Floating Solar Prospects in Central and West Asia Regional Knowledge and Support Technical Assistance Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyz Republic

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1 Floating Solar Prospects in Central and West Asia Regional Knowledge and Support Technical Assistance Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyz Republic Cindy Cisneros Tiangco, PhD Senion Energy Specialist Energy Division Central and West Asia Department

2 Central and West Asia Solar PV Resources Monthly variation of Theoretical Global Horizontal Irradiation in the Region (solar photovoltaic potential) Average Annual Global Horizontal Irradiation In the Region with Cumulative constraints Weighted exclusion factors applied for: Practical Resources: Airports/runway alignments, railroads, urban areas, pipelines National borders (5 km buffer) Areas with population density > 100 persons/km 2 Areas >20km away from roads (for construction access) seismic danger areas Areas with elevation >3000m or slopes >10% Ecological Resources Snow and ice areas, shifting sand dunes and salt pans, tundra, swampland, All environmentally protected areas GHI data based upon 12 year half hourly satellite images; Validated by 92 measuring stations worldwide. Accuracy of GHI estimates is around +/- 5%; provides good quality prediction of long term average irradiance For more details see dations/3tier_global_solar_validation.pdf The boundaries, colors, denominations, and any other information shown on all maps in this presentation do not imply, on the part of the Asian Development Bank, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries, colors, denominations, or information.

3 Generation mix, potential and installed capacity, NDC targets (AFG, AZE, KGZ) Southwest Asia Afghanistan, Pakistan Caucasus Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia Central Asia Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan Power generation capacity (MW, share %) Potential and Installed PV capacity Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions and NDC targets Afghanistan Azerbaijan Kyrgyz Republic Total 520 7,905 3,786 Thermal 200 (38.5%) 6,764 (85.5%) 716 (18.9%) Hydro 254 (48.9%) 1,105 (14%) 3,070 (81.1%) Wind - - Others 65 (12.5%) 35 (0.5%) Technical Potential 220,000 MW 115,200 MW 267,000 MW Installed capacity A 20MW ADB financed project is being tendered Around 35MW None million tons CO a Tons CO 2 /capita a NDC b -13.6% by % by % to % by 2030

4 Proposed KSTA Reg: Floating Solar Energy Development (AFG, AZE, KGZ) Rationale CWRD countries are heavily reliant on either fossil fuels, hydropower, or imported fuels and power, which make them carbon-intensive, energy insecure, and vulnerable to climate and external supply shocks. Solar potential is untapped due to lack of technical skills and knowledge on new technologies, costs, benefits and financing options. The cost of solar energy has decreased rapidly in recent years, offering impetus for these countries to diversify to indigenous low-carbon technologies to enhance energy security and reduce emissions. Undiversified power supply in target countries: Azerbaijan, 85% fossil fuels; Kyrgyz Republic, 90% hydro; Afghanistan, 80% imported Significant potential for replication in Kazakhstan, Georgia, and Pakistan, and rest of Asia. Approach and Components: Pilot testing and scaling up assessment of emerging floating solar photovoltaic (FPV) technology; business models formulation to encourage private sector participation; institutional capacity building (hands-on training through pilots, regional training via CAREC, study tours to leading FPV countries)

5 Floating PV Technology PV + floating system PV modules Mooring device Floating system Inverters / substation Under water or floating DC cable Rapid growth in the past 3 years Core technology PV suitable for water environment Stable floating system Mooring device to adapt to changes in water level Under water or floating cable connection to the local power grid Development Status Compared to over 300GW installed landbased PV capacity worldwide, only 70 FPV plants (capacity 700kW or higher) totaling 200 MW were in operation by end of Japan has the most number of plants. China has the largest at 40 MW, with 50 and 70 MW plants coming online this year. Several small plants are in operation or under construction in Italy, Singapore, South Korea, UK, USA and others. Source: true figures as of April Over 70 installations worldwide by end 2017

6 Floating PV Technology Design Considerations PV modules o follow more stringent requirements than land-based modules due to exposure to humid environments; anti-corrosion measures; high quality sealants; Floating platform o floats are typically made of HDPE (high density poly-ethylene), known for its tensile strength, UV and corrosion resistance; other materials are metalfibre glass frame structures or ferro-cement o Commercially-available technologies: Sumitomo Mitsui Floatracker R technology by Takiron Engineering Solaris Synergy System Koine Multimedia Ciel et Terre Hydrelio R system

7 Floating PV Technology Design Considerations Anchoring and mooring system o Anchoring at the banks - most costeffective anchoring system using tipping plate anchors Not always systematically applicable as dependent on shape of reservoir and solar island o Anchoring at the bottom using tipping plate anchors or dead weights for hard soil, rocks or concrete Inverters o centralized or string; on land or floating (water proof with good ventilation). Central inverter on land is usually preferred but comes with higher DC cable costs.

8 Floating PV Technology DC cables o copper wires and should be extremely robust and resist high mechanical load and abrasion; If encased in waterproof module junction boxes and not submerged in water, regular DC cables can be used. AC cables o used for transferring electricity from floating platform to land if inverters are placed on the floating platform o should have high temperature resistance; have excellent weather proofing characteristics; IP68 standard for underwater cables o Options: Regular DC or AC cable on the water surface lifted by buoys Submerged cable in a water proof conduit Underwater (marine) cable set up least preferred option Credit: Kyocera TCL Solar LLC Credit: Ciel et Terre

9 Benefits of Floating PV Systems Water surface use vis-à-vis requirement for land Forests & farmlands conservation Higher efficiency / higher generation - due to natural cooling effect of water on the panels and electrical equipment Water retention / healthy ecosystems Land optimization Water conservation Clean energy production Power in remote areas Climate friendly FPV advantages over land-based PV. frees up land for other uses and saves on land acquisition or preparation and civil works cost; allows higher yields (15% more) due to the cooling effect of water, which could make up for its higher cost; conserves water through reduced evaporation; is quick to install; and, addresses energy-water-food- climate nexus (reducing algal bloom and increasing water clarity and fish growth.

10 Applications of Floating PV Systems HYDROPOWER DAM - Industrial water ponds - Quarry/mine lakes - Irrigation reservoirs - Desalinization reservoirs - Water treatment sites - Drinking water surfaces - Aquaculture Farms - Dams / Canals - Retention ponds Alto Rabagão, PT 220 kwp

11 FPV System Cost Breakdown 6% 3% 10% 30% 13% 17% 21% Modules Floating structure Electrical work Infrastructure Contingency Inverter Grid connection App USD/Wp - (module cost 0.34 USD/Wp) Grid-connection highly project dependent No purchase of land, no civil works / ground preparation Source: SERIS

12 RE-KSTA FSED: Potential Pilot Sites Afghanistan Naghlu Reservoir / Lake Qargha Azerbaijan Lake Boyukshor Kyrgyzstan Toktogul Reservoir - Qargha lake; recreational area developed for trout fishing, and hatchery (~25 MW potential) - Naghlu Reservoir (over 200 MW potential - The largest of 9 lakes in the Absheron peninsula - Saline and was used as a dumping site; on-going remediation program (over 500 MW potential) - The largest reservoir in Central Asia, feeds 1,200MW HPP - (over 20 GW potential)

13 Project sites have huge potential for scale up, replication and showcasing various configurations, uses and benefits of FPV: 1. Qargha dam and reservoir in AFG: used for recreation and trout fishing and hatchery and is planned to supply additional drinking water to Kabul, provide irrigation, and feed a hydropower plant (HPP). Water conservation is essential in this dry and rugged topography. Qargha lake could fit at least 25 MW, while the Naghlu reservoir* could theoretically fit at least 200 MW of FPV. 2. Lake Boyukshor in AZE is saline and used as a dumping site for sewage and oil effluents. FPV could demonstrate climate - resilient lake restoration while displacing fossil-based power. The lake could theoretically fit 500 MW FPV and there are 8 more such lakes in Baku. 3. The 1,200 MW Toktogul HPP and reservoir supplies 40% of KGZ power, exports power and provides irrigation water to Uzbekistan. FPV could balance the seasonality of hydro with year-round generation. The lake could theoretically fit over 20 GW of FPV. Implementation arrangements and counterpart in-kind contribution ADB will be the TA executing agency working with the country executing agencies and CAREC -ESCC country focal persons. The counterparts are: Da Afghanistan Breshna Sherkat (DABS), the Ministry of Energy and OJSC Temiz Shahar of Azerbaijan, and OJSC Electric Power Plants (EPP) of the Kyrgyz Republic. he TA consultants will support TA administration and coordination, working closely with, assisting, and training the existing project management units (PMUs) in DABS, EPP and Temiz Shahar. The country counterparts and their PMUs will provide data, office space, and technical staff, and assist in data collection, meeting arrangements and others, needed to accomplish the tasks. The TA is expected to be implemented over 31 months. * The ADB-funded 20 MW land-based PV plant expected to be constructed in 2018 is 2 km away from and will be connected to the 100 MW Naghlu HPP

14 RE-KSTA FSED: Indicative Schedules Processing Milestones Expected Completion Date Fact-finding completed January 2018 Aide-mémoire confirmed March 2018 TA Concept clearance and TA letter confirmed May 2018 Consultant mobilization June 2018 Implementation (31 months) Q Q Q site/tech assessment Q Q Q Q Pilot and scaled-up FPV projects 2. Business models 3. Institutional capacity building 1.2 F/S, Tender docs 1.3 Procurement; Design-Build 1.5 Feasibility studies for commercial projects 2.1 Review policies and identify gaps 2.2 Complete and disseminate tariff and policy study report year O&M services 2.3 Prepare model tender documents and request for proposals 3.1 identify current capacity and training needs 3.2 Design training program

15 Specific yield [kwh/kwp.mth] Preliminary Yield Estimates Kyrgyz Republic Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total year: 1,500 kwh/kwp.year or 1 MW installed = 1,500 MWh/year Optimal PV installed capacity for hybrid operation with HPPs must be investigated (hourly, daily, monthly and seasonal production profiles Potential for scale up of pilots and replication within the pilot country and elsewhere in the region will be assessed

16 Examples of floating solar PV installations 2 MW floating solar project on Boryeong dam reservoir, South Korea Technology/Developer: Posmac/K-water 40MW floating solar project on former coal mining region, Anhui, China Technology/Developer: Sungrow Power

17 On-going Research & Development (Korea) 24 Source: Installation of Juam Dam 2.4kW Research Equipment Installation of Hapcheon dam 500kW commercial plant Installation of Boryeong dam 2MW plant Hapcheon dam 100kW Demonstration plant development launched Installation of Sihwa 20kW Research Equipment for sea Installation of Inje 110kW Research Equipment for wetland

18 On-going Research & Development (Singapore) Floating PV test beds Source:

19 200 kw floating solar farm in Sheeplands Farm, Berkshire, UK Application: renewable energy on-site to power the reservoir s pump for farm irrigation Technology/Developer: Hydrelio by C&T/Floating Solar UK

20 6.3 MW floating solar farm in London s Queen Elizabeth II reservoir Application: power for water treatment works of Thames Water (water provider to London & Thames valley communities) Technology/Developer: Hydrelio by C&T/Lightsource RE UK

21 2 MW floating solar project on Boryeong dam reservoir, South Korea Application: power generation for 700 homes Technology/Developer: Posmac/K-water

22 Rendering of the 13.7MW plant on the Yamakura Dam reservoir, Chiba, Japan (2018) Application: grid-connected power generation to power approximately 4,970 households Technology/Developer: Kyocera TCL Solar LLC

23 40MW floating solar project on former coal mining region, Anhui, China Application: power generation for 15,000 homes Technology/Developer: Sungrow Power

24 343 kwp floating solar plant on an irrigation pond, Savona, Italy Application: power generation (grid-connected) Technology/Developer: Ciel et Terre