Saving Energy in Your Facilities

Transcription

1 Saving Energy in Your Facilities Kelly Winder, P.Eng. SEIMA Linkages Feb-26 1

2 Presentation Outline Audits Facilities Processes Renewable Energy 2

3 Presentation Outline Audits What is an energy audit? What does an energy audit include? What do you get out of an energy audit? Facilities Processes Renewable Energy 3

4 What Is an Energy Audit? Wikipedia: An energy audit is an inspection, survey and analysis of energy flows for energy conservation in a building, process or system to reduce the amount of energy input into the system without negatively affecting the output(s). Can be performed on a home, office, commercial, residential, industrial, or agricultural facility 4

5 What Does an Energy Audit Include? Basic audit, preliminary audit, or walkthrough audit A quick look for the usual suspects (lights, weather stripping, refrigeration, heating, etc.) Short report, sometimes just a verbal report or a copy of the auditor s notes Special purpose or limited scope EnerGuide for homes audits Lighting and heating audits for Municipal Energy Efficiency Program 5

6 What Does an Energy Audit Include? General audit More thorough than basic audit Typically examines utility bills to break down energy by use (heating, lighting, ventilation fans) Quantify potential energy savings from retrofit suggestions May include sub-metering May include Infrared imaging Sometimes include renewable energy potential 6

7 What Does an Energy Audit Include? Special purpose audit Investigate the potential for energy savings from changes in industrial processes Include water, CO 2, solid waste, or process specific items Transportation audit Air tightness test for new buildings during construction 7

8 Audit Example: Federated Co-operatives Ltd. SRC performed audits on the Saskatoon warehouse and main office building In the warehouse facility, a refrigeration expert was contracted 8

9 Natural Gas Use vs Heating Degree Days Helps determine required heating equipment size and non-space heating loads 1400 Natural Gas 1200 Natural Gas Consumption (m 3 / day) y = x R² = Data Linear (Data) Heating De gree Days per Day ( C days / day)

10 Energy Use by Function MISC EQUIPMENT (Elevators, Exterior Lights & Plugs, Print Equip, Other Plug loads & Misc) 15% INTERIOR LIGHTING 21% OFFICE EQUIPMENT 8% MECH EQUIP ELECTRIC MOTORS 8% VENTILATION SYSTEM 18% DATA CENTER EQUIP 13% 10 DATA CENTER AC 12% CHILLER 5%

11 Energy Use Intensity TOTAL ENERGY DENSITY COMPARISON (MJ/m 2 ) Office 1 Office 2 Office 3 Office 4 Office 5 Office 6 Office 7 FCL 11

12 Energy Use Reduction Measures Recommendations Lighting (controls, type, quantity) Heat recovery ventilation Temperature setback on refrigeration system (to reduce demand charges) Destratification Solar ventilation air preheat Skylights for natural light 12

13 Recommendations Table Item Interior Light Fixture Retrofit Savings w/ Occupancy Sensors (assuming T5 4 lamp high bay lights)* Exit Sign Retrofit Savings Estimated Installed Cost Including Labour ($) Annual Energy and Demand or Water Savings ($) Simple Payback Period (Years) $331,026 $97, $480 $ Installation of Heat Reclaim On Refrigeration System for Coolers and $305,000 $30, Freezers. Installation of Solar Air Preheater (w/ rebates) $34,500 $7, Installation of Low Flush Toilets Premium Efficiency Motors Savings $8,250 $1, $30,659 $5,

14 Federated Co-operatives Ltd. Implemented items Destratification fans installed Reduced heating energy by 15% Increased worker comfort Lighting retrofits to warehouse in Edmonton Expect payback in less than 3 years In the budget for all present and future facilities Audit report provided credible information to management to make budgetary decisions Audit was an educational process for many facility issues Use report to understand energy aspects of decisions 14

15 Presentation Outline Audits Facilities Power Factor Correction Lighting Retrofits Envelope Processes Renewable Energy 15

16 Why is Power Factor Important? SaskPower charges large customers for both the amount of electricity used (consumption) and the rate at which it is used (demand) Consumption is measured in kilowatt-hours (kwh) Demand is measured in kilovolt-amps (kva) Vera J. Cole, Senior Lecturer, Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering, College of Earth and Mineral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University. 16

17 Why is Power Factor Important? Ratio of active (useful) power to apparent (billed) power 17

18 Why is Power Factor Important? Power factor correction reduces the apparent power 18

19 Power Factor Correction For alternating current motors, the voltage and current will typically be out of phase (current lagging voltage) Power factor correction capacitors can be added to bring the current and the voltage into the proper alignment Power factor correction equipment must be sized for each facility Note the variable frequency drives (VFD) also provide power factor correction for the equipment they are controlling 19

20 Lighting CFL s LED lighting T8, T5 fluorescents Day-lighting Controls 20

21 Why Lighting Retrofits? Attractive energy savings Often have payback of 2 years Reduced maintenance Fewer ballasts and lamps Longer life technology Reduced cooling loads in the summer and in refrigerated spaces Improved light quality Colour temperature Colour rendering index Light levels 21

22 Principles of a Good Lighting System Use natural daylight where appropriate Light the task Use efficient lamps and ballasts Use efficient light fixtures Use controls (daylight sensors, motion sensors, timeof-day clocks) to minimize on-time of fixtures Use appropriate lamp colour Use light ceiling, wall and floor colours to reduce light absorption Provide sufficient light to meet OHS Standards 22

23 Popular Retrofit Strategies Delamp fixtures where excessive light is present If current light level is adequate, use silver reflectors along with delamping and electronic ballasts to maintain light levels Add controls (occupancy sensors, switches, photocells) Change lamp technologies 23

24 Efficacy of Various Technologies 24

25 Lamp Lifetime 25

26 EXIT Signs Usually have two 15 to 25 watt incandescent lamps Light Emitting Diode (LED) Replacement Lamps are the most common retrofit LED Lamps use only 1 to 3 watts per fixture LED Lamps are usually rated for 100,000 hours of life (11 years) LED replacement lamp cost is reasonable and have a payback period of less than 2 years, but the real saving is in reduced labour and increased safety 26

27 Exterior Lighting 27

28 Exterior Lighting Basic idea is to keep your light to yourself and use as little as possible Use full cut-off fixtures Use photocell controls to turn off during the day 28

29 Building Envelopes High efficiency windows Air tight construction Increased insulation Integrated wall systems 29

30 Infrared Imaging Insulation missing 30

31 Infrared Imaging Water Damage IR image of inside northeast corner Apparent water penetration behind stucco IR image of south facing wall No apparent water penetration 31

32 Infrared Imaging Air leakage 32

33 Some More Energy Efficiency Measures Perform re-commissioning (retro commissioning) Insulate hot water tanks and hot water lines Test and maintain equipment, replace before it breaks Replace existing shower heads with low flow units Install push button shower controllers to eliminate hot water usage when units are left running Install a building energy management system 33

34 Some More Energy Efficiency Measures Install automatic set-back thermostats (and program them) Install photo cells on outdoor security and parking area lights Install parking lot control system or plugs Consider demand controlled ventilation for little-used areas (conference rooms) Look for Energy Star rated appliances and equipment 34

35 Presentation Outline Audits Facilities Processes Refrigeration Heat Recovery Combined Heat and Power Renewable Energy 35

36 Audit Example: Prairie Malt Barley malting facility in Biggar Demand Side Energy performed an audit Examined electrical use, water use, and natural gas use, primarily in the process Energy meters placed on key equipment Report presented energy use in terms of units of production (tonnes CO 2 /tonne production) 36

37 Audit Suggested Measures Results Large portion of electrical energy used for fans as part of process Recommendations Variable frequency drives on large fans Power factor correction Examined the process to reduce airflow 37

38 Prairie Malt Implemented items Reduced airflow in the process to reduce fan power and air heat required Improved ventilation air heat exchanger system with preheat to prevent freezing Adjusted temperatures in the process to reduce energy requirements without compromising product quality Employee suggested heat exchangers in water system to recover wasted heat 38

39 Refrigeration Equipment Four key components: Compressor Evaporator Condenser Expansion Valve 39

40 Condenser at Calgary Olympic Bobsled Run 40

41 Uses for Heat Rejected From Refrigeration System Heat the outdoors this is the default Heat flood water in an arena Heat the service hot water Heat under slab (arenas and refrigerated warehouses) Heat the space 41

42 Ventilation Air Heat Recovery Transfer heat from exhaust air to incoming fresh air Economically viable, mature technology Particularly valuable in applications with high ventilation requirements Technology pioneered in Saskatchewan with innovations still happening here 42

43 Drain Water Heat Recovery Transfers heat from warm drain water to cold incoming water No moving parts Saskatchewan based manufacturer 43

44 Combined Heat and Power Technology (CHP) CHP = Combined Heat and Power, simultaneous production of heat and power Distributed power generation = electric power generation close to the point of end use Installed where there is a fuel source (natural gas, biogas, etc.) and a large annual heat demand (space heating, DHW, process load, etc.) Sizes available from 1kWe to >5MWe (classified by electrical output) 44

45 Types of CHP External combustion engines (Stirling engines) micro scale sizes (1-5kWe) Internal combustion engines (ICE) large scale (1kWe-1MWe) Small to large turbines Fuel cells modular approach to create larger systems (1kWe to 250kWe) 45

46 CHP Potential Benefits Fossil Grid Total Primary Energy = 159 GJ CHP Total Primary Energy = 100GJ 86.8 GJ 59.1 GJ 2.8 GJ Heat and Electrical Load 25 GJ 10 GJ 100 GJ 27.8 GJ 7 GJ 25 GJ 65 GJ 72 GJ 65 GJ A 90% overall efficient CHP system requires roughly 37% less primary input energy. GHG emissions can be reduced by up to 47% of that compared to a typical system with a high efficiency boiler and conventional Saskatchewan power production. 46

47 Presentation Outline Audits Facilities Processes Renewable Energy Solar Thermal Solar Photovoltaic Wind 47

48 Solar Hot Water System Three main components Collectors Storage Pump and Transfer Fluids City of Saskatoon has installed solar thermal systems on Harry Bailey and Lawson Civic Centre Pools 48

49 Solar Ventilation Air Preheat Preheat ventilation air Works well when need for ventilation corresponds with daytime sunshine Serves as a rain screen and replaces siding, reducing installation costs 49

50 Solar Photovoltaics Generate electricity directly from light Installed costs coming down rapidly, now about $3.50/Watt 50

51 Wind Turbines 51

52 Ventera VT turbine Raum Energy3.5 turbines near Regina ReDriven 10 kw turbine near Consul

53 V-Bine Vertical axis turbine near Lumsden Vestas V MW turbine in Red Lily Wind Farm near Moosomin

54 Thank You! Kelly Winder, P.Eng. Senior Research Engineer Alternative Energy Business Unit Saskatchewan Research Council Innovation Blvd Saskatoon, SK S7N 2X8 Web 54