Small Hydro and SE4ALL - Opportunities

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1 Prospect of Small Hydro and its Research in Nepal Small Hydro and SE4ALL - Opportunities Hitendra Dev Shakya, System Planning Dpt, NEA

2 OUTLINE 1. Small Hydro Power and SE4ALL - Grid and Off-Grid power 2. The SHP space in Nepal - Grid Solutions with SHP/DG in mind 3. NEA Experiences in hydro-turbines 4. Room for R&D and Engineering Designs

3 Country Background Area of 147,141 km 2 and Mountainous rivers, recently shown 11,000+ rivers/ rivulets Small rivers - Utilizing the topography and hydrology vs the economy of scale Opportunity for Small Hydro-Power (SHP) 3

4 Present Capacity Installed Capacity: MW In Grid MW Off Grid(NEA) 4.6 MW Off grid(aepc) 40 (26+14) MW Hydro 903 MW Thermal 53.4 MW ROR 811 MW Storage 92 MW IPP 430 NEA 381

5 Estimates of Potential Exploitable Renewable Energy Capacities Technology Potentially Exploitable Current Capacity Hydropower* (Economic 42,000 MW 903 MW potential) Mini-hydro 100kW -1000KW >100 MW 14.4 MW (practically exploitable) Micro-hydro 5kw 100 kw >80 MW 24.6 MW (practically exploitable) Solar PV power 2,100 MW 11.6 MW Wind 3,000 MW 0.03 MW Source Economic Survey, 2014/15 /Baseline for Rural and renewable energy technologies

6 NEA and Small Hydro Projects 1. NEA decided to lease away off-grid SHPs 10 years ago. 2. In all cases of Off-Grid SHP operation operational loss, 3 NEA will not construct any further SHPs, Off-grid or Ongrid. AEPC constructs Off-Grid HP mini / micro/ / pico 4. NEA comes to picture when Off-grid power plants are encroached by its expanding distribution network. 5. AEPC established in Initially MHP upto 100kW, authorized up to 1 MW. Now, seeking mandate till 10 MW. 6. On-Grid SHP - Micro/Small HP (private) can have a PPA with NEA and connect to NEA substation.

7 Plant sizes of IPP at present Predominantly SMALL HEPs Role of SHP as Distributed Generation and Expedited SE4ALL Independent Power Producers ( Grid-connected) 57 power plants operational 55 are less than 50 MW, and 49 are actually 10 MW or smaller 138 IPPs are under construction, 80 of them are 10 MW or smaller. Only 11 HEPs are 50MW or larger. SHP Potential (up to 10 MW) MW Recent unverified claims of total capacity 300,000MW, many are SHEP from small rivers

8 S. N Name of the Project Small Hydropower Projects in Nepal (SHEP classified hereas kw) Managemen t Cap. kw Grid Status 1 Achham NEA 400 Isolated NEA 200 Grid 2 Baglung Connected 3 Surnaiyagad NEA 200 Isolated 4 Bajhang Private 200 Isolated 5 Bajura Communit y 200 Isolated 6 Bhojpur Private 250 Isolated 7 Rupalgad 8 Darchula 1 and 2 Private 100 Not in Operation Private 300 Isolated 9 Rairang Private 500 Operation 10 Dhankuta NEA 240 Isolated 11 Dolpa NEA 200 Isolated 12 Doti NEA 200 Isolated 13 Arughat Gorkha NEA 150 Isolated 14 Phidim Community 240 Isolated 15 Jumla Community 200 Isolated 16 Kalikot Community 500 Isolated 17 Syange Private 183 Operation 18 Jomsom Private 240 Grid Connected 19 Okhaldunga 125 Isolated 20 Ramechap NEA 150 Isolated 21 Chauijhari NEA 150 Isolated 22 Syarpudaha NEA 200 Isolated 23 Khandbari Community 250 Isolated 24 Namche Community 600 Isolated 25 Jhupra NEA 345 Isolated 26 Sobuwa Khola Community 125 Isolated 27 Tehrathum Private 100 Isolated

9 Off-Grid Hydro - Achievements and Impact LABOR SAVING AND DRUDGERY REDUCTION HEALTH AND SANITATION IMPROVEMENT SOCIAL, CAPITAL BUILDING & EMPOWERMENT FUEL WOOD, BIOMASS. KEROSENE & DIESEL CONSUMPTION REDUCTION BETTER EDUCATION AND AWARENESS MAJOR IMPACT ENHANCED LIVELIHOODS EMPLOYMENT & INCOME INCREMENT HRD & CAPACITY BUILDING LOCAL RESOURCES (WATER, FOREST, LAND AND SKILL) OPTIMIZATION

10 Sustainable Energy For All (SE4ALL) Sustainable Development Goal no 7 Status 2016 Access to Clean Energy for All by 2030 Access to electricity: 75%, (60% grid, 15% renewable) Goal Access to Electricity to 99% by 2030 Adequacy of Power Supply increase in domestic generation (1000MW) and Import from India Off-Grid electricity is small, expensive & unsustainable. Challenge Provide Access to Grid Transmission and Sub-transmission and distribution networks Capital Intensive

11 Sustainable Energy For All (SE4ALL) Investments required to expand Grid to Remote areas NEA Transmission Master Plan ( upto 132 kv) 5.5 Billion $ Required in 20 years NEA Distribution Master Plan under progress similar amount required

12 Grid Map of Nepal Areas covered by Grid Electricity China India

13 Off-Grid Nepal Map of areas covered by AEPC

14 Investment on Transmission The core of the transmission network is to be commissioned during the next 10 years. The total investment cost planned for the whole period amounts to 5.15 billion USD and is mainly concentrated in first ten years, i.e. between 2015 and 2025: Label All Zones Commissioning from Total to year MUSD MUSD MUSD MUSD MUSD MUSD Lines Comm Lines Planned Lines All S/S Existing S/S Comm S/S Planned S/S All Total Existing Total Comm Total Planned Total All Connection Lines Connection Bays Grand Total

15 How Long to wait? >> From Grid Expansion Direction >> 1. Grid expansion is targeted towards large loads and generators - Market-based Transmission Development Directed towards Large Generators and Consumers 2. Grid Expansion is Capital intensive having Low returns 3. Grid expansion is afflicted by ROW issues & large affected areas 4. Both forces transmission lines under Government domain. 5. Transmission Network is centrally planned (Top-down approach) and the expansion is slow

16 How long to catch-up? >>Looking from the Rural Off-Grid Model>> High subsidy required. MHP - Design at river discharge of high exceedence (Q90); yet Plant factor is 20-30% only. Poor sustainability Low Income ( low plant factor/ low productive uses) forces low quality of Operation. Distance from Road-head increases O&M time and cost The distribution network Poor, not safe for grid connection. Low skill/ knowhow, low p.f. and low revenue, accessibility, less room for industrial use >> Tendency to Fail So Off-Grid MHP does not answer the Need of SE4ALL. High Proliferation of MHP / SHP needs a different approach from both On- Grid and Off-Grid Most villages would find a viable river source for MHP ( pico, micro or mini) if a workable business model and funding available while providing Access to Energy >> NOW

17 Bridging the Gap a step towards each-other Creativity and adaptation

18 Grid Solutions to Off-Grid distribution 1. Inter-connection of Clusters of small power plants in a mini-grid ready for Connectivity with Grid 2. Help / subsidy >> Grid-readiness for remote/ offgrid generators/ users >> synchronizing switchgear and relaying 3. Government support for Grid Connectivity / Sub-transmission > Subsidy or VGF - > Sustainability of the DG and also enable expansion of grid. 4. Distributed Generation has Multiple Impacts on Local economy that offsets the Initial high costs of electricity 5. Grid-Connected DG has Higher Revenue high PF becomes sustainable. 6. There are Spin-off for Grid - Reduces demand on Reinforcement of grid & Reactive power management by doing Distributed generation Grid Energy is mostly cheaper and reliable than Isolated systems. >> EARLY ACCESS TO CLEAN ELECTRICITY BY ALL >>

19 Off- Grid Earlier Access -> Amortized costs Sustainable / Profitable MHP Most Bang for Buck Efficient Admin of Rural Consumers Focus- DG and Village Load potential Subsidy / Soft Loan for 33 and 11 kv sub-trans /distrib links to Grid MHP subsidy Extend TO Grid Synchro equipment Community Electricity Users Groups CEUG Handover Grid Solutions Integrated Planning for Subtransmission network Energy to All by National Grid Access Change Approach Grid Planning for DG and Rural Access Policy for Transmission charges and Private Trans owner / operator Build and Transfer BT Policy for Private Generators Grid Side Funding Deficit-> Private Capital Use Hydrodevelopers strength for Construction & ROW

20 What has worked? MHP and distribution network with larger consumer base and anchor loads Case - Khumbu Bijuli (900kW), Salleri Chyalsa (400kW) ) Having Periodic oversight and Support Subsidized tariff to CEUG ( having small consumers & capped to 5 A users) Successful CEUGs adapting the lessons learnt. What needs reform? Stand-alone MHPs with weak consumer base Scale up! Rural Electrification without Regional planning > Top-Down Optimize! Subsidy for MHP / Rural electrification Include Grid Connectivity with Partial Payback (90/10 model ) in the Integrated Subsidy model! What can be improved? Involve community / private for sub-transmission networks using subsidy/ VGF model Involve Private / Developers for sustainable SHP connected to Main Grid 20

21 Solution of SE4ALL - Proliferation of SHP Proliferation of SHP - Generates Demand for Domestic capability for SHP in Turbines, Generators and Hydro-mechanicals Capacity Building is required - Locally Installation, Operation and Repair - and Nationally Design, Commission, R&D, Manufacture Issues faced by NEA / IPP today In-situ Testing of Turbine efficiency and Output, Runner profiling, Template design, Turbine Size restriction for repair, Protective coating of turbines, Different coating according to the sediment content, size and shape; Cavitation and vibration analysis and solutions to installed units 21

22 SMALL HYDRO HAS ISSUES...

23 Issues in MHP/SHP development in Nepal. Himalayan rivers and increased climate vulnerability puts more demand on specific research in Nepal special designs of turbine and special designs of civil/ hydraulic structures R&D has to be increased. Indigenous capability needs to be enhanced Sufficient local knowledge in hydrology and civil design works but only basic EM manufacture is available Operation and Maintenance capability nationally and locally (MHP) has to be increased. Testing facilities required More Professional Training centers required

24 Trend in Hydro-Sector towards Engineering Services Hydro-Power Developers are identifying the need and the space for Engineering Solution providers Design, Engineer, R&D Recent Trends Butwal Power Company engineering arm -> Hydro Consult co. Chilime power company - -> Chilime Engg and Services Co CHESCO Sanima power compamy - > Sanima Engineering wing Nepal Electricity Authority - > NEA Engineering Company (NEC) Large company with sufficient capital base Tend to have enough resilience to support R&D. Smaller engineering companies are restricted to Design / Engineering consultancies Dedicated Testing and R&D centers are few and mostly incubated within Academic Institutions 24

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26 WAY FORWARD Test labs/workshops for Repair / Maintenance and R&D for manufacture / design

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28 R&D Areas by Govt. Agencies Research on Hydro power includes Digital ELC, Turbines, SCADA system, Energy and Internet (Tele linking), Study on sediments impact on turbines Research on Small Wind Energy Design on PM generator, wind blade for small and wind mapping, Energy and Internet Research on Mini grid system Study on Grid Impact Study, Smart inverter and net metering, pre-paid meter Research on Hydraulic Modelling Civil / hydraulic structure modelling according to river terrain/ content/ design

29 R&D Work and Turbine Testing Laboratory at academic institution -Kathmandu University and Nepal Academy of Science and Technology Computational analysis of Bifurcation FSI analysis of Francis runner CFD analysis Torque estimation Computational analysis of Pelton turbine Computational analysis of RPT

30 R&D Work and Turbine Testing Laboratory 30m natural head. 150 m Closed Head and 0.5 m 3 /s flow 300 m 3 Lower Reservoir 100 m 3 Upper Reservoir Two centrifugal pumps each 250 kw with VFD (Variable Frequency Drive) for each pump. Prototype test up to 300 kw and model test for larger turbines.

31 THERE ARE PROBLEMS IN TURBINE FOR HIMALAYAN RIVERS RESEARCH CAN HELP YOU SEE THE SOLUTIONS

32 Repair and Maintenance Repair of Francis Runner

33 TEST Facilities Testing of Renewable Energy Technologies (Solar Panel, Batteries, Lamps, Inverter, Solar Thermal, etc.) by Renewable Energy Test Station and Non Destructive Test for Electromechanical Components at Small Hydro laboratory - Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST). Turbine Testing Lab at Kathmandu University (KU). Transformer Testing (Hi-pot Test) at Institute of Engineering (IOE) and HV lab for insulation tests at KU - for academic purpose only Hydraulic modelling Lab at Pulchowk Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) by NEA Sediment Laboratories at some Power plants of NEA Distribution Transformer Test workshop in N E A in Hetauda

34 Creativity and adaptation

35 Keynotes SHP Need to Act now. There may not be a Second Chance Grid Expansion with Local DG in focus Proliferation of SHP Investment in Grid Expansion Govt and Private capital Both sides (Grid and Off-Grid) move towards each other half-a-bridge -> Bridge Complete to achieve SE4ALL Proliferation of SHP >> Commercial support for R&D, demand for model/ test/ manufacture / install/ repair Need for investment in Capacity Building / Academic research / Labs and Workshops

36 Thank you!!!