Hydrogeology and Water Related Issues in Hawaii and the Pacific
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1 Hydrogeology and Water Related Issues in Hawaii and the Pacific Stephen Anthony U.S. Geological Survey Honolulu, Hawaii U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey
2 Presentation Overview Natural and anthropogenic factors that impact water resources in island environments Priority water related issues and needs for additional information
3 Island Environments Island of Hawaii High volcanic islands High limestone islands Low-lying coral atolls Ulithi Atoll Island of Guam
4 Factors that Affect Sustainability of Water Resources Natural Climate Geology Soil Biota Topography Hydrology Anthropogenic Population Land use Water use Releases Point Non point
5 Mean Annual Rainfall in the Western Pacific Taylor, 1973
6 Rainfall Distribution Orographic rainfall Extreme variation over short distances High lateral gradient (80 in./mi.)
7 High Volcanic Islands Weathering, erosion, and slope failure Steep windward slopes with amphitheatershaped valleys Gentle leeward slopes with deeply dissected roughly linear valleys Narrow coastal plain West Maui Volcano
8 Rapid Runoff with High Peak Flows
9 Geohydrologic Controls on Streamflow Perennial flow at: High altitudes where streams intercept high-level ground water Low altitudes where streams intercept basal water table near the shore
10 Factors that Affect Water Resource Sustainability Natural Climate Geology Soil Biota Topography Hydrology Anthropogenic Population Land use Water use Releases Point Non point
11 Agriculture Land Use Districts Conservation Urban Image courtesy NASA/JPL, 2000
12 Water Use by Source, Oahu Mgal/d Surface Ground Year
13 Water Related Issues Climate Variability Ground-Water Availability Quantity and Variability of Streamflow Water-Quality related to Land Use Erosion and Sediment Transport
14 Climate Variability Effects on water supplies can be severe for islands that depend on rainfall or surface-water runoff
15 El Nino-related Drought Majuro Atoll (Marshall Islands) 25,000 people Household catchments dry Municipal water served 12 hours once every 2 weeks Ground-water resources used to help mitigate water supply shortage
16 Rainfall/Runoff Modeling: Fena Reservoir, Island of Guam Monthly status of reservoir stage and storage Model prediction of reservoir stage and storage using ENSO rainfall forecast (6 month) and current reservoir stage
17 Ground-Water Availability Exploratory drilling Data collection Water budgets Modeling to assess resource sustainability
18 Saltwater Intrusion Limits Ground-Water Availability A B Pumped well Pumped well Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean Freshwater Saltwater Freshwater Saltwater NOT TO SCALE
19 Deep Monitor Well, Waiehu,, Maui 0 Chloride concentration, in milligrams per liter 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 Depth, in feet ,000-1,
20 Improved Water Budgets Focus on ET and fog precipitation Collaboration with UH
21 3-D D SUTRA Modeling, Pearl Harbor Aquifer Assess water resource management implications of low-permeability valley-fill deposits % SW 90% SW Support sustainability decisions related to distribution and rates of withdrawals Cooperator, Honolulu Board of Water Supply % SW 90% SW
22 Quantity and Variability of Streamflow Flooding hazard Diversion for water supply Aquatic ecology
23 Flooding Hazards
24 Flood Frequency Estimates for State of Hawaii Previous estimates for ungaged sites are >30 yrs old 250 sites with >10 yrs of peak flow data available for analysis Cooperator, Hawaii Department of Transportation
25 Landmark Case Waiahole Ditch, Oahu 27 Mgal/d diverted 1995 Oahu Sugar Co. closes contested case 1997 ruling appealed to State supreme court 2000 State supreme court decision
26 Competing Beneficial Uses Native species Large-scale agriculture Aesthetics Domestic supply Cultural practices
27 Streamflow Characteristics and Habitat Availability for Stream Macro-fauna, East Maui Assess effects of diversions on flow characteristics Develop regression equations to estimate flow characteristics Estimate effects of flow restoration on habitat availability for macro-fauna Support decisions related to instreamflow standards Cooperator, Hawaii Water Commission
28 Water-Quality Related to Land Use Plantation Agriculture Diversified Agriculture Suburban Development
29 Frequency of Detection of Selected Pesticides, Waikele Stream, Oahu Frequency of Dectection Low Flow Storm 0 Bromacial Artrazine Diuron Diazinon Malathion Herbicides Insecticides----
30 Erosion and Sediment Transport Streamflow and sediment monitoring for assessing best management practices Information for watershed managers and partnerships Effects on freshwater aquatic communities Effects on coastal resources
31 Linked Problems Watershed degradation Alien species Erosion & loss of habitat Threatened and endangered species Ecosystem sustainability Coastal sedimentation Reef degradation Fisheries collapse
32 Tropical Watershed Program Goals and Products Develop GIS-based models of watershed response to ecosystem changes Provide Decision Support System tools to managers to prioritize restoration efforts Measure the effectiveness of watershed restoration on freshwater and marine communities Show how various types of ecosystem disturbances contribute to coastal loadings Promote economic and biologic sustainability
33 Watershed Partnerships Kamalo Watershed, Molokai Fish ponds
34
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