CHAPTER 4 SITUATION RENEWABLE ENERGY

Transcription

1 CHAPTER 4 SITUATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

2 CHAPTER 4 SITUATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY 4.1 GENERAL In Indonesia rural electrification has been included in national electric power development plan and has been promoted mainly by the state owned electric power company, PLN. Since a large number of small-scale remote areas are scatted all over the vast country consisting of number of islands lying about 5,000 km long east and west, electrification with the extension of existing transmission and distribution grids is not economical for such remote areas. In such areas, electrification adopting independent generation system (off-grid system) installing a small-scale generator directly in target villages and areas is very effective. 4.2 MICRO-HYDRO POWER Existing State Organizations such as PLN, a central and local government has introduced the Micro-hydro power for rural electrification work. The number is over 100 affairs as of February This shows the Micro-hydro power of Indonesia is undertaken most prosperous in the Southeast Asia circumference countries, and the factors are as follows: It is blessed with hydropower potential, and also communities are scattered in the mountain. International technology transfer can make them manufacture simple apparatus in own country. Revision of Electric Utility Law by the ability not to expect electrification by PLN. Improvement in residents consciousness. The Micro-hydro power entrepreneur of Indonesia is, and each management style is as being shown in Table According to that table, projects that were constructed by PLN and private companies often maintained by PLN and private companies. As opposed to this, facilities of the most of projects that were constructed by Central Government grant aid programs, and local Government are virtually maintained by inhabitants as respective power recipients. However, respective owners during construction typically keep their ownership after completion. The Micro-hydro power of 100 or more sites has so far been undertaken. In view of sustainability for power generation, micro-hydro power projects owned by PLN or constructed by grant aid programs can generally be evaluated reasonable. Despite excellent planning and up-to-date equipment, however, grant aid projects sometimes have shorter project lives than expected, when O&M institutions are not appreciated very much. Moreover, it is also difficult that the Central Government, local governments, or private companies operate continuously. This reason is greatly O&M systems including institutions are not set up correctly. Table4.2-2 evaluates the existing micro-hydro power projects. The most micro-hydro power projects remain unsettled of budget and system for unexpected happening such as repair and replace by disaster of flood. 4-1

3 Table Stakeholders of Existing Micro-hydro Power Projects Developer Planner & Designer Manufacturer & Constructor Operational Body PLN Local/International Consultant Experienced Contractor Central Government. Local Consultant Experienced Contractor Inhabitants Grant Aid International Consultant First-class Contractor Inhabitants Local Government Local Consultant Local Contractor near by Inhabitants Private company No records No records Private company PLN Developer Table Evaluations of Existing Micro-hydro Power Projects Planning & Design Manufacture & Construction O&M Institution PLN Good Good Basically Good Good Central Government. Basically Good Basically Good Poor Poor Sustainability Grant Aid Good Good Poor Good in short-term Local Government Basically Good Basically Good Poor Poor Private company Basically Poor Basically Poor Poor Poor Projects developed by the Central and Local Governments (1) MEMR From the fiscal year 1990 to the 1997, 72 micro-hydro power plants shown in Table were built by the involvement of MEMR and MEMR s regional offices, and the most of them have already been taken over to cooperatives and village communities. At least 21 plants of them have been found to be out of operation so far (out of operation rate is about 30%). In some of such power plants, the causes of operation stop have been clarified. The power plants and the causes are shown in Table State Name of Power Plant Table4.2-3 Out of Operation Power Plant kw Design Construction Cause of operation stop West JAVA Mekarwangai 60 PT.Heksa Failure of turbine LAMPUNG Banjarsari 32 ITB (Institut Teknologi Bandung) LAMPUNG Pekurum 30 PT.Heksa,ITB, PT.Hydro Daya Kinerja West NUSA Kukusan 38 ITB TENGGARA (Institut Teknologi Bandung) West NUSA TENGGARA Failure of turbine (Design mistake) Spill of Headrace (Mudslide) Failure of turbine (Inflow of stone) Semporonan 40 Unknown Different construction from a design 4-2

4 Table4.2-4 The list of the plant which MEMR carried out (No.1) 4-3

5 Table4.2-4 The list of the plant which MEMR carried out (No.2) 4-4

6 Table4.2-4 The list of the plant which MEMR carried out (No.3) 4-5

7 (2) SMOC&SMEs SMOC&SMEs is mainly promoting the rural electrification project with the micro-hydro power. Table shows projects conducted by KUDs that obtained Japanese Grass-root Grant Aids with supports of the organizations concerned include SMOC&SMEs, NGOs, and JICA Experts, and they also are in good operation conditions at present. Table4.2-5 Micro-hydro Power enterprise by SMOC&SMEs Name of Power Plant Simanau Sadan Ulusalu Cicemet Citalahab Batu Bajangjang Site West SUMATERA SOLOK South SULAWESI TANA TORAJA West JAVA SUKABUMI West JAVA BOGOR West SUMATERA SOLOK P 25kW 15kW 60kW 5.4kW 35kW Q 0.25m 3 /s 0.15m 3 /s 0.5m 3 /s 0.1m 3 /s 0.45m 3 /s H 20m 15m 20m 8m 15m Demand house Turbine Cross flow Cross flow Cross flow Pomp as turbine Cross flow Generator Induction Induction Synchronous Induction Synchronous Intake dam Existing Dam for agriculture is diverted Gabion Dam Gabion Dam Concrete Dam Gabion Dam Headrace Existing irrigation channel was enlarged to use as headrace Newly constructed Existing irrigation channel was enlarged to use as headrace Existing irrigation channel was enlarged to use as headrace Existing irrigation channel was enlarged to use as headrace Construction NGO (IBEKA) NGO (IBEKA) NGO (IBEKA) NGO (IBEKA) NGO (IBEKA) Start Operation 1996/6 1997/4 1997/5 1998/4 1998/ Project by Japanese Grant Aid The General Grant Aid Project Rural Electrification Project in ACEH is the project that electrifies about 1,000 households with micro-hydro power plant in ACEH, and its operation was started in This plant greatly attracted attention, from having been positioned as a model case with the village cooperative system of SMOC&SMEs which is a requesting agency, and having been the grants-in-aid of the beginning to the Indonesia electric power sector also for the Japan side. 4-6

8 4.2.4 Projects by Private Sectors The actual situation of the projects developed and owned by private sector is difficult to obtain exactly, although it is believed that a number of micro-hydro power plants may exist in Indonesia. An NGO, that is called YTDS (YAYASAN TURBIN DESA SULSELA), exists also in Tana Toraja which is the targeted district for the pilot project. It has the experience to have developed ten (10) micro-hydro power projects so far. 4.3 SOLAR POWER (PHOTOVOLTAIC) Solar Energy Potential The average value of solar radiation is 4.7 kwh/m 2 according to the collected data. The maximum radiation of 5.7 kwh/m 2 is recorded at West Nusa Tenggara and Jayapura. The minimum radiation of 2.6 kwh/m 2 is monitored at West Java. It seems that there was some monitoring problems at station of West Java due to the minimum value is too small at the latitude. It is clear that solar radiation potential is high over the Indonesia. There is no negative area for PV system installation Solar Power Project (1) Experience of solar power project In this study, experience of solar power project was surveyed as shown in Table According to BPPT, 48,279 solar systems under 677 projects were installed by 1999 in Indonesia. The installed capacity of solar system in each project is small in Indonesia because the utilization is focused on only small demand of lighting, television and water pumping. The total installed capacity of solar system is 1,986,014 kwp. Implementing organizations of the projects are mainly BPPT. Rural electrification by centralized solar system has many foreign projects as Table Table Experience of solar power project Items Amount Remarks Number of unit 48,279 unit Total installed capacity 1,986 kw Generation capacity per day 1,752 kwh/day Design Coefficient 70% Irradiation energy 4.2kWh/day Rate of system operation 30% Generation capacity per 639,357 kwh/year Rate of system operation 30% year Generation capacity per 2,131,192 kwh/year Rate of system operation 100% year Number of Consumer 48,

9 Installed capacity PV 48kWp + MHP 6.3kW Table Centralized solar system PV 72kW + Diesel 20kW PV 7.2kW + Diesel 40kW PV9.72kW+ Wind 10kW+ Diesel (n.a.) PV10kW+ Wind 10kW+ Diesel 20kW Installed since Installed by JICA JICA BPPT Westinghouse/IP E-7 C,GOI Number of consumer 153 HHs 129 HHs 370 HHs 3000 people 120 HHs (2) Example of solar power project In 1988, BPPT and R&S renewable energy system of Dutch company have conducted electrification project by solar system in Sukatani village, west Java. In this project 87 solar home system, some streetlights and public use were installed. (PLN connected to grid line in November 2000) The actual result of other BPPT is shown in Table Project Specification: Installation year; 1988 Location; Sukatani Village, West Java Distance; From Jakarta 100km Implementation; BPPT, R&S renewable energy systems Management; KUD, Buana Bhakti Power Demand; 210Wh/day User: Mosque 1 Community center 1 The other public facilities 3 Streetlights 15 Households 87(three lights, one power point) Technical Specification: PV module 40 Wp Batteries 100Ah (70Ah, after 1993) Electricity Type DC 12V Cost: As shown in Table Table Cost of Solar Home System SHS 50Wp 200Wh Package Price 1USD=Rp Solar Module 50Wp, Incl. Complete module support SSE USD 2 Sundaya Solar Gen.(70Ah) Incl.Installation materials SSG-300-E3-S USD 3 Sundaya Solar Light 6W -3 sets SSL-12D USD 4 Cable SPLTS 30Am, (2x1.5 m2), 7meters C30Am 2.06 USD 5 Load Cable SPLTS 15Am (2x0.75m2) C-15Am 4.21 USD 6 Battery 70Ah N70T 30.2 USD 7 Installation PT Altari 750, USD Total 401 USD 4-8

10 Table4.3-5 Solar Power Project of BPPT BPPT SHS project No. of Unit Maluku, Tesebar di 50 Desa, 9 KUD 3,700 NTB, Tersebar di 9 Desa, 4 KUD 1,500 NTT, Tersebar di 70 Desa, 25 KUD 10,003 Sulawesi Tenggara, Terserbar di 70 Desa, 25 KUD 7,710 Sulawesi Tengah, Tersebar di 33 Desa, 2 KUD 4,800 Kalimantan Tengah, Terserbar di ll Desa, 5 KUD 3,000 Sulawesi Utara, Terserbar di 10 Desa, 7 KUD 2,000 Timor Timur, Tersebar di 25 Desa, 5 KUD 2,332 Irian Jaya, Tersebar di 27 Desa, 6 KUD 1,500 Total 36,545 (3) Tariff in SHS projects Initial payment has been needed since the year Change of tariff is shown in Table Table4.3-6 Change of tariff Tariff 1999 or before Initial payment(rp) 0 215,000 Monthly payment(rp) 10,000 20,

11 4.4 WIND POWER Wind Energy Potential Wind data are collected by mainly two organizations, LAPAN & Winrock and BMG, meteorological agency of Indonesia. Fig the wind potential map indicates high wind energy potential is available at coastal area and islands. The average value of annual wind speed is 3.8 m/s. The maximum annual average wind speed of 6.0 m/s is recorded at the station located in East Nusa Tenggara and Central Java. The minimum annual average wind speed of 3.0 m/s is monitored at the station located in East Nusa Tenggara and West Nusa Tenggara. The map indicates there is large difference of wind energy potential from site to site. Wind monitoring is necessary before the installation of wind system. The wind turbine will be installed at the area with average annual wind speed over 4.0 m/s at 24 meters above ground level Figure Wind Potential Map Wind Power Project (1) Experience of wind power project According to LAPAN, 194 wind turbines under 64 projects were installed by 1999 in Indonesia. Table and show the list of wind power projects. The installed capacity of wind turbine in each project is small in Indonesia because the purpose of use is focused on small demand of lighting, television and water pumping. The total installed capacity of wind turbine is 453kW. Implementing organizations of the projects are mainly LAPAN, DJPE and Winrock. As shown in the list of wind power projects, there is few experience of rural electrification by wind generation. (2) Example of wind power project Pilot project of wind diesel hybrid power generation system was carried out by Survivor Energy Systems Ltd., of western Australia at Ciparanti, west Java in The cooperating agencies were LAPAN, BPPT and Department of Cooperatives. Their main purpose of the pilot test was to extend the market of their production and show the 4-10

12 performance of their system to Indonesian government. Project Specification: Installation year; 1993 Location; Ciparanti Village, West Java Distance; From Jakarta 420km Implementation; LAPAN, BPPT, Department of Cooperatives, Survivor Energy Systems Ltd., Management; KUD, Sinar Laut Power Demand; 400Wh/day User: Mosque 2 School 1 School office 1 Community center 1 Households 48 (two lights, one power point) Technical Specification: Wind Turbine SURVIVOR S Batteries 24units 2volt, 775Ah Back-up Generator 4kW, Diesel generator Inverter 4kW, Inverter Electricity Type AC 220V Cost Au$ 140,000 (Include: design, supply, installation and commission) According to the project report, it was monitored the operation of wind-diesel hybrid system in October 1996, three years after the installation. The wind system reduces the 78% of diesel consumption and provides 65% of the total demand of electricity. 4-11

13 Table Wind power project in Indonesia (1) No. Location State No. Capacity (kw) Total Capacity (kw) 1 Rumpn Java Barat Kalainyar Jepara Samas Yogyakara Cipanti Jawa Barat Lebak Jawa Barat Lebak Jawa Barat Cirebon Jawa Barat Nusa Pedia Bali Tegal Jawa Tengah Toraja Sulawesi Ujung Pandang Sulawesi Bulak Baru Carut Jawa Barat Sukabumi Jawa Barat Lombok NTT Samas Yogyakara Ds.Bulak Baru, Kab. Jepara 17 Jawa Tengah Ds.Bulak Baru, Kab. Jepara Jawa Tengah Ds.Bulak Baru, Kab. Jepara 19 Jawa Tengah Ds.Batu Nampar, Kec.Kruak Lombok Timur Bulak Baru Jepara Bulak Baru Jepara Selayar NTB Manado Bengkulu Kupang NTT Pulau Panggang Kalianyar Jepara Kab, Sumba Timur NTT Makaminggit, Sumba Timur NTT Mondu, kab. Sumba Timur NTT Praipaha, Kab. NTT Walakiri, Kab. Sumba Timur NTT Puru kambera, Kab. Sumba Timur NTT Naibonat, Kab. Kupang NTT Sakteo, Kab. TTS NTT Tomenas, Kab. TTS NTT Netpala, Kab.TTS NTT Oelbubuk, TTS NTT Laklubar-Saga, Kab. Manaturo Timor Timur P.Nyamuk, Kabupaten Jepara Jawa Tength Bulak Baru Jepara Kalianyar Jepara Desa Selayer East Lombok Samas Yogyakarta

14 Table Wind power project in Indonesia (2) Total Capacity (kw) No. Location State No. Capacity (kw) Dusun Selayar, Desa Genag-gang Kec. 46 Sakra Kab. Lombok Timur NTB Mando, Bengkulu, Pulau Panggang Pelabuhan Ratu Pulau Barancaddi, Sulsel Cirebon Jawa Barat Graut Jawa Barat Muncul Lombok Timur Tongo SP2, Sumbawa Barat NTB Desa Bulak Baru Jepara Jawa Tengah Desa Kalianyar Japara Jawa Tength Samas Bantul DIY Bulak Baru Jepara Jawa Tengah P Nyamamuk,Karimunjawa Jepara Jawa Tengah Ciparanti, Ciamas Jawa Barat Kamanggih NTT Gerak Makmur, Sampolawa Buton Sulawesi Tenggara Bungaja, Pasi, Bontomatene Selayar Sulawesi Selatan Winrock International Kupang NTT NTT - 63 Piyong, Bima NTB NTB Tongo SP1 Sumbawa Barat NTB NTB TOTAL Total Capacity 453 kw Total Number

15 4.5 BIOMASS POWER Existing State In Indonesia, biomass is classic energy source of the overall energy consumption. But biomass fuel is still used almost all of households, in order to cook in rural households and as fuel in cottage industries like brick firings, sugar manufacture and the classic food sector. In this country, biomass combustion boilers are broadly used in plywood industries, sugar factories and palm oil industries. In some industries, biomass itself can not ample supply electricity demanded in their facilities. The rest of the demand is satisfied by using diesel generator set. Biomass boilers represent about 60% of the total boilers installed at sugar manufacture factories. Indonesia has biomass power generation equipment of about 300MW of the totals in factories. The most biomass generation is off-grid. Some gasification technologies have been developed in Indonesia. But, the most common type of gasification system used in Indonesia are fixed bed type because of their relative simplicity of design, low cost of fabrication and ease of operation. Most of them are manually fed. These gasification systems are hoped to be utilized for generating electricity and heat source. However, gasification systems are still not commercially in Indonesia, and small-scale gasification systems need much supervision and have the possibility of operating interruptions. Indonesia Power Co. is planning biomass gasification systems of 100kW x 2units in South Sulawesi Actually, biogas has been utilized in Indonesia. There are more than 200 units biogas spreadingly in all Indonesia area. Generally, the biogas technology is applied mainly for cooking in the households Potential of Biomass Energy Regarding the potential of biomass energy, the study team investigated the following reports. Only the summary contents of these reports are shown herein. (1) Study of Master Plan of New and Renewable Energy in Indonesia This report evaluates biomass energy potential in Indonesia as follows (Refer to Table4.5-2). The potential as electricity, based on the location, Irian Jaya (6.8GW), followed by East Java (5.4GW), Central Java (4GW), West Java (3.7GW), East Kalimanta (3.2GW), Central Kalimantan (6GW), South Sulawesi (2.5GW), North Sumatra (2.4GW), West Kalimantan (2.2GW), South Sulawesi (1.8GW), Lampung(1.7GW), Riau (1.6GW), Ache(1.3GW), and West Sumatra, Jambi, South Kalimantan, Central Sulawesi, East Nusa Tengara and Maluku(1GW each). Other provinces have biomass waste energy potential under 1GW. 4-14

16 (2) General Information of Biomass Energy by European Commission This brochure mentions about biomass energy potential in Indonesia as follows. Potential source of wood fuel are rubber wood or palm tree wood from plantation that are renewed, as well as logging residues, cuttings, trimmings and saw dust from wood processing and plywood industries. In Indonesia, major crop residues considered for power generation are palm oil residues, which are generated throughout the year, and sugar processing residues as well as rice processing residues. Table4.5-3 shows biomass potential derived from wood and farm product residues. (3) Major source of Biomass 1) Woody Biomass Indonesia is ranked third in the world as the tropical-forest possession country. It has abundant woody biomass derived from rubber wood residues, logging residues, plywood waste and so on. Table4.5-4,5 show number of forest concession estate and production of logs by province. 2) Palm Oil The palm oil was first introduced in Indonesia in Palm oil originally developed in the northern part of Sumatra, and then expanded to other regions of the country. The palm oil was successful in achieving high yields and slowly became an important crop for domestic use as well as for the export market. In Indonesia, palm plantation sizes are typically between 6,000 and 10,000ha. Production of palm oil in Indonesia has increased dramatically, from less than 400,000 tons in 1975 to more than 4 million tons in The plantation area also has also increased from 772,245 ha in 1991 to 1,359,447 ha in ) Sugar Industry In 1996 and 1997, Indonesia harvested about million tones of sugar cane (see Table-12 and 13). The sugar factory varied in size from 1,000 to 10,000 tones of cane per day (TCD). Typically, sugar mills operate up to 200 days per year. Most (about 70%) existing production facilities are located on Java. Bagasse which is the name given to sugar cane after pressing to remove the sap, cane tops and cane leaves. The sugar industry itself consumes around 60% of the bagasse to produce process steam and electricity for its own needs. The efficiency of electricity production is very low (around 25%). About 30 % of the weight of the sugar cane remains as baggage after processing. Therefore, a typical 10,000TCD mill will produce about 3,000 ton/year. In total, about 30 million ton of bagasse was produced as a waste by-product in

17 Table Potential Energy Biomass in Indonesia Unit: kwh Province/Island Rice Waste Corn Waste Cassava Waste Wood Waste Sugar Cane Coconut Waste Oil Palm Waste Total Potential(kWh) Total Potential(kW) Special Region of Aceh 4,389,706, ,095, ,504,525 6,049,213, ,280, ,280,697 11,553,080,080 1,318, North Sumatera 10,195,593,270 2,314,892, ,309,607 5,355,260,265 64,490, ,701,199 1,683,820,663 20,721,068,386 2,365, West Sumatera 5,098,375, ,795, ,979,101 3,948,587, ,697, ,843,045 9,793,277,965 1,117, Riau 1,983,752, ,553, ,647,903 9,615,760, ,550, ,015,712 13,751,279,658 1,569, Jambi 2,367,450, ,522, ,022,028 5,425,444, ,997, ,169,359 9,050,605,551 1,033, South Sumatera 5,430,242, ,720, ,798,297 9,138,553,830 57,921,715 63,780, ,221,109 16,034,238,740 1,830, Bengkulu 1,347,523, ,034, ,077,940 1,053,227, ,925,096 52,813,350 2,937,601, , Lampung 5,430,242,336 4,099,255,614 4,031,337,856 1,200,435, ,241, ,210,125 37,483,522 15,544,489,829 1,774, Sumatera 36,242,885,051 8,101,869,177 7,061,677,257 41,786,481, ,653,867 2,242,142,365 3,518,647,457 99,385,641,227 11,345, Special Region of Capital City of Jakarta 622,007, ,680 1,470,604 2,698, ,899,217 7, West Java 25,217,219,556 1,884,996,330 3,632,919,193 1,374,134, ,359, ,541,659 22,076,021 32,721,246,124 3,735, Central Java 19,274,685,109 8,091,226,067 5,868,925,888 1,517,684, ,198, ,761, ,468,481,507 4,048, Special Region of Yogyakarta 7,577, ,670 22,978 33,155,631 28,236, ,149, ,322,196 20, East Java 21,090,156,135 16,558,311,535 6,713,419,960 2,124,634, ,306, ,077, ,861,905,999 5,463, Java 66,211,645,151 26,535,437,282 16,216,758,623 5,052,307,236 1,291,100,907 1,531,529,823 22,076, ,300,855,043 13,276, Bali 1,965,806, ,104, ,987,445 34,745, ,551, ,043,195, , West Nusa Tenggara 3,487,425, ,785, ,621,851 1,120,737, ,299, ,390,869, , East Nusa Tenggara 2,033,010,566 3,974,166,241 1,876,283,288 2,153,199, ,297, ,163,957,548 1,160, East Timor 279,675, ,745, ,275,783 5,506,430, ,876, ,643,349, , Bali, Timor and, Nusa Tenggara 7,765,917,171 5,737,801,571 2,669,168,367 8,815,113, ,025, ,241,372,550 2,995, West Kalimantan 4,225,297, ,497, ,479,253 14,598,861, ,163, ,369,657 19,715,669,106 2,250, Central Kalimantan 2,327,557,302 41,242, ,772,416 23,747,448, ,314,101 8,194,464 26,320,528,568 3,004, South Kalimantan 5,021,574, ,908, ,243,799 4,370,927,532 45,814, ,838,116 16,445,563 10,022,752,524 1,144, East Kalimantan 1,723,811, ,263, ,074,748 25,932,474, ,050,412 45,775,885 28,244,449,711 3,224, Kalimantan 13,298,239, ,911,388 1,007,570,216 68,649,711,791 45,814, ,366, ,785,569 84,303,399,909 9,623, North Sulawesi 1,250,948,842 1,117,723, ,926,076 3,173,349,336 16,505, ,977, ,453,431, , Central Sulawesi 1,979,301, ,321, ,967,823 7,040,892, ,941,192 8,814,226 10,073,238,567 1,149, South Sulawesi 11,037,629,525 5,659,932,779 1,236,409,909 3,555,232,282 71,889, ,818,373 44,929,577 21,955,841,889 2,506, South East Sulawesi 1,036,020, ,745, ,275,783 5,506,430, ,876, ,643,349, , Sulawesi 15,303,900,241 7,704,723,556 2,086,579,591 19,275,905,067 88,394,884 1,612,614,266 53,743,803 46,125,861,408 5,265, Maluku 322,707, ,766, ,506,344 7,789,331, ,270, ,577,581,501 1,093, Irian Jaya 213,204,187 1,018,650, ,906, ,083, ,896, ,328,212, , Maluku and Irian Jaya 535,911,424 1,492,416, ,412,563 8,355,414, ,166, ,905,793,508 1,359,109 INDONESIA 139,358,498,747 50,287,159,710 29,914,166, ,934,934,799 1,807,964,633 6,847,845,580 3,800,252, ,262,923,645 43,865,631 SOURCE:Study of Master Plan of New and Renewable Energy in Indonesia

18 Table Biomass Potential Biomass Rubber wood Logging Residues Sawn timber residues Plywood and veneer production residues Sugar residues Rice residues Coconut residues Palm oil residues Main region Production (million t/year) Technical energy potential (million GJ/year) Sumatra, Kalimantan, Java Sumatra, Kalimantan Sumatra, Kalimantan Kalimantan, Sumatra, Java, Irian Java, Maluku Java, Sumatra, South Kalimantan Java, Sumatra, Sulawesi, Kalimantan, Bali/Nusa Tenggara Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi Sumatra, new areas: kalimantan, sulawesi, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara, Irian Jaya Bagass:10 Cane tops:4 Cane leaves:9.6 Husk:12 Bran:2.5 Stalk:2 Straw:49 Shell:0.4 Husk:0.7 Empty fruit bunches:3.4 Fibers:3.6 Palm shells:1.2 From: General Information of Biomass Energy Remarks small logs<10cm big and medium logs are used as fire wood in brick and roof tile industry: price 20,000-30,000IDR/m 3 residues of the factories are often used as fire wood by local communities, residues available for free residues are generally used in larger industry for heat generation bagasse is generally used in sugar factories (90%). The used of cane tops and leaves needs to be investigated Stalk and straw are generated in the field and generally burnt, in some areas used for feeding or raw material for paper industry; husks often burn uncontrolled Residues are generated decentralised and usually left on the plantation field; largely used as fire wood and for the production of charcoal Palm shells and fibers are common fuel sources, EFBs are generally incinerated 4-17

19 Table Table Number Number of Forest of Forest Concession Estates Estimates by Province by Province 1998 in 1998 No. Province Number of Estates Area(ha) 1 Daerah Istimewa Aceh 21 1,439,723 2 Sumatera Utara ,598 3 Sumatera Barat 6 406,085 4 Riau 50 2,400,994 5 Jambi 17 1,498,877 6 Sumatera Selatan ,367 7 Bengkulu 2 80,000 8 Nusa Tenggara Barat 2 92,050 9 Kalimantan Barat 43 2,960, Kalimantan Tengah 76 4,607, Kalimantan Selatan , Kalimantan Timur 68 9,869, Sulawesi Utara , Sulawesi Tengah 13 1,118, Sulawesi Selatan 9 469, Sulawesi Tenggara 2 562, Maluku 34 2,727, Iian Jaya 52 10,746,051 Source:Statistics of Forest Concession Estate Table Table Production Production of of Logs Logs by by Province Province No. Province m 3 1 Daerah Istimewa Aceh 616,521 2 Sumatera Utara 375,135 3 Sumatera Barat 199,611 4 Riau 1,338,356 5 Jambi 460,682 6 Sumatera Selatan 258,276 7 Bengkulu 18,496 8 Nusa Tenggara Barat 29,767 9 Kalimantan Barat 1,339, Kalimantan Tengah 3,348, Kalimantan Selatan 375, Kalimantan Timur 3,295, Sulawesi Utara 92, Sulawesi Tengah 211, Sulawesi Selatan 87, Sulawesi Tenggara 99, Maluku 534, Iian Jaya 1,393,

20 4.5.3 Future Plan of Biomass Energy The future plan (draft) of biomass energy by MEMR is as follows. This plan is positive idea. However, the specific and steady finance obtaining method for its efficient implementation, and establishment of a responsible key organization will be important subjects in the future. (1) Target Technically potential of biomass energy, which is measured on the basis of converted energy from the amount of biomass feedstock, is expected to reach around 900 million GJ/year by Consequently, around 5,000MW is expected to be obtained by constructing biomass plants all over in Indonesia by (2) Strategy 1) Regarding the development of biomass energy, especially, effective using of biomass waste must be considered. 2) In order to use both of heat and electricity from biomass feedstock, the biomass power plant should be installed in factories which leave biomass wastes. By doing so, this feedstock will help to reduce the amount of other fuels in the factory. Then, leading to reduction of energy cost. 3) Surplus electric power from these power plants in factories will be able to sell to PLN grid or distribute further to other factories depending on the effective formation of rural electrification development plan. (3) Program 1) General General program of biomass development is: a. Development of economical biomass source, especially, in rural electrification program from agricultural source. b.research and development of biomass power plant system technology of kW, 1-3MW, and 5-10MW. c. Implementation of biomass spread program and promotion of domestic industry capability in fabrication of biomass conversion. 2) years a. Drawing biomass energy potential map in allover Indonesia. b. Implementation of pre-investment study and 5MW-biomass pilot co-generation plant project in which biomass fuel is based on fiber and empty fruit bunch from palm factory. 4-19

21 c. Implementation of pre-investment study and 5-10MW-biomass pilot co-generation plant project in which biomass fuel is based on bagasse from sugar factory. d. Research and development of 100kW biomass gasification system in which biomass fuel is based on hull of rice, sawmill waste, copra waste, rubber plantation waste and coffee & cocoa waste. e. Development of new technology and optimum development scale of biomass power plant. 3) years a. Construction of biomass power plant to be located on remote area, especially in outside Java area. b. Implementation of biomass power pilot project and commercialization of new technology.. 4) years Spreading of biomass power plant and commercialization to the public. 4-20

22 4.6 GEOTHERMAL POWER Geothermal Potential The Indonesian Archipelago is one of the most volcanic areas of the world: more than 350 young volcanoes might be distinguished 129 of that are active. To be brief, the Indonesian volcanic arcs extend for approximately seven thousand kilometers, from the northern tip of Sumatra through Java, Nusa Tenggara, Banda to Sangihe Islands in the north of Malucca Sea. The volcanic arcs are divided into four arcs; the Sunda, Banda, Sangihe-North Sulawesi and Halmahera arcs. They are formed by the interaction of Eurasian, Pacific and Indian Ocean-Australian Plate (Figure.4.6-1). The geothermal resources in Indonesia are associated with those volcanic arcs. Figure Plate Boundaries of Indonesia (from Katili, 1973) Preliminary and detailed geothermal potential survey have done throughout the country, and their results have been summarized by the Volcanological Survey of Indonesia (VSI), and then two hundred and forty four (244) indicative areas were identified for geothermal potential areas. In addition, as a result of the continued geothermal survey in Kalimantan, eleven (11) areas are added to the geothermal potential areas, then today 255 area are identified as the geothermal manifestation in the Indonesia Status of geothermal development Following U.S.A, Philippines, Italian and Mexico, the Indonesia is today the world's fifth largest producer of geothermal energy with an install capacity of MWe. The Kamojan Geothermal field was the first Geothermal Power Plant in Indonesia producing electric capacity of approximately 30 MWe that was commissioned in Subsequently, most geothermal power development has been carried out in Java: Darajat, G. Salak, and Dieng. In long term projection for geothermal power development, some "Independent Power Producers (IPP)" have signed for twelve (12) 4-21

23 contract areas that were estimated 1,765 MWe of install capacity in total. Outer Island area, the geothermal explorations have been carried out by VSI, Indonesia Oil State Company (PERTAMINA) and the national power utility, Perusahaan Perseroan (Persero) PT Perusahaan Listric Negara (PT PLN), especially in Sumatra, North Sulawesi, Flores and Molucas. Information provided by PLN shows that the geothermal has made exploration of geothermal resources, for example Sembalun in Lombok Island, Huu Daha in Sumbawa Island, Ulumbu and Sokoria in Flores Island, Gorontalo in Sulawesi, and Tolehu in Ambon. The Ulumbu geothermal field has been explored from Three (3) wells of one thousand class has been drilled in 1996 by a loan from the World Bank, and has been found to have temperature in exceed 200 C and fluids. PLN has made plans for the geothermal power plant at the Ulumbu geothermal field, and the costs will be US 700 million for 3MW Power system. VSI has made and promoted a "JOINT RESEARCH COOPERATION PROJECT ON THE EXPLORATION OF SMALL-SCALE GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES IN THE EASTERN PART OF INDONESIA". The research that started in mid 1997 and will complete 2002 is carried out by VSI, the Geological Survey of Japan (GSJ) and the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) of Japanese Government. The Mataloko geothermal field in Flores island of the East Nusa Tenggara has been selected as the promising geothermal field from the six geothermal potential areas of Flores, Lombok and Alor islands. The Mataloko geothermal field has been explored and drilled in detail, and fluid was discovered Geothermal Research Development Program for Rural Electrification The new regulation on developing a geothermal power, Presidential Decree (PD) No. 76 declared in May The previous regulation PD No. 45 Year 1991 showed that PERTAMINA and its contractors were allowed to explore, to exploit and to construct a power plant, and they can sell the electricity to PLN or to other consumers. The new regulation shows that any organization and/or private sector explore exploit and develop the geothermal resources without any partnership with PERTAMINA. 4-22