Extended LCA model for the evaluation of PV Systems

Transcription

1 Extended LCA model for the evaluation of PV Systems Markus Schwarz Energy Institute at the Johannes Kepler University of Linz IEA-PVPS-Task th of March 2015

2 2 Energy Institute at the JKU Multidisciplinary knowledge of more than one scientific field in energy research (economics, law, technologies, sociology) Combination of these core disciplines allows comprehensive analyses and accounts for all aspects of futureoriented energy topics

3 3 Background and Motivation Growth of installed capacity of PV (and Wind): Source: Own illustration based on REN21, Source: Own illustration based on Biermayr, 2014; IG Windkraft, Increasing importance of PV (and Wind)

4 4 Background and Motivation Shift from a central organized power supply to an enhanced decentralized generation on the basis of intermittent renewable energy sources (RES) Competition between renewable power generation technologies (PV, wind and hydro power) Penetration of PV : Changing power mix Emissions Conventional power capacities Reserve capacities Grid expansion NEEDS: Dynamic and systemic approach Intelligent system solutions ( Smart Grids ) Backup systems (central power plants and/or storage)

5 5 Characteristics of PV Fluctuating generation PV: solar irradiation [W/m 2 ] Aspects of energy systems: Availability share of time a power unit is in operation Maintenance Technical characteristics Reliability the probability of an inoperable system due to an unscheduled event Source: Own illustration based on BoroumandJazi, 2012.

6 6 Impact of PV 1. Additional operating reserve* Fluctuation requires controllable power units (gas-fired power plants, pumped-storage hydropower plant) Marheineke 2002, Tryfonidou 2006 ( Backup ) De Jonghe/Belmans/D haeseleer 2011 ( Reserves ) 2. Additional storage capacities* Moreover, fluctuating generation requires storage facilities (battery, pumped-storage hydropower plant) McKenna et al. 2013, Toledo/Filho/Diniz 2010 ( Storage, Battery ) PV: 0,5 2,0 kwh/kwp 3. Replacing conventional power plants Capacity factor: ratio of the actual energy produced in a given period, to ist maximum output. PV: 0 5 % * so-called Backup

7 7 Impact of PV 4. Grid expansion Decentralized generation requires grid expansion PV: m cable /kwp 5. Intelligent system solutions (Smart Grids) Smart Grid solutions (active and reactive power control scenarios) can compensate grid expansion and are able to integrate additional decentralized power generation PV: % PV result of a higher PV penetration 5. enabler for a higher penetration of PV so far focus on single aspects incomplete approach

8 8 Conventional LCA studies PV Example: Global Warming Potential in g CO 2 e/kwh el Range Reference Krewit et al g/kwh for Backup Marheineke et al g/kwh for Backup Marheineke Briem et al Dones/Heck/Hirschberg Pehnt 2006 Wind Alsema/de Wild-Scholten/Fthenakis 2006; Alsema/de Wild-Scholten/ter Horst 2006 Alsema/de Wild-Scholten/Fthenakis 2006; Alsema/de Wild-Scholten/ter Horst 2006 Range Reference g/kwh for Backup Marheineke et al Briem et al Viebahn et al g/kwh for Backup; 0.1 g/kwh for grid Tryfonidou Hartmann Krewit et al Source: Own illustration based on a meta-analysis g/kwh for Backup Marheineke Pehnt 2006

9 9 Backup systems Marheineke, 2002 Extended life cycle inventory and impact assessment Life cycle inventory Life cycle impact assessment PV: % PV: % Wind: % Wind: % Source: Own illustration based on Marheineke, 2002.

10 10 Extended LCA of PV Systems System boundary: Energy flow Source: Own illustration.

11 11 Extended LCA of PV Systems System boundary: Information flow System boundary Solar irradiation Reference systems PV System Transport & installation PV system Production PV module Backup System Operating reserve Storage PV System Gas-fired power plant Pumped-storage hydropower plant Operation River power plant Intelligent system solutions (Smart Grids) Transport = power grid Power mix AT Removal Source: Own illustration. Electrical energy / consumer Life cycle PV System Solar irradiation [W/m 2 ] Communication (ICT)

12 12 Extended LCA of PV Systems System boundary: Energy flow + Information flow Source: Own illustration.

13 13 Extended LCA of PV Systems The evaluation model: to quantify the impact of PV on the power system 1. Development of the evaluation model 2. Creating characteristic factors (kwh storage /kwh PV ) 3. Weighting characteristic factors 4. Integration in the LCA

14 14 Extended LCA of PV Systems Data base: Data on PV and components of the power system (power plants, storage, etc.) according Ecoinvent and GaBi Useful processes from LCA databases (abstract): Database # DS ID Name (en) Unit Location Category SubCategory POWER MIC Mix ecoinvent electricity, production mix AT kwh AT electricity production mix ecoinvent electricity, high voltage, production AT, at grid kwh AT electricity production mix ecoinvent electricity, low voltage, production AT, at grid kwh AT electricity production mix ecoinvent electricity, medium voltage, production AT, at grid kwh AT electricity production mix ecoinvent electricity mix kwh AT electricity supply mix ecoinvent electricity, high voltage, at grid kwh AT electricity supply mix ecoinvent electricity, low voltage, at grid kwh AT electricity supply mix ecoinvent electricity, medium voltage, at grid kwh AT electricity supply mix gabi Electricity grid mix; AC, technology mix; consumption mix, at consumer; <1kV (en) kwh AT gabi Electricity grid mix (indirect); AC, technology mix; consumption mix, at consumer; <1kV (en) kwh AT gabi Electricity grid mix 1kV-60kV; AC, technology mix; consumption mix, at consumer; 1kV - 60kV (en) kwh AT gabi Electricity mix (energy carriers, generic); AC, technology mix; production mix, at power plant; <1kV (en) kwh AT GAS-FIRED POWER ecoinvent electricity, natural gas, at power plant kwh DE natural gas power plants ecoinvent electricity, natural gas, at power plant kwh UCTE natural gas power plants gabi Electricity from natural gas; AC, mix of direct and CHP, technology mix regarding firing and flue gas cleaning; production mix, atkwh AT PUMPED-STORAGE HYDROPOWER ecoinvent electricity, hydropower, at pumped storage power plant kwh AT hydro power power plants ecoinvent electricity, hydropower, at pumped storage power plant kwh DE hydro power power plants PV ecoinvent electricity, production mix photovoltaic, at plant kwh CH photovoltaic power plants ecoinvent electricity, PV, at 3kWp slanted-roof, single-si, laminated, integrated kwh CH photovoltaic power plants ecoinvent electricity, PV, at 3kWp slanted-roof, single-si, panel, mounted kwh CH photovoltaic power plants ecoinvent electricity, production mix photovoltaic, at plant kwh DE photovoltaic power plants ecoinvent photovoltaic cell factory unit DE photovoltaic production of components ecoinvent photovoltaic laminate, CIS, at plant m2 DE photovoltaic production of components ecoinvent photovoltaic panel, CdTe, at plant m2 DE photovoltaic production of components ecoinvent photovoltaic panel, CIS, at plant m2 DE photovoltaic production of components gabi Electricity from photovoltaic; AC, technology mix of CIS, CdTE, mono crystalline and multi crystalline; production mix, at produc kwh AT gabi Electricity from photovoltaic; AC, technology mix of CIS, CdTE, mono crystalline and multi crystalline; production mix, at produc kwh DE gabi Electricity from photovoltaic; AC, technology mix of CIS, CdTE, mono crystalline and multi crystalline; production mix, at produc kwh EU-27 gabi Electricity from photovoltaic; AC, technology mix of CIS, CdTE, mono crystalline and multi crystalline; production mix, at produc kwh GLO gabi Electricity from photovoltaic (indirect); AC, technology mix of CIS, CdTE, mono crystalline and multi crystalline; production mix, akwh DE

15 15 Extended LCA of PV Systems Data base: Data on intelligent system solutions (Smart Grids) according research project SG-ESSENCES and literature Data on storage systems (storage-battery) according research project SORGLOS and literature

16 16 Research project SG-ESSENCES Investigation of enhanced PV integration in 2 regions Network structure 1 Network structure 2 33 Households 16 Households MWh 2 Industrial units 237 MWh Source: Own illustration.

17 17 Research project SG-ESSENCES Emission reduction in t CO 2 e/a Network structure 1 Network structure 2 [t CO 2 e/a] [t CO 2 e/a] BAU (PV=0) BAU + PV Doubling existing network Grid expansion Consistent cable 150 mm 2 Specific reinforcement Grid expansion Emission reduction Intelligent system solutions Q of U Q of U all Q of P Q of U +funct. of grid topo P of U P of U all Adaptable transformer Intelligent system solutions Q of U + P of U Adapt. transformer + Q of U + P of U Grid expansion: + 50 and 105 % PV (lit.: ; Ø 83) Intelligent system solutions: + 47 and 64 % PV (lit.: ; Ø 71)

18 18 Preliminary results Systemic approach can help to broaden the LCA perspective Extended LCA considers several characteristics of the overall energy system Significant impact of backup systems on the LCA of PV Model allows the analysis of differences between power technologies Conventional grid expansion: high energy and emission specific costs Intelligent system solutions: low energy and emission specific costs Extrapolation for AT: high PV potential within the existing power grid

19 19 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION! Energy Institute at the Johannes Kepler University of Linz Markus Schwarz