Heat Electricity Transport fuel Chemicals

42 Anaerobic Digestion combustible biogas Range of sizes and complexities

43 Biogas (including Landfill Gas >220 MW) Carrum Downs Waste Water Treatment Plant, Melbourne AJ Bush Digester and Gas Engine, Bromelton, Qld

44 Development of Stationary Bioenergy Technologies Basic & applied R&D Demonstration Early commercial Commercial Biomass densification Torrefaction Pyrolysis Pelletization Biomass to heat Gasification Combustion (in boilers & stoves) Combustion ORC, Stirling Engine Steam cycle Gasification IGFC IGCC, IGGT Gasification + Steam Cycle Co-firing Indirect co-firing Parallel co-firing Direct co-firing Anaerobic Digestion Microbial fuel cells 2-stage AD 1-stage AD Source: IEA Bioenergy

45 Bioheat Providing energy services No RET type scheme in Australia Applications have still gone ahead steam in sugar mills thermal oil in plywood factories steam for processing food kiln drying of lumber at saw mills steam at pulp and paper facilities. Firewood and wood pellets for domestic and commercial space and water heating.

46 SA Pine displacement of LPG. BEA14 conference tour.

47 Matching Bioenergy to Modern Power Systems Liquid and gaseous biofuels can power spark ignition and compression ignition engines powering synchronous generators. Biomass has inherent energy storage dispatchable. Bioenergy power plants based on the steam cycle are technically very similar to coal fired units. Capacity factors in excess of 90% are expected (compared to a good wind farm of circa 40%). Synchronous generation (inertia). Provides both frequency and voltage control (can regulate power and reactive power ) Can provide base load, intermediate load and peaking capacity. Separate energy storage technologies have inefficiencies ~ 20% energy loss expected.

48 Matching Bioenergy to Modern Power Systems (contd) Can offset requirements on the main grid distributed and embedded e.g. prosumer based generation, micro CHP based on wood pellets (10kW e /30 kw th ), biogas. Fault levels (protection, reduce voltage fluctuations at the consumer a more rigid electrical system) Islanded operation in grid emergencies (unlike wind, PV) Strategic location offset transmission infrastructure (lesson from 1981 NSW power crisis which used rushed in combustion turbines) If CCS succeeds, then Bio-CCS would provide negative GHG emission technology. Cogeneration a natural fit improves economics and GHG performance.

49 Barriers to Bioenergy Lack of recognition (policy blind spot) of: o Greenhouse gas performance (zero emission under Kyoto) o Dependable, dispatchable and/or base load o Synchronous with inertia (for frequency and voltage control) o Co-firing biomass or converting coal fired units (cf Drax PS) o economic, societal and environmental (regional economies, jobs, land repair, waste management) benefits. Bioenergy spans numerous ministerial portfolios energy, environment, forestry, agriculture, infrastructure, water, employment bioenergy is not purely about electrons and GHG. No policy incentive for CHP nor renewable heat/cooling from bioenergy (RET includes solar thermal rooftop water). UK for instance has Renewable Heat Incentive. Heat/cooling can displace electricity.

50 Barriers to Bioenergy (contd 1) No bioenergy specific Feed-in Tariff (has incentivised bioenergy in several countries - Netherlands, Ontario Canada, Germany, China, Thailand). Offer long term contracts, stable and attractive prices. The PV FiTs, solar multipiers (x5) and 15 years RECs upfront for a competing technology set back alternatives such as bioenergy. No feedstock/fuel policy support. US Biomass Crop Assistance Program (BCAP) has approved over 5,000 agreements for the delivery of more than 5 million tons of biomass and paid eligible biomass owners matching payments under BCAP. $ 00 million grants as matching payments. Sovereign risk. Uncertainty with carbon policy, longevity of the RET and uncertainty of what comes next. Need to match project life.

51 Barriers to Bioenergy (contd 2) Lack of bioenergy targeted investment incentives: multiplier for tax deductions for the capital equipment investment, accelerated depreciation, FiT, soft loans, loan guarantees. Energy from waste (EfW): lack of consistent national waste levy policies (tipping fee zero in Qld); difficulty aggregating waste feedstocks High costs of network connection EPA regulations generally not set for EfW and bioenergy Costs and difficulty of selling electricity production Lack of community support in some areas particularly utilisation of wood residues (GreenPower distances itself from combustion of biomass)

52 Barriers to Bioenergy (contd 3) No stand alone sustainability standard for biomass. The Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act and its Regulation impose restrictions in lieu of separate sustainability criteria (e.g. higher value at time of use, only use of post processing wastes) Logistics of consolidating sufficient biomass in one place so a plant is financially viable. Long term biomass supply agreements (need 20+ years) Site selection (if EfW in urban areas) Torturous approvals processes

53 Examples of a Californian Support Program March 31, 2017 California forest biomass project scores $5M grant A proposed 2-MW biomass power project in California s Mariposa County has been named recipient of a $5 million California Energy Commission Electric Program Investment Charge grant. READ MORE SHARE Second California small-scale bioenergy plant nets $4.9M grant A planned community-scale Camptonville, California, forest bioenergy power plant is proposed to receive $4.9MM in funding from the California Energy Commission as part of its Electric Program Investment Charge (EPIC) grant program, READ MORE SHARE

54 Barriers - bedtime reading SKM/MMA (now Jacobs) study for CEC on connection issues (2011) E3 International study for RIRDC (feedstocks) for cofiring in Queensland

55 IEA Bioenergy a collaboration of 23 countries Provides an international forum for sharing information and developing best practice on Technology development Non-technical barriers and issues Regulatory and legislative issues Produces authoritative information on key strategic issues affecting deployment has led Australia s participation since 1998

56 Tasks Feedstock Forest and agricultural products, MSW and recovered fuels Conversion Combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, anaerobic digestion, fermentation, biorefineries Integrating Research Issues GHG balances, socioeconomic drivers, international trade, systems analysis

57 ARENA Measure: Knowledge Sharing and Promoting Australia s Participation in IEA Bioenergy Tasks This project focusses on the co-ordination and promotion of Australia s participation in five IEA Bioenergy Tasks. Task 37 Energy from Biogas Task 38 Climate Change Effects of Biomass and Bioenergy Systems Task 39 Commercialising Conventional and Advanced Liquid Biofuels from Biomass Task 42 Biorefining in a Future Bioeconomy Task 43 Biomass Feedstocks for Energy Markets. ARENA funding: $416,000 Total project value: $1,217,677

58 Conclusions World-wide ~106,000 MW bioelectricity Australia has some 1,000MW of all forms of bioelectricity capacity Large, unrealised potential in Australia See submission to the Finkel NEM energy security review (17 pages) Don t forget about jobs through bioenergy!