Summer Campaign 2007 San Miguel Basin, Sonora. Luis Mendez-Barroso Soni Yatheendradas Whitney Lauren DeFoor Alexis Martinez
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1 Summer Campaign 2007 San Miguel Basin, Sonora Luis Mendez-Barroso Soni Yatheendradas Whitney Lauren DeFoor Alexis Martinez
2 San Miguel Basin (map)
3 Activities and experiments during Summer campaign 2007 Soil moisture and temperature measurements around tower Daily Continuous Rain gauges: Installation of 20 rain gauges in Sierra Los Locos Deployment of 5 new continuous stations in San Miguel basin Calibration of rain gauges Soil pits and surface soil samples in Sierra Los Locos Evapotranspiration partitioning Leaf Area Index and reflectance readings
4 Soil moisture measurements around the tower Goal: To understand the variability of soil moisture/temperature in an area equivalent to one MODIS pixel around a fluxes tower Daily soil moisture measurements 29 plots around the flux tower Plot dimension 1x1 m 5 sampling sites per plot
5 Soil moisture measurements around the tower Equipment used for this experiment: 1. Thermometer 2. Theta probe 3. Infrared thermometer 4. Portable Weather station 5. GPS 1 3 2
6 Soil moisture measurements around the tower one soil moisture measurements in 5 different sampling sites inside the plot Three different soil temperature readings (1, 5, 10 cm depth) in every sampling sites One surface temperature measurement by sampling site
7 Soil moisture measurements around the tower Continuous soil moisture measurements 6 soil moisture probes located at 5 cm depth and 6 at 10 cm depth 6 soil temperature sensors located at the same depths Sensor are connected are connected to a CR10 datalogger
8 Soil moisture measurements around the tower Equipment installed: 1. Decagon Echo probe (20 cm long) 2. Soil temperature sensor Campbell Model
9 Soil moisture measurements around the tower
10 Installation of 20 rain gauges in Sierra Los Locos Goal: Spatial distribution of rain in a complex terrain basin. Elevation goes from 657 to 1670 m above sea level inside a transect of 19 km. It contains different ecosystems: Subtropical scrubland, riparian (mesquite) and oak forest. Complex topography.
11 Rain gage types, funnel diameters & tipping bucket depths Texas Electronics, Inc. HOBO compact datalogger Funnel diameters: 6, 8, 9.66 Bucket tip depths: 0.01, 0.1 mm Hydrological Services TB01 (NCAR) Deployment following a elevation gradient Contains a temperature and RH sensor Funnel diameter: 8 Bucket tip depth: 0.01 Air temperature, Relative humidity
12 Sources of rain measurement error & correction Leaves, dust, etc. that obstruct the funnel (& bucket tip): cleaning Destabilization of gage: checking with spirit level Incorrect volume for every bucket tip: static calibration water that falls during the tip Dynamic calibration water that stays on the balance Different funnel diameters
13 Shielding from rain during calibration Static calibration Checking tip volume in both buckets of rain gage & adjusting bucket tip volume with a wrench
14 Dynamic calibration consideration: different funnel rain catch diameters Example intensity calculation for 500 mm/hr nozzle flow on 8 gage: Actual rain intensity is: P = ( 200 ml / 51sec) *(3600 sec/hr) *(0.254 mm/8.24 ml) = mm/hr 0.01 tip Volume in 8 catch and 0.01 tip depth
15 Interesting! Rain gage diameter, depth configurations What!! Manufactur er Rain catch diameter Tipping depth TE TE TE Really?! TE HS mm 0.01 OH NOOOoo.. MODELING PROCESS INPUT ADJUSTMENT
16 Dynamic calibration Done over a wide range of intensities: mm/hr
17 Terminology & regression equation used Definitions P mm h -1 Actual Precipitation P m mm h -1 Measured Precipitation N h -1 Number of tips per hour T h Time for each tip L 0 mm Manufacturer-specified tip volume depth over funnel area L mm Actual tip volume depth over funnel area P m = L 0 N P = ap + bp m P m a = L L b = T L s mm a P = 1 m P apm + 1 bpm ( bp ) m
18 Example calibration figure for ID 132
19 Soil Pits and surface samples in Sierra Los Locos Soil pits Soil information will be used for basin modeling Site selection based on different land cover, elevation and aspect Figure 1
20 Soil Pits and surface samples in Sierra Los Locos Ex-Computer hydrologist Soil pits were dug until 1.20 m or when bedrock was reached
21 Soil Pits and surface samples in Sierra Los Locos Soil horizons were identified. Soil color, structure, consistence, plasticity, boundary topography and texture. Soil samples were taken every 10 cm. After 40 cm depth soil samples were taken every 20 cm.
22 Soil Pits and surface samples in Sierra Los Locos Surface samples 43 surface soil samples (10 cm depth) were taken in several locations Soil texture and another soil properties will be determined
23 Goal of evapotranspiration flux partitioning using isotopes Collect samples of vapor, soils, and transpiring vegetation to determine the relative proportion of evaporation and transpiration in the total evapotranspiration flux measured by eddy covariance in dry shrublands (based on their unique isotopic signatures).
24 Equipment Markers, vials, field notebook, scissors, aluminium foil, parafilm, watch, soil auger, ziploc, GPS, Metal file, portable weather station, Vapor Trapping System(Glass tubes, Ethanol, Liquid Nitrogen, Dewar Flask, Thermometer, Valves, Tubing, Pump) CHAIRS, WATER AND A LOT OF PATIENCE!!!!!
25 Partitioning equation used T / ET = δ δ ET Where: T is the transpiration flux, ET is the evapotranspiration flux, δ ET is the isotopic composition of Evapotranspiration δ E is the isotopic composition of soil evaporation, and δ T is the isotopic composition of transpiration T δ δ E E
26 Initial setup A miniature diaphragm pump pulls air (at 0.5 L min -1 flux using a flow meter) from 4 heights on the Eddy Covariance Tower This air passes through a cryogenic vapor trap (resting in a cold bath at -80 C) to condense out the watervapor forsampling.
27 System for Capturing Vapor g From profile a 1 b 1 c f e 5 5 in out Pump h exhaust flow d a) Tubing b) Solenoids diverting flow to IRGA c) Solenoids returning flow to traps d) IRGA (Li-7000) e) Vapor traps f) Cold Bath (-90 o C) g) Flow meters h) Diaphragm pump Yepez et al., 2003 ag & for. met.
28 Vapor samples collection Time of vapor collection: 6 periods, of 30-min duration every 2 hours, for representing the diurnal cycle.
29 Soil Water Samples Collection Once daily Hand soil auger used to collect samples at 5 cm increments Measurements of soil temperature and air relative humidity every sampling period
30 Stem and leaves samples collection Trees samples collected from: 9 plants, 3 acaccia, 3 ocotillo, and 3 paloverde Stems were collected once a day and usually from all trees Leaves were collected every sampling period and usually from only 2 plants of each species. 2 vials for each plant (A & B)
31 Future analysis: Example Keeling plots of ofisotopic mix of of water vapor δ Transpiración δ Transpiración δ Evaporación δ Evaporación Dry period Humid period T/ET = 0.95 T/ET = 0.65
32 LAI and Spectroradiometer %&*
33 Future work Quality control of all data Soil pits field quality control Pre-processing and analysis of soil samples Analysis of all data
34 Thank you
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