Strategic Environmental Assessment

Transcription

1 Strategic Envirnmental Assessment Secnd versin (V2), based n the V3 PO March 2014 Parcurir L Eurpe Sandra Ungema ch-be nsaid, J eanne Geffr y, Charltte Guérin Guillaud, Da niel Pulenard 9 r u e d e l a L a q u e T u l u s e / F r a n c e w w w. r e s e a u - p a r c u r i r. e u 1

2 Table f Cntents 1. INTRODUCTION 3 2. REGULATORY FRAMEWORK AND ENVIRONMENTAL OBJECTIVE 4 OUTLINE OF THE PROGRAMME 4 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK AND ENVIRONMENTAL OBJECTIVES 6 HIGHLIGHTING OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PROGRAMME INTERVENTIONS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENTAL OBJECTIVES RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER RELEVANT PLANS AND PROGRAMMES ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY INITIAL STATUS: DESCRIPTION OF THE CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL SITUATION OF THE PROGRAMME AREA; LIKELY EVOLUTION IF THE PROGRAMME IS NOT IMPLEMENTED (OPTION 0) GEOGRAPHICAL FRAMEWORK AND SCOPE OF THE ANALYSIS THE DRIVERS OF THE MED AREA PRESSURES ON THE ENVIRONMENT 29.4 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AREAS LIKELY IMPACTED PRESENTATION OF THE «OPTION 0» ANALYSIS OF THE SIGNIFICANT LIKELY EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT 46 PREAMBLE: PRESENTATION OF THE SYNOPTIC GRID OF QUESTION 46 INCIDENCE ASSESSMENT: DETAILED ANALYSIS DESCRIPTION OF MEASURES TO AVOID, REDUCE AND COMPENSATE SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS OF THE PROGRAMME ON THE ENVIRONMENT PROPOSED MONITORING MEASURES BIBLIOGRAPHY 62 ANNEX: DETAILED RATING GRIDS 64 2

3 1. Intrductin The Directive 2001/42/EC f the Eurpean Parliament and f the Cuncil f 27 June 2001 n the assessment f the effects f certain prgrammes n the envirnment requires certain prgrammes, which are likely t have significant effects n the envirnment, t be subject t an envirnmental assessment. This assessment specifically enables envirnmental cnsideratins t be integrated in the preparatin and adptin f these prgrammes. It als cntributes t sustainable develpment. Since 2006 and the refrm f Eurpean Structural Funds, all public prgrammes adpted after 2006, require an envirnmental assessment, while they are being shaped and befre their adptin. The prgrammes c-financed by the Eurpean Reginal Develpment Fund (ERDF) are cncerned by this directive. This assessment will include: - Realisatin f a reprt n the envirnmental effects (describing ptential significant effects n the envirnment as well as reasnable crrective measures). - Realisatin f a cnsultatin with the authrities in charge f envirnmental issues n the area cncerned by the prgramme. - Realisatin f a public cnsultatin in the area cncerned by the prgramme. The envirnmental reprt, the pinins expressed by the relevant authrities and the public must be taken int accunt befre the prgramme is adpted. When a prgramme is adpted, all cncerned parties which have been cnsulted are infrmed and can cnsult any relevant dcuments. A mnitring n the significant effects n the envirnment will be implemented t determine as sn as pssible negative and unexpected effects. The envirnmental reprt fr the prgramme will cntain the fllwing infrmatin: - The cntents f the prgramme and its main bjectives and links t ther relevant plans and prgrammes; - The existing envirnmental situatin and its likely develpment if the plan r prgramme is nt implemented; - The envirnmental characteristics f any area likely t be significantly affected by the plan r prgramme; - Any existing envirnmental prblems which are relevant t the plan r prgramme, specifically thse relating t znes in the Natura 2000 netwrk; - The natinal, Cmmunity r internatinal envirnmental prtectin bjectives which are relevant t the plan r prgramme in questin; - The likely significant envirnmental effects f implementing the plan r prgramme; - The measures envisaged t prevent, reduce and ffset any significant adverse effects n the envirnment; - An utline f the reasns fr selecting ther alternatives (final versin f the reprt); - A descriptin f hw the assessment was carried ut (final versin f the reprt); - The envisaged mnitring measures (final versin f the reprt); - A nn-technical summary f this infrmatin. 3

4 2. Regulatry framewrk and envirnmental bjective Outline f the prgramme The MED prgramme is ne f the instruments fr the implementatin f the EU chesin plicy. With this plicy, and the Eurpe 2020 strategy, EU pursues harmnius develpment acrss the Unin by strengthening its ecnmic, scial and territrial chesin t stimulate grwth in EU regins and participating cuntries, with a special fcus n: - Smart grwth: develping an ecnmy based n knwledge and innvatin. - Sustainable grwth: prmting a mre resurce efficient, greener and mre cmpetitive ecnmy. - Inclusive grwth: fstering a high-emplyment ecnmy delivering scial and territrial chesin. The MED prgramme is directly linked t different regulatins, directives r cnventins aiming t supprt the 2020 strategy bjectives: - Territrial Agenda fr the Eurpean Unin (May 2011) - Framewrk prgramme fr research and innvatin «Hrizn 2020» ( ) (COM(2011) 809), - Prgramme fr the Cmpetitiveness f Enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises ( ) (COM (2011) 834), - Radmap fr mving t a cmpetitive lw carbn ecnmy in 2050 (COM(2011) 572), - Prgramme fr the envirnment and climate actin (Prgramme Life) (PE-COS 70/13, 16103/13 ADD1) - Innvatin fr a sustainable Future - The Ec-innvatin Actin Plan (PAEI) (Ec-AP) (COM(2011) 899), - Blue grwth: pprtunities fr marine and maritime sustainable grwth maritime (COM(2012) 494). Amng the 11 thematic bjectives described in the Cmmn Regulatin 1, the regulatin n Eurpean territrial cperatin 2 and the cmmn strategic framewrk 3, the MED prgramme chse t fcus n the fllwing investment pririties and specific bjectives: - TO 1 IP 1b Strengthening research, technlgical develpment and innvatin by prmting business investment in R&I, develping links and synergies between enterprises, research and develpment centres and the higher educatin sectr, in particular prmting investment in prduct and service develpment, technlgy transfer, scial innvatin, ecinnvatin, public service applicatins, demand stimulatin, netwrking, clusters and pen innvatin thrugh smart specialisatin, and supprting technlgical and applied research, pilt lines, early prduct validatin actins, advanced manufacturing capabilities and first prductin, in particular in key enabling technlgies and diffusin f general purpse technlgies» Specific bjective: T increase transnatinal activity f innvative clusters and netwrks f key sectrs f the MED area - TO 4 IP 4c Supprting the shift twards a lw-carbn ecnmy in all sectrs by supprting energy efficiency, smart energy management and renewable energy use in public infrastructure, including in public buildings, and in the husing sectr Specific bjective: T raise capacity fr better management f energy in public buildings at transnatinal level - TO 4 IP 4e Supprting the shift twards a lw-carbn ecnmy in all sectrs by prmting lw-carbn strategies fr all types f territries, in particular fr urban areas, including the prmtin f sustainable multimdal urban mbility and mitigatin-relevant adaptatin measures Specific bjective 1: T increase the share f renewable lcal energy surces in energy mix strategies and plans in MED territries 1 Article 9 f Regulatin f the Eurpean Parliament and f the Cuncil laying dwn cmmn prvisins n the Eurpean Reginal Develpment Fund 2 Regulatin ETC, cnsidering(6), article 2(2) 3 Cmmn strategic framewrk, Annex II Pririties fr the cperatin 4

5 Specific bjective 2: T increase capacity t use existing lw carbn transprt systems and multimdal cnnectins amng them - TO 6 IP 6c - Preserving and prtecting the envirnment and prmting resurce efficiency by cnserving, prtecting, prmting and develping natural and cultural heritage Specific bjective: T enhance sustainable develpment plicies fr mre efficient valrisatin f natural resurces and cultural heritage in castal and adjacent maritime areas - TO 6 IP 6d- Preserving and prtecting the envirnment and prmting resurce efficiency by prtecting and restring bidiversity and sil and prmting ecsystem services, including thrugh Natura 2000, and green infrastructure Specific bjective: T maintain bidiversity and natural ecsystems thrugh strengthening the management and netwrking f prtected areas - TO 11 IP 1 Enhancing institutinal capacity f public authrities and stakehlders and efficient public administratin by develping and crdinating macr-reginal and sea-basin strategies Specific bjective: T supprt the prcess f develping multilateral crdinatin framewrks and strengthening the existing nes in the Mediterranean fr jint respnses t cmmn challenges 5

6 Regulatry framewrk and envirnmental bjectives These investment pririties are linked with the Eurpean bjectives regarding envirnment prtectin. In the Mediterranean area, the Mediterranean Actin Plan is the main legal dcument aiming t prtect marine and castal envirnment. In 1975, 16 Mediterranean cuntries, frm suthern and nrthern shres, and the Eurpean Cmmunity adpted this plan. In 1976 these Parties adpted the Cnventin fr the Prtectin f the Mediterranean Sea Against Pllutin (Barcelna Cnventin). Seven Prtcls addressing specific aspects f Mediterranean envirnmental cnservatin cmplete the MAP legal framewrk. It has been replaced by the Cnventin fr the Prtectin f the Marine Envirnment and the Castal Regin f the Mediterranean (Barcelna Cnventin, 1995); the amendments came int frce in The Barcelna Cnventin main bjectives are t prevent, abate, cmbat and t the fullest extent pssible eliminate pllutin f the Mediterranean Sea Area and t prtect and enhance the marine envirnment in that Area s as t cntribute twards its sustainable develpment. Under the Barcelna Cnventin, prtectin f the marine envirnment is pursued as an integral part f the develpment prcess, meeting the needs f present and future generatins in an equitable manner. In applying the Barcelna Cnventin, the Cntracting Parties are bund by the precautinary principle, the plluter-pays principle, the cmmitment t undertake envirnmental impact assessment f activities likely t cause significant adverse impact n the marine envirnment, the bligatin t prmte cperatin amngst states in envirnmental impact assessment prcedures related t activities with transbundary effects, and the cmmitment t prmte integrated management f the castal zne. Tday all 21 cuntries surrunding the Mediterranean Sea, as well as the Eurpean Unin, are Cntracting Parties t the Barcelna Cnventin. The latter nw has a ttal f seven assciated Prtcls: - The Prtcl fr the Preventin f Pllutin f the Mediterranean Sea by Dumping frm Ships and Aircraft r Incineratin at Sea (Dumping Prtcl, adpted 1976, in frce in 1978, amended in 1995), - The Prtcl cncerning Cperatin in Cmbating Pllutin f the Mediterranean Sea by Oil and ther Harmful Substances in Cases f Emergency (Emergency Prtcl, adpted in 1976, in frce in 1978), replaced by the Prtcl cncerning Cperatin in Preventing Pllutin frm Ships and, in Cases f Emergency, Cmbating Pllutin f the Mediterranean Sea (Preventin and Emergency Prtcl, adpted in 2002, in frce in 2004), - The Prtcl fr the Prtectin f the Mediterranean Sea Against Pllutin frm Land-based Surces and Activities (LBS Prtcl, adpted in 1980, in frce in 1983; amended in 1996, in frce in 2008), - The Prtcl Cncerning Mediterranean Specially Prtected Areas (SPA Prtcl, adpted in 1982, in frce in 1986) replaced by The Prtcl cncerning Specially Prtected Areas and Bilgical Diversity in the Mediterranean (SPA & Bidiversity Prtcl, adpted in 1995, in frce in 1999), - Prtcl fr the Prtectin f the Mediterranean Sea Against Pllutin Resulting frm Explratin and Explitatin f the Cntinental Shelf and the Seabed and its Subsil (Offshre Prtcl, adpted in 1994, in frce in 2011), - Prtcl n the Preventin f Pllutin f the Mediterranean Sea by Transbundary Mvements f Hazardus Wastes and their Dispsal (Hazardus Wastes Prtcl, adpted in 1996, in frce in 2008), - Prtcl n Integrated Castal Zne Management (ICZM Prtcl, adpted in 2008, in frce in 2011) In 2009, during the16th Meeting f the Cntracting Parties t the Cnventin fr the Prtectin f the Marine Envirnment and the Castal Regin f the Mediterranean (Marrakesh, 2009), the Plan Bleu Reginal Activity Centre has been dedicated t cntribute t raising awareness f Mediterranean stakehlders and decisin makers cncerning envirnment and sustainable develpment issues in the regin, by prviding future scenaris t assist in decisin-making. In this respect and thrugh its dual functins as an bservatry f the envirnment and sustainable develpment and a centre fr systemic and prspective analysis, the PB/RAC s missin is t prvide the Cntracting Parties with assessments f the state f the envirnment and develpment f the Mediterranean and a slid basis f envirnmental and sustainable develpment data, statistics, and indicatrs t supprt their actin and decisin making prcess. 6

7 The Barcelna Cnventin is cmpleted by the Blue Grwth strategy 4, which is the lng term strategy t supprt sustainable grwth in the marine and maritime sectrs as a whle. It recgnises that seas and ceans are drivers fr the Eurpean ecnmy with great ptential fr innvatin and grwth. It is the Integrated Maritime Plicy's cntributin t achieving the gals f the Eurpe 2020 strategy fr smart, sustainable and inclusive grwth. The 'blue' ecnmy represents 5.4 millin jbs and a grss added value f just under 500 billin a year. 5 Hwever, further grwth is pssible in a number f fields which are highlighted within the strategy. The strategy cnsists f three cmpnents: 1. Specific integrated maritime plicy measures - Marine knwledge t imprve access t infrmatin abut the sea; - Maritime spatial planning t ensure an efficient and sustainable management f activities at sea; - Integrated maritime surveillance t give authrities a better picture f what is happening at sea. 2. Sea basin strategies t ensure the mst apprpriate mix f measures t prmte sustainable grwth that take int accunt lcal climatic, ceangraphic, ecnmic, cultural and scial factrs - Adriatic and Inian Seas - Arctic Ocean - Atlantic Ocean - Baltic Sea - Black Sea - Mediterranean Sea - Nrth Sea 3. Targeted apprach twards specific activities - Aquaculture - Castal turism - Marine bitechnlgy - Ocean energy - Seabed mining The Mediterranean dimensin f the integrated maritime plicy 6 fcuses n imprved cperatin and gvernance whilst fstering sustainable grwth in the regin. It is currently facilitated by the fllwing measures and tls: - The Marine Strategy Framewrk Directive (directive 2008/56/EC f the Eurpean Parliament and f the Cuncil f 17 June 2008) which establishes a framewrk fr Cmmunity actin in the field f marine envirnmental plicy and is the envirnmental pillar fr the Eurpean marine integrated plicy. This legal framewrk shall reinfrce the cherence between different plicies and fster integratin f envirnmental cncerns in ther plicies, such as the Cmmn Fisheries Plicy. - A Wrking Grup fr the Integrated Maritime Plicy in the Mediterranean (Maritime Frum) t develp cmmn appraches n maritime plicy-making in the Mediterranean. - Initiatives t infrm n maritime affairs, Eurpean funding and benefits frm an integrated plicy, in the framewrk f the SOUTH prgramme f the Eurpean Neighburhd Plicy. - A Prject f a three-party cperatin, in assciatin with the Eurpean Investment Bank and the Internatinal Maritime Organisatin. -The definitin f a maritime strategy fr the Adriatic-Inian sea basin in cperatin with the cncerned castal States. 4 Cmmunicatin frm the Cmmissin: Blue Grwth pprtunities fr marine and maritime sustainable grwth ( ) Fr a better gvernance f the Mediterranean with an integrated maritime plicy, Cmmunicatin f the Cmmissin

8 Mre generally, the EU establishes a legal framewrk fr the main envirnmental issues. The fllwing table highlights the main regulatins f these issues. Envirnmental issues relevant fr the Prgramme Castal and marine ecsystems Eurpean envirnmental bjectives and legal framewrk Slving envirnmental prblems f Eurpe s casts and seas requires a plicy respnse that perates acrss plicy dmains related t water, nature, pllutin, fisheries, climate change and spatial planning. Histrically these have been cnsidered separate plicy dmains, but with the adptin f the Marine Strategy Framewrk Directive (MSFD) in 2008, an integrated respnse is being pursued; the management apprach cnsiders the entire ecsystem and sets the bjective f achieving gd envirnmental status fr many specific envirnmental aspects. The MSFD is supprted by the Water Framewrk Directive (WFD) which regulates eclgical status in castal and transitinal waters by cnsidering nutrient, chemical and hydrmrphlgical pressure and by the Habitats and Birds directives that set cnservatin bjectives fr sme marine and castal habitats and species. Grwth f the maritime, agriculture and turism sectrs is expected t cntinue; an imprtant future bjective fr the MSFD will be t ensure that this grwth is envirnmentally sustainable, via management strategies. Such strategies can be supprted thrugh the implementatin f planning principles in line with Integrated Castal Zne Management (ICZM) and Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP). Air quality This legislatin has established health-based standards and bjectives fr a number f air pllutants and includes: The Air Quality Framewrk Directive (96/62/EC). This describes the basic principles cncerning the assessment and management f air quality in the Member States. The Directive als lists the pllutants fr which air quality standards and bjectives have been develped and specified in subsequent legislatin The Exchange f Infrmatin Decisin, which establishes a reciprcal exchange f infrmatin and data frm netwrks and individual statins measuring ambient air pllutin within the EU Member States. The thematic Strategy n Air Pllutin (COM(2005) 446): Cmpared with the situatin in 2000, the Strategy sets specific lng term bjectives (fr 2020): - 47% reductin in lss f life expectancy as a result f expsure t particulate matter; - 10% reductin in acute mrtalities frm expsure t zne; - reductin in excess acid depsitin f 74% and 39% in frest areas and surface freshwater areas respectively; - 43% reductin in areas r ecsystems expsed t eutrphicatin. The strategy is cmpleted by the EU s new air quality directive: the Directive n Ambient Air Quality and Cleaner Air fr Eurpe is ne f the key measures in place t address air pllutin under the Thematic Strategy n Air Pllutin. It is the first EU directive t include limits n ambient cncentratins f PM2.5 (fine particulate matter). It als cnslidates varius existing pieces f air quality legislatin int a single directive. Gvernments had been given tw years (as frm June 11, 2008) t bring their legislatin in line with the prvisins f the Directive. Sils quality Different EU plicies (fr instance n water, waste, industrial pllutin preventin, nature prtectin, pesticides, agriculture) are cntributing t sil prtectin. 8

9 But as these plicies have ther aims and ther scpes f actin, they are nt sufficient t ensure an adequate level f prtectin fr all sil in Eurpe. The cmmunicatin f the cmmissin (COM(2006) 231) describes the thematic strategy regarding sils prtectin. 7 The verall bjective is prtectin and sustainable use f sil, based n the fllwing guiding principles: - Preventing further sil degradatin and preserving its functins; - Restring degraded sils t a level f functinality cnsistent at least with current and intended use, thus als cnsidering the cst implicatins f the restratin f sil. T achieve these bjectives, actin is required at different levels lcal, natinal and Eurpean. Actin at Eurpean level is a necessary additin t the actin by Member States This cmmunicatin is cmpleted in 2011 by the Radmap t a Resurce Efficient Eurpe (COM(2011) 571): By 2020, EU plicies shall take int accunt their direct and indirect impact n land use in the EU. Water quality The WFD prvides a framewrk fr water prtectin and management in the Eurpean Cmmunity (Directive 2000/60/EC). Under its implementatin, Member States must first identify and analyse Eurpean waters, by individual river basin and district. They shall then adpt management plans and prgrammes f measures t prtect water bdies in all Eurpean river basins. The adptin f the WFD has cmpleted earlier EU water plicies that are still in place, such as thse cncerning urban wastewater r bathing water. In 2012, the Cmmissin published the cmmunicatin A Blueprint t Safeguard Eurpe s Water Resurces (COM(2012) 673). It fcuses n plicy actins that can help imprve implementatin f current water legislatin, and n the integratin f water plicy bjectives int ther plicies. The Blueprint enhances water plicies related t water quantity and water resurce efficiency fr sustainable water management in the timeframe f the EU's 2020 Strategy up t Besides the WFD and the Blueprint, fur water directives cntribute t measures ensuring the gd status f Eurpe s waters (the Urban Waste Water Directive (91/271/EEC), the Bathing Water Directive (2006/7/EC), the Nitrates Directive (91/676/EEC) and the Drinking Water Directive (98/83/EC). The Flds Directive (2007/60/EC), which aims t fster fld risk management plans, als significantly enhances the WFD bjectives. Bidiversity In its 2001 Strategy fr Sustainable Develpment, the EU sets itself the target t halt the lss f bidiversity and restre habitats and natural systems by The Eurpean Cmmissin's 2006 Bidiversity Cmmunicatin has prvided the main plicy framewrk up t EU nature cnservatin plicy is based n tw main pieces f legislatin: the Birds Directive 8 7 The cmmunicatin (mdifying the Directive 2004/35/CE) is an imprtant cmpnent f the strategy, it will allw the Member States t adpt measures adapted t lcal realities. It plans t implement measures allwing identifying issues, t manage sil degradatin and t rehabilitate plluted r degraded sils. 9

10 the Habitats Directive 9 Bth directives prvide the basis fr the Natura 2000 netwrk, a netwrk f nature reserves which extends acrss the Unin t safeguard species and habitats f special Eurpean interest. EU nature cnservatin plicy benefits frm a specific financial instrument, the LIFE-Nature fund. In May 2011, the Eurpean Cmmissin adpted a new strategy that lays dwn the framewrk fr EU actin ver the next ten years in rder t meet the 2020 bidiversity headline target set by EU leaders in March 2010 (COM(2011) 244). Accrding t the strategy and by 2050, Eurpean Unin bidiversity and the ecsystem services it prvides its natural capital shuld be prtected, valued and apprpriately restred fr bidiversity s intrinsic value and fr their essential cntributin t human wellbeing and ecnmic prsperity, and s that catastrphic changes caused by the lss f bidiversity are avided. Halting the lss f bidiversity and the degradatin f ecsystem services in the EU by 2020, and restring them in s far as feasible, while stepping up the EU cntributin t averting glbal bidiversity lss are pririty bjectives. Specific bjectives: - Full implementatin f EU nature legislatin t prtect bidiversity - Better prtectin fr ecsystems - Mre sustainable agriculture and frestry - Better management f fish stcks - Tighter cntrls n invasive alien species - A bigger EU cntributin t averting glbal bidiversity lss Climate change The threat f climate change is being addressed glbally by the United Natins Framewrk Cnventin n Climate Change (UNFCCC). The lng-term bjective is t stabilise atmspheric greenhuse gas cncentratins at a level that wuld prevent dangerus anthrpgenic interference with the climate system. The UNFCCC's Kyt Prtcl sets binding emissin targets fr develped cuntries that have ratified it, such as the EU Member States. It is a first step twards achieving mre substantial glbal emissin reductins. A EU Strategy n adaptatin t climate change (COM(2013) 216) The verall aim f the EU Adaptatin Strategy is t cntribute t a mre climate-resilient Eurpe. This means enhancing the preparedness and capacity t respnd t the impacts f climate change at lcal, reginal, natinal and EU levels, develping a cherent apprach and imprving crdinatin. 10 Cultural heritage, assets Treaty f Lisbn 2007 Article 3.3. ( ) The Unin shall respect its rich cultural and linguistic diversity, and shall ensure that Eurpe s cultural heritage is safeguarded and enhanced. 8 Directive 2009/147/EC f the Eurpean Parliament and f the Cuncil f 30 Nvember 2009 n the cnservatin f wild birds. This Directive replaces Directive 79/409/EEC f 2 April 1979 (mre cmmnly knwn as the Birds Directive), by integrating successive amendments and cdifying it. 9 Cuncil Directive 92/43/EEC f 21 May 1992 n the cnservatin f natural habitats and f wild fauna and flra 10 On January 22, 2014, the Eurpean Cmmissin has released a prpsal fr a new EU framewrk n climate and energy fr This 2030 framewrk shuld replace the existing climate and energy package f targets fr 2020, which are: reducing by 20% the greenhuse gas emissins, increasing by 20% the share f renewable energy and imprving the EU s energy efficiency by 20%. The Cmmissin has prpsed t State Members t reduce by 40% the greenhuse gas emissins by

11 Eurpean Cnventin n the Prtectin f the Archaelgical Heritage (Revised), Valetta, 16.I.1992 The new text aims t make the prtectin f the archaelgical heritage an bjective in urbanism and land planning plicies. It fcuses n the mdalities f the crdinatin between archaelgists and land planners in rder t ensure the best prtectin f archaelgical heritage. Energy Energy is increasingly a plicy pririty; it cnstitutes ne f the five main develpment areas that the Eurpe 2020 strategy targets in its aim fr: - 20% f Eurpe s energy cnsumptin t cme frm renewable energy - 20% increase in energy efficiency. Alngside the specific targets f the 2020 energy strategy, additinal interest areas are tackled by varius plicies f n the Eurpean Cmmissin. The plicies include: - Imprving security f supply; - ensuring the cmpetitiveness f the Eurpean ecnmy and the availability f affrdable energy; - encuraging the develpment f a cmpetitive internal market fr energy; - setting minimum levels f energy taxatin. All thematic bjectives f the Prgramme must respect this regulatry framewrk. 11

12 Highlighting f interactins between Prgramme interventins and their envirnmental bjectives Strategies f certain bjectives align mre specifically with the Eurpean strategies described in the previus chapter: Envirnmental issues relevant fr the Prgramme Castal and marine ecsystems Hw the Prgramme envirnmental strategy takes int accunt these questins, per specific bjective SO 1 SO 4 SO 2.1 SO 2.2 SO 2.3 SO 3.1 SO 3.2 Air quality Sils quality Water quality Bidiversity Climate change Cultural heritage, assets Energy Legend : Targeted ptential impact Nn-targeted ptential impact N targeting The fllwing figure sketches ut the internal envirnmental lgic f the Prgramme as well as the interactins between the different fields f actins: Arrws stand fr expected supprtive effect. Innvatin (SO 1) A mre sustainable ecnmy, decupling energy cnsumptin and added value Higher share f renewable lcal energy surces in primary energies mix (SO 2.2) Natural capital preservatin Enhanced sustainable develpment strategies in castal and adjacent maritime areas (SO 3.1) Actins n energy supply Develpped capacity t use lw carbn and multimdal transprt systems (SO 2.3) Actins n energy demand Develpped capacity fr better energy management in public buidings (SO 2.1) Maintained bidiversity and natural ecsystems (SO 3.2) Gvernance (SO 4) 12

13 3. Relatinship with ther relevant plans and prgrammes SEA reprt V2 Reginal Prgrammes: the Prgramme implementatin shall ensure effective respect fr cherence and cmplementarities with ERDF reginal prgrammes. Fr the perid, the transfer f experiences and practices is presented as a gal in itself. T achieve this, the MED prgramme implementatin measures state that the Natinal Cntact Pints will be asked t get infrmed abut the implementatin f ERDF reginal prgrammes and, where relevant, will transmit t the Managing Authrities basic infrmatin that culd be useful fr the MED prgramme (needs, gaps, success and failures, change in strategic rientatins, etc.). Natinal Cntact Pints will als disseminate infrmatin abut the MED prgramme t the Managing Authrities f reginal prgrammes, t let them knw abut activities and prjects utputs that culd be useful fr them. The MED prgramme can als be used t finance preliminary studies fr the preparatin f prjects that culd be further develped with the supprt f reginal prgrammes. The crdinatin with ESF 11 prgrammes will be less systematic. Regarding the EAFRD 12 and EMFF 13, the MED prgramme is nt develping significant activities dedicated t agriculture r fisheries. Hwever, certain fields f actin cnstitute relevant issues fr MED prjects (e.g.: use cnflicts fr water). Thematic Prgrammes: the Prgramme implementatin shall ensure effective respect fr cherence and cmplementarities with EU s thematic prgrammes, such as : Hrizn 2020, LIFE +, COSME r the Prgramme fr a Scial Change and Scial Innvatin (PSCI), Erasmus fr all, Creative Eurpe, Cnnecting Eurpe Facility (CEF) and Civil Prtectin.. The MED prgramme will use specific mechanisms t highlight ptential synergies, avid duplicatin and identify fields where additinal financial supprt wuld be needed (a specific identificatin prvided by the in-itinere evaluatin f the relevant prgrammes, instruments and plicies that represent an interest accrding t the rientatins f the MED prgramme, specific capitalizatin calls t implement in the MED Territry with relevant achievements cming frm EU thematic prjects, specific MED calls as first step f larger prjects that wuld be financed by ther thematic prgrammes, etc.). Crdinatin with ther territrial, transbrder r neighburhd cperatin prgrammes: Amng these prgrammes are especially the ENI CBC Mediterranean prgramme and the creatin f the Adriatic-Inian prgramme whse territry is als partly cvered by the MED prgramme, as well as the Suth East Eurpe, SUDOE r Alpine Space. Other plans: The first Mediterranean actin plan has been replaced by the Actin Plan fr the Prtectin f the Marine Envirnment and the Sustainable Develpment f the Castal Areas f the Mediterranean (MAP Phase II). The cntracting States benefit frm the supprt frm the Secretariat f the Barcelna cnventin, perfrmed by the UNEP and its crdinating unit, as well as frm reginal activity centres (RACs) (amng which the Blue Plan Centre in France r the Cleaner Prductin RAC in Spain, fr example). Key MAP pririties fr the cming decade are: t bring abut a massive reductin in pllutin frm land-based surces; t prtect marine and castal habitats and threatened species; t make maritime activities safer and mre cnscius f the Mediterranean marine envirnment; t intensify integrated planning f castal areas; t mnitr the spreading f invasive species; t limit and intervene prmptly n il pllutin; t further prmte sustainable develpment in the Mediterranean regin. 11 ESF: Eurpean Scial Fund 12 EAFRD: Eurpean Agricultural Fund fr Rural Develpment 13 EMFF: Eurpean Maritime and Fisheries Fund 13

14 The Strategic Partnership fr the Mediterranean Sea Large Marine Ecsystem («Med Partnership») is being led by UNEP/PAM and the Wrld Bank. It is a cllective effrt f leading rganisatins and States sharing the Mediterranean Sea twards the prtectin f its marine and castal envirnment. It is financially supprted by the Glbal Envirnment Facility (GEF), and ther dnrs, including the EU and all participating cuntries. Other wrks are als led by the FAO 14 (in partnership with the Blue Plan in particular) which released in 2013 a first State f Mediterranean Frests. 4. Assessment methdlgy. The methdlgy fllwed fr the realisatin f this reprt is in cnfrmity with the apprach f the Operatinal Prgramme («OP»), the chice has been made t realize the initial state f the envirnment n the whle area f MED prgramme, withut any fcus n each Member State («MS»). The directive requires a precise lgic f analysis based n the descriptin f the initial state f the envirnment, befre the adptin f the OP. The bjective f the OP is at least t avid degrading this initial state, by identifying, befre its definitive adptin, the ptential negative impacts. The lgic f envirnmental Eurpean plicies encurages prmting the definitin f measures allwing t imprve this initial state, when it is pssible. In rder t respect the lgic f this directive, we chse t fllw the DPSIR methdlgy used by the Eurpean Envirnment Agency 15, that will allw t give a clear picture f the initial state f the envirnment: in this methdlgy, the State f the envirnment («S») is the result f psitive r negative Pressures («P») exerted by all the Drivers («D»), and Impacting («I») the envirnment. These impacts assume apprpriate Respnses («R») in rder t limit negative effects (including cumulative negative impacts) and emphasize the psitive effects. Particular attentin will be fcused n the analysis f the impacts thanks t a specific grid, in rder t give elements t think abut, and thus t prpse cmments n the respnses elabrated by the OP and bring recmmendatins fr its imprvement. These recmmendatins culd be a crrective actin n drivers, n pressures and their intensity, r at least n the mitigatin f the impacts. 14 Fd and Agriculture Organisatin

15 This reprt is based n dcuments available frm the Eurpean Envirnment Agency, ESPON and EUROSTAT prgrammes, and n the SWOT analyses realized befre the elabratin f the OP, and n different specific studies (see the bibligraphy). Ref: ecsystem/part1.xhtml#chap1 15

16 5. Initial status: descriptin f the current envirnmental situatin f the prgramme area; likely evlutin if the prgramme is nt implemented (ptin 0). Wide and quite diversified, the MED prgramme area presents a cnsiderable hetergeneity. Nevertheless, the different regins members f the prgramme als present cmmn characteristics, making the MED area a specific territry regarding ther Eurpean regins. The analysis f drivers and pressures that determine the initial envirnmental status f this area must then fcus n these cmmn characteristics, in rder t highlight the main cmpnents f vigilance n the territry ; it will then target particular elements that represent weaknesses fr the area. 5.1 Gegraphical framewrk and scpe f the analysis. The area f the MED prgramme is quite large; it extends frm the Atlantic Ocean with the Prtuguese regins f the prgramme (Algarve, Alentej and the regin f Lisbn) t mid-eastern brders f the Mediterranean with Cyprus. This area represents mre than 25% f the Eurpean Unin superficies. 16

17 Regins members f the MED prgramme Cyprus: the entire cuntry Cratia: the entire cuntry Spain: 6 autnmus regins - Andalusia, Aragn, Catalnia, Balearic islands, Murcia, Valencia - and the tw autnmus cities - Ceuta and Melilla. France: 5 regins - Crse, Languedc-Russilln, Midi-Pyrénées, Prvence Alpes Côte d'azur, Rhône-Alpes Greece: the entire cuntry Italy: 19 regins : Abruzz, Apulia, Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Emilia-Rmagna, Friuli- Venezia Giulia, Lazi, Liguria, Lmbardy, Marche, Mlise, Piedmnte, Sardinia, Sicily, Tuscany, Umbria, Valle D Aste, Venet. Malta: the entire cuntry Prtugal: 3 regins: Algarve, Alentej, Lisbn United-Kingdm: 1 regin f the ecnmic Prgramme - Gibraltar Slvenia: the entire prgramme Mntenegr: the entire cuntry (participating with the Eurpean funds f the IPA) Albania: the entire cuntry (participating with the Eurpean funds f the IPA) Bsnia-Herzegvina: the entire cuntry (participating with the Eurpean funds f the IPA) The area f the prgramme presents quite diversified natural, physical and gegraphical characteristics: - A castline f mre than kilmetres, including the nrth shre f the Mediterranean Sea, but als a small part f the Atlantic castline with the Prtuguese regins. - High muntains areas (Alps, Pyrenees, Pinds, etc.). - Huge areas f fertile plains, with intensive culture system. - Areas dedicated t extensive breeding. - Entire cuntries such as: Malta, Greece, Slvenia, Cratia r Cyprus, as well as assciated States (acceding, candidates r ptential candidates: Albania, Bsnia Herzegvina, Mntenegr). - Reginal areas frm bigger States such as Baleares, Crsica, Gibraltar, Prtuguese and Italian regins. In terms f demgraphic and ecnmic cmpnents, the MED area presents quite hetergeneus situatins. In spite f this diversity, this territry presents a kind f unity n numerus aspects, making the MED area a specific territry regarding ther Eurpean regins. These cmmn characteristics are what we can call the main «drivers» f the territry. 5.2 The drivers f the MED area Demgraphical aspects The MED area is an attractive area, with a very mixed density, and is cmpsed f quite ppulated urban areas, sparsely ppulated rural areas, had-t-access areas, and nerve centres f the Eurpean ecnmy, quite well equipped. The cncentratin f ppulatin alngside the castline is particularly high in the Western Mediterranean, n the West cast f the Adriatic Sea, alngside the Eastern cast and the cast f the Aegean-Levantine Sea. Regarding the general repartitin f the ppulatin, the number f castal cities f mre than a millin f inhabitants is higher in the West Mediterranean basin, and n the cast f the Levantine basin Eastern part f the Mediterranean Sea 17

18 Density f ppulatin in the MED area In abslute terms, the grwth f ppulatin remains quite high, abve all in urban centres, and the impacts n the envirnment may increase as the ppulatin f cities and castal areas will keep grwing. Distributin and grwth f the ppulatin in urban centres r near castal znes, in the Mediterranean area, 2011 (Blue plan) 18

19 5.2.2 Main ecnmic activities Intrductin: The fllwing graph presents the Grss Dmestic Prduct per capita in Mediterranean cuntries (Suth and East Mediterranean) (surce UNDP) The GDP is the value f all gds and services prduced in a cuntry in a year. The GDP can be calculated by adding up all the items f incme salaries, interests, prfits and rents r by calculating the expenditure cnsumptin, investment, public purchases, net exprts, (exprts less imprts) f an ecnmy. Althugh insufficient t measure the develpment level f the cuntries, the GDP per capita remains an unavidable indicatr fr cmparing ecnmic situatins in terms f incme. The share f the Mediterranean GDP in the wrld GDP has slightly decreased during 15 years, frm mre than 13.5% in 1990 t 11.5% in Meanwhile, the Mediterranean ppulatin remains cnstant in the wrld ppulatin (abut 7%). Alng the GDP, the human develpment index (HDI) with its three cmpnents (health, educatin and incme) enables us t identify and understand the scial cmpnent f sustainable develpment. The Human Develpment Index (HDI) is a cmpsite index, develped by the UNDP, which measures the evlutin f a cuntry accrding t three basic criteria: Health and lngevity, measured by life expectancy at birth. Knwledge and educatin, measured by the adult literacy rate (with tw-thirds weight) and the cmbined primary, secndary and tertiary grss enrlment rati (with ne-third weight). Standard f living, indicated by GDP per capita (in US dllars). The fllwing graph presents the human develpment index f Mediterranean cuntries (including Suth and East Mediterranean) between 1980 and 2012 (Surce UNDP). 19

20 The human develpment index has been cnstantly making prgressed in the Mediterranean cuntries since With an average HDI f in 2012, the Mediterranean regin was abve the wrld average f Main ecnmic activities Human ecnmic activities have an impact n the structure and functin f natural ecsystems and n the many services prvided by these ecsystems such as recreatin, climate regulatin and prvisin f natural resurces, either living, such as fish and mlluscs, r nn-renewable, such as il and gas and minerals. Castal areas and their landscapes, in particular, face significant pressures frm heavy cncentratins f ppulatin and ecnmic activities. As the castal ppulatin grws and urbanises, natural castal habitats and landscapes get further fragmented, the land use changes twards mre anthrpgenic with the crrespnding change in the landscapes leading t decreasing integrity f castal landscapes and ecsystems. Turism Turism is a vital part f the Mediterranean ecnmy, which has gradually been generalised during the XX th century, and an extremely imprtant surce f emplyment and freign currency fr all the states brdering the Mediterranean Sea. The amenities and recreatinal pprtunities fr turism prvided by the Mediterranean s marine and castal ecsystems frm the fundatin fr mre than 68% f the ttal value f ecnmic benefits prvided by these ecsystems and abut 17% f ttal internatinal turist spending. Internatinal turism is an imprtant sectr f ecnmic develpment in the Mediterranean regin, classified as the first turist regin wrldwide. By prviding currency exchange cntributin and the induced cultural exchanges, it will be a factr cntributing t sustainable develpment if the impact n the envirnment is minimized and the wealth that it brings is well spread. Between 1995 and 2008 mst f the Mediterranean cuntries experienced an verall increase in internatinal turism receipts; fllwed by a decline in 2009 that cntinues en Hwever, when ne cmpares these receipts t GDP, the situatins are varius. In the EU Mediterranean cuntries (ES, FR, IT and GR), this decrease in internatinal turism receipts has cntinued even in percent f GDP. The island-states (CY and MT), very much dependent n turism, with receipts equal respectively t 22% and 23% f GDP in 1995, have had a significant drp in receipts befre getting stabilized which is respectively arund 10% and 15% in The Balkan cuntries have had a great increase in receipts and their situatin nw is cmparable with that f the 1970 s. In Cratia, receipts reached 14% f GDP in Within the MED area, receipts frm internatinal turism represent abut 5% f the ttal value f glbal exprts f gds and services The receipts per capita cver a wide range: receipts culd be ver 1000 dllars, reaching 2200 dllars in Cyprus and mre than 3000 dllars in Malta. The bulk f the turists are f Eurpean rigin (81.1% in 2010). 20

21 Mediterranean flws f turists cncentrate n casts, fr three quarters f them, and the seaside frmula plays a capital rle in almst all castline cuntries. These destinatins can be split int three grups: the seaside resrts Sea, Sand and Sun which prpse an internatinal standardized prduct, the 3S resrts which are articulated with lcal specificities, and finally cities f character which prpse a particular turistic prduct which valrises lcal specificities and heritage. Finally, the Mediterranean turistic sectr is by far dminated by small and medium enterprises. Agriculture and fishery In the Mediterranean cuntries, agricultural ppulatins are cntinuing t decline. In the nrthern Mediterranean cuntries, the rural and agricultural ppulatins are falling dwn, especially the agricultural ppulatin. In France, fr instance, the agricultural ppulatin went dwn frm 10 millin in 1961 t 1.2 millin in 2012.The active agricultural ppulatin has fallen t a very lw level (belw 10% f the active ppulatin) in the MED cuntries (except in Greece 11%). Regarding the prductin, and despite many different sub-climates, agriculture is mainly rain-fed, but des nt exclude frequent use f irrigatin (vegetables farms r fruit trees). Cultivatin f ther prducts, such as lives fr live il and grapes fr wine (perennial plants), ccupies a significant amunt f agricultural land. Cereals, vegetables, and citrus fruits accunt fr ver 85% f the Mediterranean s ttal agricultural prductin. All agrarian systems faced the mdern era chc: irrigated systems have, generally speaking, well succeeded int intensifying and spreading; but rain fed systems have nt respnded that well. On the nrthern Mediterranean shre, a transitry phase f verexplitatin ccurred frequently (fr example in the XIX th century Mediterranean France); then a phase f abandnment ften tk place, smetimes in a large way. Prductin f vegetables, cereals, and citrus fruits has increased t between 2.5 and 5 times the prductin levels f the 1960 s. The ttal surface area f cultivated land in the Mediterranean Basin, hwever, has remained apprximately stable ver this perid. The increase results frm intensified prductin thrugh greater use f irrigatin (apprximately 20 millin hectares in 1960, rising t 38 millin hectares in 1999). Besides rain-fed r irrigated cultivatin, ther cmmn agricultural land uses in the Mediterranean Basin are pasture, animal feed- lts, dairy farming, and rchards. Aquaculture is als practised. 21

22 Agriculture and ppulatin f the Mediterranean basin (Blue plan surce) The rise in agricultural added value frm the develpment, acknwledgement and marketing f tp quality Mediterranean prducts is a real challenge fr agriculture in the regin. The agriculture quality prduct is nt sufficiently referenced in the Mediterranean cuntries, but the prprtin f agricultural land used by rganic farming is at least an indicatr f the high quality develpment prductin. Organic farming is experiencing an unprecedented bm in the Mediterranean but nly cvers a small percentage f the agricultural land in 2011 (2.4%). Except in Italy, Slvenia and Spain where rganic farming represents respectively 8.7, 6.6 and 6.6% f agricultural land, it cncerns between 3 and 4% in Greece and France, between 2 and 3% in Cratia, Cyprus and Egypt less than 2% in the ther cuntries. Spain and Italy, situated in the first psitins in Eurpe fr its rganic farming, ranked respectively 19 th and 23 rd wrldwide in terms f the prprtin f land used fr rganic farming. Fishing is an imprtant issue fr the Mediterranean Sea. Althugh it puts nly a relatively small quantity f prduce n the market cmpared with the demand, it is a significant surce f emplyment and an imprtant cmpnent f the Mediterranean cultural identity. The sustainability f fish resurces (and, cnsequently, f fishing) is favured by the diversity f water depths and by the presence f many refuge znes fr spawning, tw factrs that can increase the resilience f fish ppulatins t pressures. The exceptinally high prprtin f small-scale peratrs engaged in cmmercial fishing is als an advantage in terms f sustainability. Small-scale inshre fishing peratins target cmmercially valuable fish, have a high rati f jbs created t the quantity f fish landed and are much mre selective in 22

23 their catch than large-scale industrial fishing (trawl nets in particular). The percentage f the ttal catch that is frm inshre fishing varies amng cuntries pays (ex: 58% fr Cyprus, 56% fr Greece, 41% fr Italy and 10% fr Slvenia). Recreatinal fishing accunts fr 10% f the ttal catch Main industrial activities The lack f majr irn and, especially, cal reserves within the Mediterranean Basin influenced the industrial develpment path f the MED area. Steel prductin has been cncentrated in the nrth (Italy, France, Spain and Greece). Other mining activity fcused n mercury (Spain), lead, salt, bauxite (Bsnia and Herzegvina, Cratia, France, Greece, Slvenia and Mntenegr) and zinc (Spain). The existence f il and gas reserves lcated in Suth Mediterranean cuntries mtivates the presence f mre than 40 refineries and petrchemical installatins arund the Mediterranean. They prduce ammnia, methanl, urea, ethylene, naphtha, prpylene, butane, butadiene, armatics, and ther industrial chemicals. In additin t the mining, petrchemical, and metallurgy sectrs, a highly diverse industrial manufacturing sectr includes the manufacture f fds, textiles, leather, paper, cement, and chemicals, including fertilisers. Hwever, the gegraphical distributin f industrial activities in the Mediterranean Basin is uneven, with mst industry cncentrated in the nrthwest, particularly in Italy, France, and Spain. The envirnmental pressures n the Mediterranean castal marine envirnment generated by this brad range f industrial activities are multiple and varied, including the use f territry and natural resurces (bth marine and nn-marine), the generatin f waste and the release f pllutants int the atmsphere and water bdies. 23

24 5.2.4 Strategies f energy prductin and cnsumptin Evlutin f energy intensity Energy intensity, bth in ttal and frm each activity sectr, is the rati f final cmmercial energy (energy being sld) cnsumptin per GDP unit/year. It can be brken dwn int sectrs: agriculture, industry, services, transprt and husehlds (residential). It is linked t energy cnsumptin allwing prducing GDP (expressed in dllars). Within the MED area, a mre efficient energy use (energy necessary t prduce 1000 dllars f GDP) shuld help t decuple energy cnsumptin and ecnmic develpment. In 2008, the energy intensity f the Mediterranean cuntries reaches the Eurpean average (123 ke 17 /1000 dllars) and belw the wrld average (183). Hwever, disparities between the cuntries remain great, even between sme cuntries with equivalent incme levels. Energy intensity in Bsnia-Herzegvina is ver 200 while it is lwer than 100 in Albania and Malta. The fllwing graph presents the evlutin f energy intensity in ke/1000 dllars (surce IEA) In the framewrk f the Mediterranean Strategy fr Sustainable Develpment (MSSD 18 ), the bjective prpsed fr all f the Mediterranean cuntries was t reduce the intensity f energy by 1 t 2% per annum per GDP unit by In the MED area, gains in energy intensity, if sufficient, culd als result in a slwer grwth f energy cnsumptin per capita. But cnsumptin is still high in the Eurpean Mediterranean cuntries (3550 ke/cap) and even 4280 ke/cap in France. 17 Ke = kil f equivalent il 18 Adpted in 2005 by the cntracting Parties t the Barcelna Cnventin 24

25 The fllwing graph shws the energy use per capita in 2010, in ke per capita hab (surce: IEA) Share f renewable energies in energy balance The bjective annunced in the MSSD was t explre the ptential f renewable energy (RE) t meet 7%, excluding bimass, f the energy demand by The share f RE in the primary cmmercial energy balance sheets is nt increasing enugh sufficiently. A sharp break in the current trends wuld be necessary t reach the bjective f 7% by Nevertheless, renewable energy prductin is making substantial prgress in vlume. RE represents abut 3.2% f the ttal primary energy supply in the Mediterranean cuntries (Same figure in 2000). At a glbal level, renewable energy, excluding bimass, represents 3% f the ttal primary energy supply (6% bimass included). The distributin f RE in the Mediterranean is 59% fr hydraulic energy, 20% fr gethermal energy and the rest 21% cncerns slar, wind and ther types f energy. During 1995 t 2008 in the Mediterranean, RE has been increasing with an average grwth rate f +2.2%, slightly higher than the ttal primary energy supply (TPES) (2%). The fllwing graph represents the part f renewable energies in ttal primary energy supply (surce: IEA) 25

26 Regarding the ttal primary energy supplies, and fr several decades, the share f cal has remained stable, nuclear energy has als stabilised and gas energy has been rising sharply meet de demand f petrl. Generally speaking, fssil energy (petrl, cal and gas) dminated the energy supply in 2008 in the MED area with 72% f cnsumptin. The rest was mainly made up with nuclear electricity (20%) Transprt Maritime transprt Anther strng traditinal ecnmic sectr in the Mediterranean is transprt, specifically maritime transprt. The Mediterranean Sea is amng the wrld s busiest waterways, accunting fr 15% f glbal shipping activity by number f calls and 10% by vessel deadweight tnnes (dwt). Mre than vyages ccurred in the Mediterranean Sea in 2007, representing a capacity f millin tnnes. Almst tw-thirds f the traffic was internal (Mediterranean t Mediterranean), ne-quarter was semi-transit vyages f ships mainly f small size. The remainder was transit vyages, mainly by large vessels travelling between nn- Mediterranean prts thrugh the Mediterranean s varius straits: the Straits f Gibraltar, the Straits f the Dardanelles, and the Suez Canal. During the last ten years, merchant vessels perating within and thrugh the Mediterranean have been getting larger and carrying mre trade in larger parcels. Vessels transiting the Mediterranean average dwt and are, n average, mre than three times larger than thse perating within the Mediterranean. Transit densities, measured in terms f ship vyages, are dminated by high-frequency, small-size intra-mediterranean passenger traffic. Hwever, the majrity f trade, including petrleum ils and gases, is cncentrated in larger vessels sailing less frequently. The majr axis, which sees 90% f ttal il traffic, is frm east t west, cnnecting the eastern passages f the Straits f the Dardanelles and the Suez Canal with the Straits f Gibraltar. This axis passes between Sicily and Malta and clsely fllws 26

27 the casts f Tunisia, Algeria and Mrcc. Traffic branches ff as it mves westward t unlading terminals in Greece, the nrthern Adriatic, the Gulf f Gena and near Marseilles. Other mdes f transprt Despite the calls prmpting a shift t lw-fuel cnsumptin transprt mdes cntained in the sustainable develpment strategies, rad and air transprt have reprted a steady grwth since the 1990 s. Energy use per transprtatin mde in Nrthern Mediterranean cuntries, , Mte (surce IEA) In 2005, surface transprt remained largely dminated by rad transprt which accunted fr 98% f the final energy cnsumptin f the sectr. If rad transprt accunts fr mst f the increase in the final energy cnsumptin f the transprt sectr, this is largely due t the increase in the use f the private car. The rate f car wnership cntinues t rise. The car has becme a functinal need fr husehlds. The fllwing graph presents the evlutin f the number f cars in MED cuntries (Surce mtrsat) Rail transprt -largely absent in the Mediterranean area- is just stabilizing. Air transprt saw an accelerated grwth since 1990, and energy cnsumptin f this mde increased by 70%. These develpments result frm tw cncurrent phenmena: the number f passengers and the vlume f gds carried cntinue t increase as well as the average rute length. In the meantime, there have been significant technical advances with respect t cnsumptin per passenger r tn carried (dwn frm 8 litres f fuel fr 100 km per passengers n 27

28 average t 5 litres in 2005), ntably due t the cmmercialisatin large carriers and enhanced engines. Hwever, these technlgical advances have nt been able t cmpensate the high increase in the use f this transprt mde. As t the final energy cnsumptin f inland navigatin, it has decreased by 4% ver the perid Remarkable Cultural heritage The term "cultural heritage" includes tangible cultural assets such as buildings, mnuments, landscapes, bks, wrks f art, and artefacts, intangible cultural assets such as flklre, traditins, language, and knwledge, and natural heritage including culturally-significant landscapes, and bidiversity. The unique and recgnizable Mediterranean castal landscapes are the result f centuries f interplay amng the diverse natural characteristics f the Mediterranean regin and the equally diverse human activities, bth past and present. The Mediterranean cuntryside is characterised by terraced slpes built fr the mixed cultivatin f vegetables, herbs, grains, grapes, lives, and fruit trees. Frests r small patches f frest als play an imprtant visual, bilgical, and climatic rle in the landscapes, even thugh frest is relatively scarce. Increasingly, mixed cultivatin crps are being replaced by intensive plantatins, and the traditinal terrace pattern n the slpes is being displaced by the mdern arrangement f large, dense farmlands in the flat areas. The terrace pattern remains, hwever, until natural vegetatin gradually vergrws the terraces. Mediterranean cultural landscapes are als shaped by human activity, abve all by architecture and urbanisatin. The lcatins f traditinal settlements were influenced mainly by climate and were largely cntiguus alng large parts f the Mediterranean cast. Currently, the settlement pattern is shifting frm cntiguus settlements t dispersed sprawl arund majr twns. The histrical cities in all cuntries and regins f the Mediterranean each have their wn unique cultural heritages, which are precius treasures. Histrically, it was an imprtant rute fr merchants and travellers f ancient times that allwed fr trade and cultural exchange between emergent peples f the regin, such as the Mesptamian, Egyptian, Phenician, Carthaginian, Iberian, Greek, Macednian, Thracian, Levantine, Gallic, Rman, Arabic, Berber, Jewish, Slavic and Turkish cultures. The histry f the Mediterranean regin is crucial t understanding the rigins and develpment f many mdern scieties. Many ntable civilisatins, beginning frm Antique Greek Cities, Rman Empire, Byzantine Empire, Arabic Empire and Ottman have dminated the regin and left behind them highly imprtant heritage. Mediterranean cultural heritage attracts every year millins f turists (chapter n turism) and is an essential ecnmic issue justifying its preservatin. But the preservatin f cultural heritage is a difficult and cmplex prcess. Maintaining the balance between "usage" and "preservatin" between "public" and "private" interests is nt a simple task. Cnserving, preserving and attributing usage functins f cultural assets require a meticulus, multi-disciplinary and crdinated apprach. 28

29 5.3 Pressures n the envirnment Increase f ppulatin n castal area, urbanizatin, increase f maritime transprt, natural resurces explitatin and turism are the main factr resulting in pressures fr the MED area Gas emissin and industrial waste The MED area regins are affected n a large scale by chemical pllutin, caused by the spills f txic substances frm different lcalized surces: wide castal urban areas, industries alng rivers and the cast, maritime transprt. The study f the substances released by the different industrial sectrs tgether with their hazardus nature allwed identifying the fllwing as the mst plluting types f industry. Energy prductin Metal industry Manufacture f cement Oil refining Treatment f urban wastewater Chemical industry Manufacture f fertilizers. Industry is frequently lcated alng the regins casts in areas with high ppulatin density, smetimes within urban centres, and ften in clse prximity t ther ecnmic activities like agriculture and turism. This means that pressures brught by industry t castal and marine envirnments add t and interact with ther types f pressures. The envirnmental pressures n the Mediterranean castal marine envirnment generated by this brad range f industrial activities are multiple and varied, including the use f territry and natural resurces (bth marine and nn-marine), the generatin f waste and the release f pllutants int the atmsphere and water bdies. Greenhuse gas emissins Nt all Mediterranean cuntries have the same cmmitments under the Kyt Prtcl. These 7 cuntries were fficially cmmitted t reduce r cntrl their emissins by 2012, cmpared t 1990 emissins: Cratia (-5%), Slvenia (- 8%), Prtugal (+27%), Italy (-6.5%), France (stabilisatin), Spain (+15%) and Greece (+25%). Furthermre, fr the pst- 29

30 2012 perid, the EU-27 cmmitted t reduce by 20% its CO 2 emissins by The Mediterranean cuntries with n quantified cmmitment under the Kyt Prtcl nevertheless cmmitted themselves t cntrl their GHG emissins with respect t the Climate Cnventin and Kyt Prtcl. They can use eligible prjects under the Clean Develpment Mechanism r specific funding as thse f the Glbal Envirnment Facility. CO 2 emissins frm fssil fuel cntinue t rise in mst Mediterranean cuntries. The rise in CO 2 emissins between 1990 and 2009 was higher than the natinal bjectives in all f the cuntries except France. The CO 2 emissins frm energy have decreased in 2 cuntries (France, Albania). In 2009, ne Mediterranean citizen emitted an average f 4.7 tnnes f CO 2 per year, that is equivalent t the wrld average, but tw-thirds f the emissin f a EU-27 inhabitant (7.2 tnnes) and almst 3.7 times less than a USA inhabitant (17.3 tnnes f CO 2 per annum). The CO 2 emissins per capita are extremely diverse: frm 0.9 tnne per capita in Albania t 8.4 in Greece in CO 2 emissins (frm fssil fuel), in Mt f CO 2 (Surce: WRI) Turism 19 and freight cntribute als t CO 2 emissins, mstly thrugh increased use f air and rad transprtatin. Regarding turism in particular, emissins due t transprtatin tward destinatin places are averagely much higher than thse related t hsting r t n-place activities Land use and artificialisatin All f these activities have envirnmental implicatins: Fertilising, applicatin f pesticides, manure spreading, and cattle breeding feed nutrients (nitrates and phsphates), pesticides, and pathgens int the system. Surficial run-ff, sediment transprt, and leaching carry them int rivers, grund water, lakes, wetlands, and, ultimately, int the sea. Especially in the drier parts f the Mediterranean Basin, agricultural prductin relies n the use, and smetimes ver-use, f areas with gd sil and adequate rainfall r irrigatin water. The need t prduce enugh fd drives ver-extensin f crps nt marginal land, easily degraded due t irregular rainfall and fragile sils n ersin-prne slpes. This leads t sil ersin, destructin f the wdy and herbaceus cver, and a reductin in ptimal grazing areas. The majr direct pressure frm castal turism n the marine and castal envirnment is the demand fr space, bth in the castal zne, resulting mainly in urbanisatin, and n the castline itself, thrugh cnstructin f marinas and ther infrastructure that leads t cncretisatin f the shres. The cncentratin f turism within specific gegraphical areas and limited time perids increases pressure n natural resurces such as fresh water and leads t higher rates f sewage and slid waste prductin. 19 It 2000 (at glbal level), the histrical cntributin f turism int radiative frcing was estimated frm 4 t 10%. 30

31 Mre generally, land urbanisatin (buildings and infrastructure) have a negative impact n its eclgical cherence, as it can break eclgical cntinuities such as crridrs. Sils sealing can disturb the flw and infiltratin f rainwater, with increasing runff; the whle envirnmental hydraulic system is artificialised, with increasing risks f flding and ersin Pressure n water Arund the Mediterranean Sea in the MED area, alluvial and castal plains are few and nt extensive. The castal lwlands are particularly vulnerable t climate change, which can affect hydrlgy, sea levels and ecsystems. Agricultural irrigatin and ppulatin grwth are als reducing the flw f fresh water in the rivers that feed the Mediterranean s alluvial plains. In mst Mediterranean cuntries with an erratic rainfall pattern, many f the available surces f water have already been develped r are currently being develped Already, all majr rivers flwing int the Mediterranean have had much f their flws diverted t agriculture and ther uses ver the past 40 years, resulting in a 20% reductin in freshwater inflw int the Mediterranean. Better water demand management, especially fr agriculture, is ne f the pririty actins recmmended by the Mediterranean Strategy fr Sustainable Develpment. Ttal water demand is defined as the sum f the vlume f water mbilised t meet the varius uses, including the quantities lst in prductin, transprt and use f water. It crrespnds t the sum f water withdrawals, f nn-cnventinal prductin (desalinatin, reuse f water, etc.) and f imprts less exprts. Water demand in relatin t GDP f each activity sectr crrespnds t the demand fr water used divided by the value added in the same sectr (agriculture, industry). The fllwing graph shws water demands per sectr in relatin t GDP (surce Blue plan) Overall, the evlutin in water demand is alarming in the Mediterranean cuntries because this resurce is ften scarce. The share f water fr agriculture remains high, ften higher than 50% in mst cuntries. Beynd water demand, the pressure n this resurce can be analysed with access t sanitatin system, as it has a likely effect n land-based surces pllutin f castal water. 69% f the Mediterranean castal cities f mre than inhabitants are cnnected t waste water treatment plants, 21% d nt have ne, while 6% with ne currently under cnstructin and 4% have ne that is ut f service fr varius reasns. 15% f the Mediterranean waste water treatment plants use tertiary treatment, 55% secndary treatment and 18% primary treatment. Only five cuntries have a cnsiderable number f cnnected cities (Cyprus, France, Spain, Slvenia and Cratia). 31

32 Castal cities (> inhabitants) with r withut waste water treatment plants (2009) Shrtages and drught Accrding t the Blue Plan analysis, structural shrtage water situatins shuld remain cncentrated in a few regins r basins, where current situatin culd be exacerbated. This evlutin wuld be due t the depletin f the natural resurces, mre than the increasing f demands. Indeed, the evlutin f the future demand shuld decrease, with regard t the current situatin (previus chapter), withut cnsidering lcal effects f urbanizatin and the incidence f drught that wuld be mre frequent and emphasised regarding the needs f irrigated agriculture. A depletin f resurces shuld be taken int accunt, generally in the suthern cuntries (Suth f Spain and Prtugal, Suth f Italy); it wuld be abve all due t an increase f cyclical shrtage (drught) and difficulties regarding water management. This depletin is nevertheless quite difficult t quantify Pressures n frest In 2010, the estimated frest area in Mediterranean cuntries was ver 85 millin hectares (ha), representing 2% f the wrld s frest area (4 033 millin ha; FAO, 2010b). This frest is distributed unevenly ver the Mediterranean basin, with significant differences between cuntries. Fr example, Spain, France and Turkey accunt fr mre than 50% f the ttal frest area. Other wded lands represent nly 4% f the ttal Mediterranean land area. 32

33 Extent f frest area (surce FAO) The Mediterranean frests even if characterised by lw prductivity prvide several imprtant ecsystem services (carbn sequestratin, bidiversity, landscape quality, preservatin f water resurces and fight against land degradatin). Despite their apparent fragility, Mediterranean frest landscapes have been shaped by human activities and have demnstrated fr several centuries their strng resilience t changes f anthrpgenic rigins. Hwever, tday they are facing a threat f unprecedented magnitude dminated by climate change and the increase in ppulatin that they will have t adapt t in the cming decades. Mre than a third f the ecnmic value f Mediterranean frests is linked t the prductin f wd frest prducts fllwed by recreatin services, watershed regulatin, grazing by cattle and the prductin f nn- wd frest prducts altgether accunting in similar prprtins fr half f the remaining ecnmic value. Fire is a cause f frest degradatin in the Mediterranean regin. Lng time-series f frest fire data are available mainly fr France, Greece, Italy, Prtugal and Spain, whereas the situatin in ther Mediterranean cuntries is ften analysed separately because f disparities in the data. The Eurpean Frest Fire Infrmatin System (EFFIS), established by the Jint Research Centre and the Directrate General fr Envirnment f the Eurpean Cmmissin t supprt fire management in Eurpe, is the main surce f harmnized data n frest fire in Eurpe. 33

34 Number f frest fires in Mediterranean cuntries, fr the perid (Surce: FAO) Fr the perid , five cuntries accunted fr mre than 85% f the ttal number f fires. Mre than fires were reprted in the Mediterranean regin in , an average f just under per year. Of the ttal number f fires, 81% ccurred in western Mediterranean cuntries. Prtugal reprted the highest number f fires, and fire density was highest in Prtugal, France, Italy, Cyprus and Spain. Fire density, Mediterranean regin, (surce FAO) Fur cuntries (Greece, Italy, Prtugal, and Spain) accunted fr almst 80% f the ttal burnt area in the perid In ttal, mre than 2 millin ha were burnt in the Mediterranean in that perid, an average f mre than ha per year. 34

35 Burnt area in Mediterranean cuntries, (Surce: FAO) 35

36 .4 Descriptin f envirnmental characteristics f the areas likely impacted The MED prgramme fcuses n the fllwing areas: - Maritime and castal areas - Urban areas Air quality In Eurpe, despite imprvements ver several decades, air pllutin cntinues t damage human health and the envirnment. Currently, PM (particulate matter) and O 3 are Eurpe s mst prblematic pllutants in terms f harm t human health. Eurpean anthrpgenic emissins are the mst imprtant cntributrs t O3 and PM cncentratins levels ver Eurpe, but intercntinental transprt f pllutin als cntributes. Furthermre, grund-level O 3, particles and black carbn (a cnstituent f PM) are climate frcers. The tw fllwing maps (surce: EEA, 2013 reprt) illustrate the 2011 situatin: the Mediterranean castline presents exceeding values in many lcatins. 36

37 4.4.2 Castline quality 54% f the Mediterranean castline is rcky and 46% is sandy cast that includes imprtant and fragile habitats and ecsystems such as beaches, dunes, reefs, lagns, swamps, estuaries and deltas. Lw-lying sedimentary casts are mre dynamic than rcky casts. The balance between sea-level rise, sediment supply and wave and castal current regimes will determine whether the castline advances (accretes), remains stable, r retreats (erdes). Mdel predictins fr the extent f sea-level increase in the Mediterranean fr the 21st century range up t 61 cm (in a wrst-case scenari). Satellite altimetry data n variatins in the level f the Mediterranean Sea between January 1993 and June 2006 indicate that sea level will raise mre in the Eastern Mediterranean than in the Western Mediterranean. Delta areas, due t their tpgraphy and sensitive dynamics, are mst vulnerable t impacts frm sea-level rise. Castline stability is als affected by the increase in artificial structures, bth within the drainage basin (especially reservirs) and alng the castline (the prliferatin f marinas and ther urban and turist-industry infrastructure). Artificial structures assciated with beach-dune cmplexes and waterfrnts, the destructin r degradatin f sea grass beds and dune vegetatin, and the extractin f gas, water and sand may als affect the cycling and redistributin f sediment in neighburing castal areas, especially if mdificatins t the castline have nt been prperly planned and designed. Systematic research and dcumentatin f castline ersin has been carried ut nly n the Mediterranean states that are members f the EU, as part f the LaCast, CORINE (Crdinatin f Infrmatin n the Envirnment), and Eursin prjects. Apprximately ne-furth f the EU Mediterranean castline suffers frm ersin, with variatin amng cuntries. Sea defences t cntrl ersin have been cnstructed alng 10% f the Eurpean castline. These defences, hwever, ften cause undesirable impacts, including increased ersin in ther areas. 37

38 CORINE castal data shwed that, by the last years f the 20th century, km f the EU Mediterranean cast had been transfrmed t artificial cast (mstly cncentrated in the Balearic Islands, Gulf f Lin, Sardinia, and the Adriatic, Inian, and Aegean seas). Eurpean harburs accunted fr km f this ttal (EC 1998). The lack f infrmatin and the difficulty in accessing dispersed data have been bstacles t assessing the status and trends in ersin. This has hampered implementatin f plicies fr the prtectin and management f the castal envirnment at lcal, natinal and reginal levels. Amng the many impacts ersin has n castal ecsystems are the destructin f sil surface layers, leading t grundwater pllutin and t reductin f water resurces; degradatin f dunes, leading t desertificatin; reductin f bilgical diversity; adverse effects n beach dynamics; reductin f sedimentary resurces; and disappearance f the sandy littral lanes that prtect agricultural land frm the intrusin f sea- water, resulting in sil and grundwater salinisatin. CORINE data were used t prduce an inventry f natural sites f high eclgical value that are affected by castal ersin. The Gulf f Lin, the Ligurian Sea, the Tyrrhenian cast f Italy, and the P Delta all cntain many such sites One f the majr findings f the CORINE prject was that castal ersin management practices ften indirectly use prtected natural areas established under Natura 2000 as surces f sediment. As Natura 2000 sites were selected because they are cnsidered critical t the survival f Eurpe s mst threatened habitats and species, these practices have significant implicatins fr lng-term castal bidiversity. 38

39 4.4.3 Water quality Organic pllutin and eutrphicatin Organic matter in castal and marine waters riginates mstly frm urban/dmestic and industrial wastewater entering marine waters thrugh direct pint-surce discharges r thrugh rivers. The extent f rganic matter pllutin is measured as the Bichemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), the amunt f xygen needed by micrrganisms t xidise rganic matter in the water. Organic-matter pllutin in industrial wastewater was dcumented by MED POL thrugh an inventry f industrial pint surces f pllutin in The areas with the highest BOD are the eastern cast f the Adriatic, the Aegean and the nrth-eastern sectr f the Levantine Basin. These regins, in general, als have insufficient sewage wastewater treatment facilities. This indicates that there is likely a cumulative effect f elevated rganic matter in castal waters frm a cmbinatin f dmestic and industrial surces. In the nrthern Mediterranean BOD is mainly released by wastewater treatment plants and the fd industry, while in suth and eastern Mediterranean ther sectrs like il refining, farming f animals, textiles, paper r fertilisers are imprtant emitters. Fr marine animal and plant cmmunities, xygen depletin caused by either human-induced eutrphicatin r by input f rganic matter in wastewater may be fatal. Additin f rganic matter and eutrphicatin (resulting frm prductivity increasing because f the extra supply f nutrients) ften stem frm the same surces and act tgether t deplete xygen. Persistent Organic Pllutants (POP) Persistent rganic pllutants (POPs) are rganic cmpunds that are resistant t envirnmental degradatin thrugh chemical, bilgical, and phtlytic prcesses. POPs persist in the envirnment, are capable f lng-range transprt, biaccumulatin in human and animal tissue, bimagnify in fd chains, and have ptentially significant impacts n human health and the envirnment. POPs include certain chlrinated pesticides and industrial chemicals such as plychlrinated biphenyls (PCBs), mst f which have already been prhibited in Mediterranean cuntries. Hwever, POPs can als be unintentinally released, mainly as a result f cmbustin prcesses r as byprducts in sme industrial prcesses. Sme examples are dixins and furans, hexachlrbenzene (HCB), PCBs, r plycyclic armatic hydrcarbns (PAHs). The MED POL NBB inventry reprt states that in the Mediterranean, very high levels have been histrically measured in the marine envirnment, especially in tp predatrs and cetaceans. Hwever, a general decrease f POPs cncentratins has been bserved ver the last years, althugh in sme cases cncentratins still remain relatively elevated. Heavy metals The term heavy metal is used here fr ptentially txic metals that persist in the envirnment, biaccumulatin in human and animal tissues, and bimagnify in fd chains. Metals and rganmetallic cmpunds are cmmnly included in emissin inventries and mnitring netwrks, specially mercury, cadmium and lead. Urban and industrial wastewaters, atmspheric depsitin and run-ff frm metal cntaminated sites cnstitute the majr surces f txic metals. 39

40 In the Mediterranean cuntries, accrding t the Natinal Baseline Budget (NBB) inventry, atmspheric emissins f metals are mstly related t the cement industry (Hg, Cu), prductin f energy (As, Cd, Ni) and the metal industry (Pb, Zn). Water releases appear t be mstly related t the fertiliser industry (Hg, As, Pb), metal industry (Ni, Zn) and wastewater treatment plants (Cd, Cu), with imprtant cntributins als frm the energy sectr and the chemical industry. Oil refining is the main surce f chrme releases, bth t air and water. Lead levels are high in sediments in the area f Marseille- Fs and Tuln (France), Cartagena (Spain), alng the western Italian cast, arund Naples and in the Gulf f Gena. Lead levels are als elevated in sediments in the Gulf f Trieste, alng the suthern cast f Cratia, in the Aegean Sea (especially the nrthern cast near Thessalniki and Kavala and the regin arund Athens). These sites with high levels f lead in sediments are crrelated with lcatins f industrial and dmestic waste discharges and harbur activities Bidiversity Mediterranean climate is quite particular, mst f the time mild, but als abrupt and changing: it is characterised with winter but nt heavy rains, and drught during summers. Quite sunny, winters are mst f the time mild, with temperatures arund 10 C. Only lcal winds such as mistral can cause cld perid, but ice and snw perids remain quite rare. Springs are quite shrt and summers are very sunny, warm and dry. Marine bidiversity Mediterranean castal and marine bidiversity is high by all measures. The basin supprts sme f the richest fauna and flra in the wrld and the habitat-level diversity is extrardinary. The Mediterranean Basin has a wide array f habitats that include sea grass beds, intact rcky shrelines, persistent frntal systems, estuaries, underwater canyns, deepwater cral assemblages and sea munts. It is recgnised as ne the wrld s 25 tp bidiversity htspts, defined as areas with rich bidiversity, a large number f endemic species species unique t the regin and critical levels f habitat lss There are an estimated marine species in the Mediterranean, cmprising apprximately macrscpic fauna, ver plant species, and species frm ther taxnmic grups. This represents 4 18% f the wrld s knwn marine species, depending n the taxnmic grup (frm 4.1% f the bny fishes t 18.4% f the marine mammals), in an area cvering less than 1% f the wrld s ceans and less than 0.3% f its vlume. Species diversity in the Mediterranean Basin tends t increase frm east t west with 43% f knwn species ccurring in the Eastern Mediterranean, 49% in the Adriatic, and 87% in the Western Mediterranean. Species distributin als varies accrding t depth, with mst flra and fauna being cncentrated in shallw waters up t 50 m in depth. Althugh this zne accunts fr nly 5% f Mediterranean waters, 90% f the knwn benthic plant species are fund here, as are sme 75% f the fish species. The high seas f the Mediterranean als supprt a great variety f marine life in areas f high prductivity (gyres, upwellings and frnts). 40

41 The Mediterranean is very imprtant fr migratry birds. Twice a year, sme 150 migratry species crss the narrw natural passages in the regins f the Straits f Gibraltar (between Spain and Mrcc), Sicily Strait (between Tunisia and Italy), Messina (Italy). Althugh the Mediterranean Basin is high in bidiversity, many f its species are threatened by a range f human activities. Several species f marine mammals have reached dangerusly lw ppulatin levels. Their survival has becme questinable unless immediate measures are taken fr their cnservatin. The species fr which this is mst evident is the Mediterranean mnk seal (Mna chus mnachus) which breeds n rcky islands and archipelags free frm human disturbance. The Mediterranean fish fauna is diverse, but fisheries are generally declining. Of the 900 r s knwn fish species, apprximately 100 are cmmercially explited. 41

42 5.5 Presentatin f the «ptin 0» The drivers and pressures defined previusly allw t summarize the envirnmental characteristics f the MED area regarding air, sil, water and bidiversity quality (see abve), and t describe the ptential evlutin f these situatin in case the MED prgramme wuld nt be implemented. This is the «ptin 0». Climate change is the backgrund f this analysis (surce, GIEC): the effects f climate change can be seen in the Mediterranean and have begun t exacerbate already existing pressures and degradatin phenmena and the vulnerability f ecsystems and ppulatins that depend n them, leading t cnsiderable and smetimes irreversible changes t the envirnment. Glbal climate change affected the Mediterranean thrughut the twentieth century and h a s clearly accelerated since 1970, with an average warming f nearly 2 C in suth-western Eurpe (specifically, the Iberian Peninsula and suthern France). The exceptin is Greece, where, until the early 2000 s, the average annual temperature declined. The previsins frecast that climate evlutin is likely t cntinue and grw in the Mediterranean regin ver the next decades; it wuld mainly affect air and sea temperatures, as well as rainfall vlume and sea level. By the end f the century, the annual average f temperatures, calculated between the perids and , culd increase by 2.2 C t 5.1 C (estimatin). There is a 50% prbability f a warming situated between 3 and 4 C; it wuld affect mainly the Suthern Mediterranean. The temperatures increase shuld lead t summers with mre and mre very warm days. This glbal warming shuld bscure lcal temperatures decrease linked t mdificatins f air masses mvements. Climate change culd affect ecsystems in multiple ways, such as by reducing r expanding their extent and distributin, changing the behaviur f species and their interactins, and changing the risk f pressures such as fire, diseases and species invasins. Cmparisn f current temperatures and rainfall, with prjectins fr 2100 (Surce GIEC) 42

43 This evlutin, cmbined with human activities and demgraphic pressure, induce numerus stresses n the MED area resurces. The fllwing graph 20 presents a hypthesis fr ppulatin evlutin, which illustrates the slight but cntinuus decrease f rural ppulatins, as well an asympttic increase f urban ppulatins. Fr instance, water resurces are quite stressed; water demand remains cnstant and its quality remains relative, abve all alng the castline where human pressure is mre imprtant; it leads t land-based surce pllutin smetimes quite cncerning. In the field f energies, cnsumptin, even if in the Eurpean average, remains quite high, and fssil energy (petrl, cal and gas) still dminates the energy supply in the cuntries f the MED areas ; this situatin fsters the depletin f nn-renewable resurces (f the Suthern cast). The shifting t energy mix and renewable energies prductin are nt increasing enugh sufficiently regarding the sustainable develpment strategies. The fllwing graph 21 presents a hypthesis fr the primary energy demand, frecasting a clear increase. But this scenari, defined in 2005, is based n majr rientatins f energetic strategies f reginal cuntries and large cmpanies» and des nt give a «strng pririty t energetic sbriety. 20 PNUE, PAM, Plan Bleu, CAR Sphia Antiplis-Valbnne (2006). A sustainable Future fr the Mediterranean The Blue Plan s Envirnment and Develpment Outlk EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. 21 PNUE, PAM, Plan Bleu, CAR Sphia Antiplis-Valbnne (2006). A sustainable Future fr the Mediterranean The Blue Plan s Envirnment and Develpment Outlk EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. 43

44 The fllwing graphs details this prspective scenari 22 and splits the energy demand by surce, shwing thus the persisting dependency upn t fssil energy. The atmspheric impact f transprts shws als a negative evlutin, because the use f individual vehicles but als because maritime transprt (turism and freight). Regarding the evlutin f natural risks, they are ptentially exacerbated by climate change. The expansin f the area ppulatin is als a factr f risks increase. Eventually, if the bidiversity remains quite rich in the MED area, numerus species are tday quite endangered. At the heart f develpment in the Mediterranean regin are envirnmental pressures arising frm its grwing ppulatin, especially in suth and east, the increasing explitatin f natural resurces, particularly water, and intensified natural risks assciated with climate change. The eclgical ftprints and mre generally the develpment trajectries f Mediterranean cuntries shw alarming signs f unsustainability Plan Bleu, AFD (2009). Energy sectr in the Mediterranean regin, situatin and prspective 2025 (Blue Plan Ntes n 13) 23 UNEP/PAM/ Blue Plan (2012). State f the Mediterranean Marine and Castal Envirnment 44

45 Status f Mediterranean cuntries (eclgical deficit r reserve), in 1961 and 2008 (surce Glbal ftprint netwrk) 24 In rder t face these different situatin f pressures, the regins f the MED prgramme can rely n the interventin f structural funds thanks t their reginal prgrammes (44 prgrammes cver the area). Nevertheless, interventins and instruments existing n the area remain mst f the time structural and d nt prmte an integrated management f resurces, risks r bidiversity. MED supprts and cmplements reginal interventins n the area f the prgramme. The bjectives selected by the prgramme fr the future perid prmte crssed appraches and integrated actins. Ecnmic issues f the area are tackled with the bjective f preserving resurces (sustainable turism). Regarding the issues in the field f energy, the prgramme will fcus n integrated slutins thanks t energetic mix r the prmtin f lcal slutins. In term f risks management, crdinated appraches will be pssible thanks t the interventin f the prgramme. Tday, the lack f crdinatin between the reginal r structural instruments des nt allw an efficient management f risks preventin r the implementatin f crrective measures. 24 Glbal Ft print netwrk/mava/wwf/unesco Venice/Plan Bleu (Octber 2012). Mediterranean Eclgical Ftprint trends 45

46 6. Analysis f the significant likely effects n the envirnment The fllwing analysis presents the likely significant effects f the prgramme n the envirnment. This analysis emphasizes a substantial range f uncertainty, as the draft versin f the Operatinal Prgramme nly defines the framewrk and type f actins and/r prjects supprted by the prgramme. The realisatin f the actin plan, the nature and the scpe f the prjects that will be supprted are nt described yet. We are thus fcusing here n an estimate f ptential and nnquantifiable impacts. The effectiveness f these ptential risks will depend n the rientatins fllwed by the prjects, but als n external frces. Mrever, the effects evaluated here are mst f the time indirect effects induced by expected changes (which are then mre difficult t assess). Indeed, and it is clearly reminded by the Prgramme25, the bjectives f transnatinal prgrammes d nt target the supprt f heavy investments and infrastructures : Eurpean cperatin prgrammes are dedicated t the institutinal cperatin, the cnstructin f strategies, the imprvement f gvernance and the sharing f experiences and gd practices, in rder t imprve integratin and implementatin f strategies and plicies. The bjective f this reprt is therefre t carry ut a strategic and qualitative assessment f ptential impacts f the prgramme, and t highlight items requiring vigilance. The analysis f the impacts n the envirnment is based n a synptic grid f questins; the grid will shw fr each actin that effects can turn ut t be psitive r negative fr the envirnment. Preamble: presentatin f the synptic grid f questin On Octber 24, 2013, the Eurpean Parliament and the Cuncil adpted a general prgramme f actin, in the field f the envirnment, cvering the perid up t December , called «Seventh Envirnment Actin Prgramme». Its pririty bjectives (PO) are the fllwing: PO 1: T prtect, cnserve and enhance the Unin s natural capital PO 2: T turn int a resurce efficient, green and cmpetitive and lw-carbn ecnmy PO 3: T safeguard the Unin's citizens frm envirnment-related pressures and risks t health and well-being PO 4: T maximise the benefits f Unin envirnment legislatin by imprving implementatin PO 5: T imprve the knwledge and evidence base fr Unin envirnment plicy PO 6: T secure investment fr envirnment and climate plicy and address envirnmental externalities PO 7: T imprve envirnmental integratin and plicy cherence PO 8: T enhance the sustainability f the Unin's cities PO 9: T increase the Unin s effectiveness in addressing internatinal envirnmental and climate-related challenges. The list f questins (please g t the next page) is nt exhaustive. Many tpics, yet part f envirnmental issues, are nt addressed: fr instance there are n questin addressing hazardus substances, nr natural predatr management. By cntrast, the main envirnmental issues are addressed: bidiversity, water, air, sil, climate as well as issues related t human lifestyle and welfare. Abve all, the list f questins cvers the issues identified as being the main challenges f the MED area (regarding sustainable develpment) in the diagnsis 26. : Increasing climate change cnsequences n MED regins 25 OP MED, Assessment f challenges and needs fr the prgramme 26 PO MED, Assessment f challenges and needs fr the prgramme (paragraph e) 46

47 Increasing scarcity f water resurces Ptential t imprve the prductin f renewable energy but very diverse situatins between MED regins and MED cuntries Increasing urban pressure requiring lng term sustainable and integrated urban develpment (energy, water, planning, waste management) Increasing pressure f ecnmic activities n natural and cultural resurces and n castal areas Imprtant impact f the agriculture n landscapes and natural resurces Imprtant pllutin f the Mediterranean Sea T prtect, cnserve and imprve the natural assets f the MED area 1 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact the lss f bidiversity? 2 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact the eclgical cherence f territries? 3 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact habitats (terrestrial and aquatic)? 4 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact the sil sealing and/r artificialisatin? 5 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact ersin prcesses? 6 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact water withdrawals? 7 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact water quality (fresh waters, transitinnal waters, castal waters)? 8 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact marine water quality? 9 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure imprve the resilience f ecsystems t climate change? 10 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure imprve energy efficiency f ppulatin lifestyle (including buildings)? 11 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure increase the share f renewable energies in glbal primary energy prductin? T make f the MED area a mre efficient, greener, mre cmpetitive and lw-carbn ecnmy 12 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact energy efficiency in the prductive sectr? 13 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact the durability f gds and abve all their prductin methds? 14 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact waste prductin (husehld and industrial)? 15 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact waste recvery (husehld and industrial)? 16 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact mbility? 47

48 T prtect the citizens f the MED area frm the health and welfare pressures/risks assciated with the envirnment 17 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact atmspheric pllutin (GHG, particles )? 18 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact management and resilience t natural hazards? 19 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact management and resilience t industrial risks? 20 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact nise and dur pllutin? 21 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact landscapes? 22 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact the sustainability f urban planinng? 23 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact space use? Crss-cutting issues 24 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact knwledge- and data-bases, which supprt envirnment plicy in the MED area? 25 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact the enhancement f ecsystemic services? 26 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact integratin and cnsistency f envirnmental field in plicies? Answers t these questins allw us t describe the likely impacts f actins, regarding their nature. Mrever, this estimate is cmpleted by assumptins n each ptential impact: With which prbability may this impact ccur? If it happened, wuld the impact be frequent and/r ccur in numerus areas? (frequency thrughut space and/r time) If it happened, wuld it last n a lng-term r shrt-term? If it happened, wuld the impact be reversible (r nt)? If it happened wuld the impact have transbrder effects? (we are talking here f the brders f the MED prgramme area) The fllwing table presents the qualitative rating scale: Nature f the impact + Pssible ccurrence f envirnmental psitive effects - Pssible ccurrence f envirnmental negative effects +/- Pssible ccurrence f bth envirnmental psitive and negative effects Likely nn-significant envirnmental effects // N rating, due t lacking r insufficient data Intermediate ratings are als pssible : /+ r /- Prbability f the impact Frequency Duratin Reversibility Transbrder effect VP (Very prbable), P (Prbable), U (Uncertain) C (cnstant) F (Frequent) O (Occasinal) LT (lng term) ST (shrt term) I (irreversible) R (reversible) NTE (N Transbrder Effect) PTE (Pssible Transbrder Effect) 48

49 Incidence assessment: detailed analysis The cmpleted grids can be fund in annexes. The cmments n each synptic grid are fllwing. Crss cutting issues Fr mst f the investment pririties, the impact f the prgramme is psitive regarding the cnslidatin f knwledge and data basis fr the supprt f envirnmental plicies f the MED area. Mrever, the prgramme advcates quite efficiently fr the integratin and the cherence f envirnmental field in the cnstructin f plicies. In this respect, the Specific Objective 4 («T supprt the prcess f develping multilateral crdinatin framewrks and strengthening the existing nes in the Mediterranean fr jint respnses t cmmn challenges») presents therefre a very psitive impact. Nevertheless, the qualificatin f the impacts is nly based n transversal criteria, as the definitin f the SO is quite large. A narrwer (envirnmental) targeting f actins wuld allw a mre thrugh evaluatin. Axis 1, SO 1: T increase transnatinal activity f innvative clusters and netwrks f key sectrs f the MED area The prgramme aims t strengthen innvatin capacities, in the sectrs cvered by the «green» and «blue» grwth. The present analysis assumes that such reinfrcement will eventually lead t a ptential develpment f the cncerned sectrs. This bjective is abut supprting innvatin actrs, whse slutins are nt yet develped and will nt be immediately implemented, if they are indeed. Furthermre, certain fields f innvatin, because they are recent, have nt yet been assessed, as far as their envirnmental impact is cncerned. Finally, ptential fields f actin are quite wide: green grwth, blue grwth, creative industries, scial innvatins As a result, the prbability thse incidences d ccur can nly be estimated «uncertain», in this assessment. One exceptin, nevertheless, fr energy-related actins: this prbability is estimated higher, because the dedicated list f types f actins prpses t supprt financing instruments and tls fr green energy sectrs. Finally, the likely spreading f ideas abve MED limits gives t thse incidences a systematic transbrder character. The Blue Grwth fields are wide. If ne bases ne s apprach n the «Blue grwth» prject 27 analysis, blue activities split int the 6 fllwing maritime main functins: Maritime transprt maritime and shipbuilding Fd, nutritin, health and ec-system services Energy and raw materials Leisure, wrking and living Castal prtectin Maritime mnitring and surveillance. On the ther hand, the activities which are specifically targeted by the MED prgramme are the fllwing: «maritime, castal and cruise turism, creative industries, castal and marine resurces, prtectin f bidiversity, blue energy (algae, thermic energy, waves), blue bitechnlgy (fd, health, csmetics), sustainable management f prts, marine and envirnmental industries, etc.». The field f pssibilities is thus wide («marine and envirnmental industries, etc.») and it leads us t make hyptheses n which«blue» activities t take int accunt in the present assessment. 27 BLUE GROWTH, Scenaris and drivers fr Sustainable Grwth frm the Oceans, Seas and Casts, Third Interim Reprt, Eurpean Cmmissin, DG MARE, march

50 Accrding t the previusly quted study, led in the frame f the «Blue Grwth» prject, 11 ecnmical activities have been retained as mst «essential» fr further analysis and ptentially fr plicy-supprt. Amng these 11 activities, certain are even identified as imprtant in the Mediterranean area (M) : MATURE STAGE 1 Shrt sea shipping M 2 Offshre il and gas M 3 Castline turism & yachting M 4 Castal prtectin GROWTH STAGE 5 Offshre wind 6 Cruise turism M 7 Marine aquatic prducts: aquaculture and fishery M 8 Maritime mnitring and surveillance M (PRE)DEVELOPMENT STAGE 9 Blue Bitechnlgy 10 Ocean renewable energy 11 Marine minerals mining Because the Prgramme is riented twards innvatin and SME, we have assumed that the fields f actins fstered by the prgramme, but nt specifically quted, wuld belng t the activities that are listed abve as in «grwth stage» and «pre-develpment stage», ut f mining (a priri nt in the scpe f small and medium enterprises) and ut f ffshre wind (amng blue energies, the prgramme fcuses n algae, thermic energy and waves, nly). But this assumptin culd be discussed and we d nt exclude that ther activities, relative t shipbuilding, t castal prtectin r t shrt-sea shipping (fr example) culd be treated by the Prgramme. Therefre this uncertainty cnstitutes clearly an element t pay attentin t, because ther industrial sectrs culd be supprted and culd prduce ptential negative impacts n the envirnment, althugh they wuld nt have been cnsidered in the present assessment. Finally, ne culd utline that the specific bjective aims t a strnger transnatinal cperatin and a better cnnectin between actrs f the quadruple helix: the expected results, excepted fr the green grwth, d nt target specifically the ec-respnsibility r the ec-design f the chains f value. The fields f the green grwth are als wide 28. But by definitin 29 they are devted t ec-friendly slutins. Therefre, ne culd expect beneficial effects in numerus sectrs. Fr example, the develpment f bilgical agricultural practices culd benefit nt nly t bidiversity, r t sils preservatin but als t water withdrawals. As a result, multiple fields f the envirnment culd be impacted bth psitively and negatively. Fr example, regarding waste prductin and valrisatin, the green innvatin wuld certainly be riented t new methds r mre sustainable technlgies; certain prjects culd fcus n waste energetic treatment r n recycling f nautical materials. But, n the ther side, the develpment f technlgies intensively using ICT 30 wuld lead t the prductin f cmputer waste which is cmplex t treat. Similarly, the develpment f cruises r recreatinal bating wuld intensify the already existing difficulty f their grey waters treatment. Anther example cncerns greenhuse gas emissins: the develpment f the cmputers stck implies, at the same time, the develpment f air cnditining systems which cnsumes energy as well. But n the ther hand, the increasing share f renewable energies r sustainable aquaculture cnstitute additinal pprtunities fr decreasing GHG emissins. Similarly, sme actins supprted by the prgramme related t the «green» energy culd induce an increase in the use f bimass. The share f agricultural land between the prductin f edible prducts and energies is nt stabilised yet; the 28 PO, 2 A 5, «Green grwth includes new materials, bitechnlgies and bichemical, ec-cnstructin, energy, agriculture, agribusiness, agr-turism, bi-agriculture and bi fd, transfrmatin, valrisatin and cmmercialisatin f prducts, etc.» 29 Cf definitin : 30 ICT = infrmatin and cmmunicatin technlgy 50

51 assessment f the cnsequences regarding the cultivatin f nn-prductive lands (whether they are set-aside r nt) is nt realised either. Our assessment f the impact n land usage is thus nuanced. Few strictly negative ptential impacts have been stated: - landscape impact f energy prducing facilities at sea r f new harburs - impacts n mbility frm cruise r recreatinal bating grwth. Crss-analysis: cunting Prbability Frequency Duratin Reversibility Transbrder Effect VP P U C F O ST LT I R PTE NTE /- et -/ et +/ ttal Glbally: As explained abve, impacts are widely «uncertain» Ptential psitive impacts as well as «cntrasted» nes wuld rather be lng term, but wuld mainly be reversible Negative ptential impacts wuld rather be ccasinal but half f them wuld be irreversible Axis 2, OS 2.1: T raise capacity fr better management f energy in public buildings at transnatinal level The prgramme aims t reduce energy cnsumptin in public buildings, addressing energy efficiency issues. Withut any surprise, the impacts are psitive regarding air pllutin (less greenhuse gas) and nise pllutin (less air cnditining systems). Crss-analysis: cunting Prbability Frequency Duratin Reversibility Transbrder Effect VP P U C F O ST LT I R PTE NTE /- r -/ r +/ ttal Glbally: Ptential psitive impacts wuld be frm prbable t very prbable, their scpe wuld be f lng term, but they wuld stay mainly reversible; cntrasted ptential impacts wuld be uncertain (nevertheless, they are nt negative) Axis 2, OS 2.2: T increase the share f renewable lcal energy surces in energy mix strategies and plans in MED territries The prgramme des nt limit the ptential surces f renewable energy. But all methds f prductin d nt have the same envirnmental impacts. Given varius pssibilities, and the difference f impacts between the ptential scenarii, the prbability f the fllwing effects is mainly rated uncertain. Thus, fr example, lcal strategies culd favur the develpment f wind energy (terrestrial r maritime). The impacts f such facilities n fauna and flra are tday identified 31. Als, their impacts n landscape are ften cntrversial

52 Regardless f the technlgical chices, the incidence f their implementatin shall be subject t envirnmental studies, adapted t each territry. Eventually, it shuld be nted that the use f marine bimass and algae is still at the research stage 32. The term emplyed fr this kind f energy is third-generatin fuels. The implementatin f their industrial prductin will likely ccur nly after the current prgramme. Whatever the surces f energies studied and develped are, the actin wuld lead t implementatin f infrastructures. The present analysis des nt deal with the impacts f such cnstructins. Nevertheless, they wuld surely add pressures regarding sil artificialisatin. Cnstructin wrks wuld als result in nise pllutin and waste prductin peaks. Mrever, as described abve, ne directin culd be the increase in the use f bimass. The share f agricultural land between the prductin f edible prducts and energies is nt stabilised yet; the assessment f the cnsequences regarding the cultivatin f nn-prductive lands (whether there are set-aside r nt) is nt realised either. The use f space culd thus be affected by the cnstructin f new facilities but als by the prductin f raw materials. The impact n water quality is psitive, in cntinental areas, if the valrisatin f agricultural runff (instead f spreading it int fields) is develped; it is als psitive with the ptential develpment f algae cultivatin, as their grwth medium culd use waste water, which wuld be thus treated. Freshwater quality has influence, thrugh rivers and castal bdies, n sea water quality. The imprvement f quality thanks t the abve slutins culd be hwever cuntered, negatively and marginally, by the impacts f the cnstructin f ffshre energy prductin systems. The increase use f renewable energies wuld have a psitive impact n air quality, climate change, and the resilience f ecsystems t this change, by slwing dwn greenhuse gas prductin. The «smart cities» cncept described in the prgramme wuld cmplete the SO 2.1, by supprting the emergence f integrated appraches n energy prductin/cnsumptin patterns in urban areas. The impact n energy efficiency and waste recvery is thus psitive. Crss-analysis: cunting Prbability Frequency Duratin Reversibility Transbrder Effect VP P U C F O ST LT I R PTE NTE /- r -/ r +/ ttal Glbally: Ptential psitive impacts wuld be mainly prbable t very prbable, their scpe wuld be rather lng term, but they wuld stay mainly reversible; Ptential negative impacts wuld have a lng term scpe, they wuld be irreversible fr 2/3 f them, but they wuld be mainly ccasinal; Cntrasted ptential impacts wuld be rather ccasinal and lng term. But 2/3 f them but be irreversible

53 Axis 2, SO 2.3: T increase the capacity t use existing lw carbn transprt systems and multimdal cnnectins amng them The prgramme aims t the ptimisatin and intercnnectin between existing netwrks. This allwed estimating, fr instance, that the eclgical cherence f the territry wuld nt be affected by new rads r rail-rads, which culd have intrduced new fragmentatin surces. Optimising the traffic induces very psitive externalities fr natural habitats and air pllutin, because it lightens pressures (nise, GHG). But the emphasis f the prgram n maritime transprt 33 made us mitigate ur psitive evaluatins n the ptential impact f this actin pririty nt: marine water quality, marine habitats and air pllutin, especially due t GHG emissins. The described bjectives aim t cut the running times, but als t develp the castal sites accessibility. This uncertainty abut maritime transprt develpment relies n the number (quite high) f cntrasted rate and n the smetimes impssible assessment f impact reversibility. Nevertheless, ptimised, intercnnected and sustainable transprt netwrks wuld imprve the energy efficiency f the dmestic ways f life and f prductive sectrs. In urban areas, this transprt ptimisatin is a majr asset fr a sustainable develpment. One has t remain careful and appreciate the perid f time required fr the peple change f habits. The transitin perid, t adapt t a new traffic plan r t a new divisin f space shuld be integrated int diagnses, especially regarding GHG emissins (traffic jams ). Crss-analysis: cunting Prbability Frequency Duratin Reversibility Transbrder Effect VP P U C F O ST LT I R PTE NTE /- r -/ r +/ ttal Glbally: Ptential psitive impacts wuld be very prbable, their scpe wuld be rather lng term, but they wuld be mainly reversible; Ptential cntrasted impacts wuld be rather lng term and quite frequent. Axis 3, SO 3.1: T enhance sustainable develpment plicies fr mre efficient valrisatin f natural resurces and cultural heritage in castal and adjacent maritime areas The prgramme will enhance the develpment f strategies fr territries managing and planning, which wuld be shared by the MED cuntries. The mst targeted areas are casts and castlines. These territries are specifically cncerned by the turistic activities grwth: therefre, the prgramme pays a special attentin t the sustainability f this turism. The rating assumes that the prgramme interventins d nt aim t develp turistic activities, but rather aims t cnstraint and cnditin them, regarding their respect fr natural heritage and their taking int accunt f natural hazards. 33 OP MED, 2.A.5, «As the develpment f infrastructures and transprt systems is largely financed by ther prgrammes, the MED prgramme will especially intervene n the questin f use and access t lw carbn transprt systems fr the different categries f ppulatin and in the develpment f actins directed t supprting transnatinal rail/maritime public transprt services fr passengers and freight (cuttings running times, develping accessibility n peripheral and turistic cities/sites r clusters, ptimizing csts).» 53

54 Many incidences are thus judged psitive. Certain issues wuld deserve t appear mre explicitly in the prgramme redactin. Thus, because the specific bjective is abut land planning, the «eclgical cnsistency» f the territry culd be mentined. Then, that pint has nt been assessed, by lack f data. Fr the same reasns, the impacts n waste prductin r nise/ dur pllutin have nt been scred. Crss-analysis: cunting Prbability Frequency Duratin Reversibility Transbrder Effect VP P U C F O ST LT I R PTE NTE /- r -/ r +/ ttal Glbally: Ptential psitive impacts wuld be mainly prbable t very prbable, their scpe wuld be rather lng term, but they wuld stay mainly reversible; «Cntrasted» ptential impacts wuld be uncertain, ccasinal and reversible. Axis 3, OS 3.2: T maintain bidiversity and natural ecsystems thrugh strengthening the management and netwrking f prtected areas This bjective gathers actins aiming t prtect the natural heritage f the MED area, based n reinfrced management measures and crdinated prtected areas. It targets particularly the fllwing issues: fight against invasive species and water management (in particular the cnflicts f use in the castal, marine and wetland areas). If necessary the extensin f prtected areas culd be cnsidered. Impacts are thus rated rather psitive. Crss-analysis: cunting Prbability Frequency Duratin Reversibility Transbrder Effect VP P U C F O ST LT I R PTE NTE /- r -/ r +/ ttal Glbally: Ptential psitive impacts wuld be prbable t very prbable fr 2/3 f them. Their scpe wuld be rather lng term, but they wuld be reversible fr 2/3 f them. 54

55 Impacts analysis: synthesis The fllwing table enumerates the ptential impacts ratings regarding the nature f incidence (detailed grids, per SO, are t be fund in Annexes). This cunting is nt mathematically weighted by the ther elements f evaluatin. Axes and actins pririties Psitive Negative Neutral Mixed Lack f impact impact impact impact rating Axis 1 TO 1 IP 1b «Innvatin» Axis 2 TO 4 IP 4c «Better management f Energy in public buildings» TO 4 IP 4e 1 «Share f renewable energy in the primary energy prductin» TO 4 IP 4e 2 «Lw carbn transprts» Axis 3 TO 6 IP 6c «Sustainable develpment plicies in castal and castline areas» TO 6 IP 6d «Bidiversity and natural ecsystems» Sub-ttal (withut TO 11) Axis 4 TO 11 «MED Gvernance» Ttal It appears that: - Only few measures are judged cmpletely negative, regarding their impacts n the envirnment. - Cncerning the mixed r cntrasted ratings: they cncern mstly the bjective related t innvatin, then, in a lesser extent, SOs related t energy mix strategies and t lw carbn transprts. - Regarding measures frm axes 2 and 3, the share f neutral impacts is rather high: fields f actins are well targeted. - Thematic bjective 11 drafting is particularly wide. Withut mre (envirnmental) targeting, we culd nt rate many ptential impacts. 55

56 Analysis f mst prbable ptential impacts VP : P : Have been excluded frm this analysis the incidence related t crss-cutting issues, as well as SO4. SO 1.1 SO 2.1 SO 2.2 SO 2.3 SO 3.1 SO 3.2 T prtect, cnserve and imprve the natural assets f the MED area TO 1.IP1b-1 TO4.IP4c-1 TO4.IP4e-1 TO.IP4e-2 TO6.IP6c-1 TO6.IP6d-1 1 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact the lss f bidiversity? 3 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact habitats (terrestrial and aquatic)? 4 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact the sil sealing and/r artificialisatin? 5 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact ersin prcesses? 6 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact water withdrawals? 7 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact water quality (fresh waters, transitinnal waters, castal waters)? 8 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact marine water quality? 10 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure imprve energy efficiency f ppulatin lifestyle (including buildings)? 11 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure increase the share f renewable energies in glbal primary energy prductin? T make f the MED area a mre efficient, greener, mre cmpetitive and lw-carbn ecnmy +/- -/+ + +/- - +/ / / /- -/+ +/ Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact energy efficiency in the prductive sectr? 14 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact waste prductin (husehld and industrial)? 15 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact waste recvery (husehld and industrial)? 16 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact mbility? T prtect the citizens f the MED area frm the health and welfare pressures/risks assciated with the envirnment 17 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact atmspheric pllutin (GHG, particles )? 18 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact management and resilience t natural hazards? 20 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact nise and dur pllutin? 21 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact landscapes? 22 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact the sustainability f urban planinng? 23 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact space use? /- -/ // +/ / +/ /- + +/ // - -/ + + +/ /- - +/- + + Observatins: There is n very prbable (VP) negative incidence. Only ne mixed incidence is cnsidered as very prbable. There is n issue that wuld cumulate nly negative impacts. On the cntrary, there is ne issue fr which cntrasted ratings are nt cunterbalanced by psitively rated measures: it is the waste prductin issue. Issues fr which several psitive incidences (prbable and very prbable) cumulate are the fllwing : Water resurces withdrawals Cntinental water quality Dmestic energy efficiency (including buildings) Increase f the renewable energies share in the primary energy prductin Energy efficiency fr the prductive sectr Urban planning sustainability. 56

57 Amng thse mst prbable incidences (VP r P), analysis f the ptential incidences cnsidered as «ccasinal», thrughut space and/r time (O): O : OS 1.1 OS 2.1 OS 2.2 OS 2.3 OS 3.1 OS 3.2 T prtect, cnserve and imprve the natural assets f the MED area OT1.PI1b-1 OT4.PI4c-1 OT4.PI4e-1 OT4.PI4e-2 OT6.PI6c-1 OT6.PI6d-1 1 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact the lss f bidiversity? 3 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact habitats (terrestrial and aquatic)? 4 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact the sil sealing and/r artificialisatin? 5 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact ersin prcesses? 6 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact water withdrawals? 7 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact water quality (fresh waters, transitinnal waters, castal waters)? 8 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact marine water quality? 10 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure imprve energy efficiency f ppulatin lifestyle (including buildings)? 11 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure increase the share f renewable energies in glbal primary energy prductin? T make f the MED area a mre efficient, greener, mre cmpetitive and lw-carbn ecnmy +/- -/+ + +/- - +/ / / /- -/+ +/ Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact energy efficiency in the prductive sectr? 14 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact waste prductin (husehld and industrial)? 15 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact waste recvery (husehld and industrial)? 16 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact mbility? T prtect the citizens f the MED area frm the health and welfare pressures/risks assciated with the envirnment 17 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact atmspheric pllutin (GHG, particles )? 18 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact management and resilience t natural hazards? 20 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact nise and dur pllutin? 21 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact landscapes? 22 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact the sustainability f urban planinng? 23 Hw may the bjective r implementatin measure impact space use? /- -/ // +/ / +/ /- + +/ // - -/ + + +/ /- - +/- + + Observatins: This evaluatin cncerns then in particular SO 2.2 (prductin f renewable energies) and SO 3.1 (sustainable develpment strategies). It cncerns as well psitive as negative incidences. By inference, ther incidences, in majrity, will then be judged frequent t cnstant. 57

58 7. Descriptin f measures t avid, reduce and cmpensate significant impacts f the Prgramme n the envirnment Crss-cutting measures: The sectin 8 f the prgramme («hrizntal principles») underlines the imprtance f criteria regarding sustainable grwth in the prject selectin prcess. But in the drafting f the «guiding principles fr the selectin f peratins», fr each pririty axis, quality criteria shuld precise the effects in the mid-term ntin and include the direct and indirect effects n envirnment. Mrever, the dedicated chapter frm the applicatin frms already cnstitutes an interesting tl fr the prir envirnmental assessment f prjects. The Prgramme indicates that A special eye (will be) kept t prject prpsals giving clear measurable utput indicatrs n envirnmental issues (where applicable accrding t the bjectives f the prject). Prject partners culd present a Lgical Framewrk, in their applicatins. Typical structure f a Lgframe Matrix (surce: EurpeAid 34 ) This lgical framewrk shuld identify, per prject, its envirnmental bjectives (verall bjectives and purpses). The prgramme culd thus impse that the fllwing issues (underlined in the sectin 8) appear in the analysis led by the prject partner: - Cntributin t efficiency in the use f resurces (e.g. energy efficiency, renewable energy use, reductin f greenhuse gas (GHG) emissins, efficient water supply, waste-water treatment and water reuse, sustainable land use, waste management and recycling etc.) - Cntributin t the develpment f green infrastructures - Cntributin t sustainable integrated urban and reginal develpment - Cntributin t better awareness fr the adaptatin t climate change and risk preventin - Prmtin f emplyment pprtunities, educatin, training and supprt services in the cntext f envirnment prtectin and sustainable develpment. The prgramme culd als impse that the applicatins integrate envirnmental impact indicatr(s), defined in respect t the envirnmental bjectives f the Prgramme. These indicatrs wuld then be cmmn t all prjects. 34 Eurpean Cmmissin (2004). Aid Delivery Methds. Vlume 1: Prject Cycle Management Guidelines. 58