The Most Flexible Coating Unit of the World

Transcription

1 The Most Flexible Coating Unit of the World

2 NEW BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY Production-Ready within a Week YOUR VERY OWN PVD COATING Integrated Into Your Production Very Affordable & Competitive while providing your customers with "Standard" Coatings like AlTiN "State of the Art" Coatings like AlCrN & "Future" Coatings like QuadCoatings 4 Additional Upgrade Options: OXI Coatings DLC Coatings SCIL (sputtered) Coatings LACS Hybrid Coatings Bring Coating Expertise "In-house" Offer Rush Orders and Delivery with Coating Included Reduced Operating Costs for Coating, Packing & Handling, Shipping Offer a Highly Flexible Production Schedule Yielding with Low Inventory Level Dedicated Coating Properties for Your Tools High Reliability - High Quality Build Environmentally Friendly Process

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4 MoDeC Innovations PLATIT's coating concept - Modular Dedicated Coating - allows the configuration of the number of cathodes, type, and position according to the coating task. MoDeC is the driving force behind PLATIT innovations. New coatings and units are developed bearing this principle in mind. LARC + cathodes LARC technology: LAteral Rotating Cathodes The new generation of the first industrial coating unit for Nanocomposite coatings The heart of turnkey coating systems for small and medium enterprises Selected Triple Coatings 3 Coatable volume: ø355x46 mm Loading with ø1mm end mills: 88 pieces 5 batches / day MoDe PL High volume compact unit The "workhorse" for coating centers 4 planar cathodes Conventional and selected Triple Coatings 3 Usable plasma volume: ø7x75 mm Coatable volume: ø7x7 mm Loading with ø1mm end mills: 156 pieces 3 batches / day Patented in 4

5 Series PLATIT's entire product line consists of "compact" coating units. These units come in one piece, with the coating chamber in the same cabinet as the electronics. This eliminates the need of costly and time consuming on-site assembly. C High performance compact coating unit is the basic machine 3 LARC cathodes Modular upgradeable with options: DLC option TURBO option 3 LARC cathodes + 1 CERC cathode high productivity with CERC booster OXI option SCIL option: high performance sputtering 3 LARC cathodes + 1 central SCIL cathode LACS option: Simultan LAteral ARCing + CEntral sputtering For conventional and Nanocomposite coatings All Triple Coatings 3 and Coatings 4 Coatable volume: ø5x46 mm Loading with ø1mm end mills: 54 pieces 5 (up to 6) batches / day 3 Combination of LARC and planar ARC technologies High volume compact unit 3 newly developed LARC -XL rotating cathodes in the door planar cathodes in the back as boosters All 5 cathodes can deposit simultaneously For conventional and Nanocomposite coatings Most Triple Coatings 3 and Coatings 4 Usable plasma volume: ø7 x 75 mm Coatable volume: ø7 x 7 mm Loading with ø1mm end mills: 156 pieces 3 batches / day 5

6 6 PLATIT General Information Hardware Foot print: W7 x D171 x H149 mm Vacuum chamber, internal sizes: W65 x D67 x H675 mm Coatable volume: Ø5 x H46 mm Max. load: kg System with turbo molecular pump Revolutionary rotating (tubular) cathode system with 3 LARC / 1 CERC cathodes: The High Performance Machine Compact hard coating unit Based on PLATIT LARC, CERC and SCIL technologies LAteral Rotating Cathodes, CEntral Rotating Cathodes and Sputtered Coatings induced by LARC-GD Coating on tool steels (TS) above 3 C, high speed steels (HSS) 35-5 C and on tungsten carbide (WC) between C Reconfigurable by the user into different cathode setups: A: 3 LARC cathodes and 1 CERC cathode B: 3 LARC cathodes ( ) C: 3 LARC cathodes and 1 SCIL cathode Coatings Monolayers, Multilayers, Nanogradients, Nanolayers, 3 4 Nanocomposites, TripleCoatings, QuadCoatings, SCIL -Coatings and their combinations Main standard coatings: AlCrN,, All Triple Coatings 3 and Coatings 4 All SCIL and LACS -Coatings available Magnetic Coil Confinement (MACC) for ARC control LARC : Up to A ARC current Changing time for skilled operator: approx min/cathode CERC : Up to 3A ARC current SCIL : Up to 3 kw sputtering power VIRTUAL SHUTTER and TUBE SHUTTER with dedicated door shielding Ionic plasma cleaning: etching with gas (Ar/H ); glow discharge metal ion etching (Ti, Cr) LGD : LARC Glow Discharge Pulsed BIAS supply (35 khz) 6 (+1) gas channels, 6 MFC controlled Special dust filters for heaters (4 kw) Preheater Electrical connection: 3x4 V, 16 A, 5-6 Hz, 76 kva Upgradeable to +OXI, +DLC, +SCIL, and to all at user's site All options upgradeable at user's site Electronics and Software New HMI (Human Machine Interface) Control system with touch-screen menu driven concept No programming knowledge is required for control Data logging and real-time viewing of process parameters Remote diagnostics and control Insite operator's manual and on CD-ROM Enhanced operating software compatible to and Optimal Cycle Times* Shank tools ( µm): ø 1 x 7 mm, 54 pcs: 4 h Inserts (3 µm): ø x 6 mm, 94 pcs: 4.5 h Hobs (4 µm): ø 8 x 18 mm, 8 pcs: 6 h * The cycle times can be achieved under the following conditions: solid carbide tools (no outgassing necessary) high quality cleaning before the coating process (short etching) continuous operation (pre-heated chamber) 4-cathode processes use of fast cooling (e.g. with helium, opening the chamber at C) 5 (up to 6) batches / day

7 Coating Technologies of by SCIL GD HYBRID LACS TURBO LARC +CERC Triple Coatings 3 LARC Coatings 4 Triple Coatings 3 ARC Technology with Rotating Cathodes LARC LAteral Rotating Cathodes LARC DLC Option PVD/PECVD process for deposition of a-c:h:x coatings CERC Option CERC CEntral Rotating Cathode as booster + CERC TURBO OXI Option For deposition of oxide and oxynitride coatings SCIL Option Sputtered Coatings induced by GD SCIL LACS Option Lateral ARC & Central Sputtering simultaneously LACS 7

8 Coating Technologies of Simultaneous Lateral ARC and Central Sputtering ARC-Evaporation High ionization degree High coating density, high coating hardness Excellent adhesion High productivity Droplets cause rougher surface LARC +CERC High Performance Sputtering SCIL Lower ionization degree Lower coating density and hardness Moderate adhesion Lower deposition rate Few droplets, smooth surface ARC-Technology: LARC : LAteral Rotating Cathodes CERC : CEntral Rotating Cathodes Sputter-Technology: SCIL : Sputter Coatings Induced by LGD LGD : Lateral Glow Discharge Options of flexible coating units for cutting tools: ARC-Technology for ~85% of the coatings for cutting tools 4 generations of coatings Milling, hobbing, drilling, sawing, fine blanking, etc. PECVD-Technology for DLC coating Titan cutting with DLC top coating SCIL : High performance sputtering for smooth coatings HYBRID LACS Tapping - Aluminum cutting with TiB LACS Hybrid-Technology: LAteral ARC and Central Sputtering simultaneously Free coating programmability The coating composition and stoichiometry will be defined by software from the non-alloyed cathodes Ring Cathodes* for SCIL with Ti, Al, Cr, AlCr, AlTi, B x, Si x, TiB,...W 1. Cathode body, incl. magnetic & electronic systems. Holed pipe for coolant inlet 3. Membrane pipe, tensed by inside cooling water for good conduction to the rings 4. Target rings The non alloyed cathode allows the flexible programming and deposition of the coating stoichiometry. *Patent pending 8

9 LACS Technology and its Coatings Interrelation between Hardness, Internal Stress and Boron Content The internal stress can be reduced with higher boron content, in spite of higher hardness Cathode configuration Ti Al Cr TiB Hardness [GPa] Internal Stress [GPa] Coating: AlCrTiN/BN Thickness: µm Using Boron as a Material Component for Optimizing the Coatings' Internal Stress gradient layer adhesion layer substrate AlCrN/BN coating with triple structure measured by energy dispersed by X-Ray spectroscopy Source: University Freiberg, Germany Average wear [µm] AlCrN based market coating Boron Content [at.%] AlCrN/BN Boron: X% AlCrN/BN Boron: Y% t c: Milling time [min] Mat.: Tool steel X33CrS16 HRC 9. a p=5 mm a e=.5 mm v c=1 m/min Tools: d=8mm - Fraisa NX-V Torus d=. mm z=4 f z=.6 mm/tooth MQL Average wear = (Max. margin wear + VBmax (clearence wear) + Top edge wear + corner wear) / 4.5 Main Coatings of the Options Options Coatings Machines Conventional Coatings TiN,, CrN, CrTiN, ZrN, AlTiN, AlCrN Nanocomposite Coatings, Triple Coatings 3 Coatings 4 AlCrN 3, 3, 3 4 DLC cvic, CROMVIc, TURBO TiN,, CrN, CrTiN, ZrN, AlTiN, AlCrN, 3, 3, 4, 4, AlCrN,,,, 3 4 -Tribo OXI X 4 SCIL TIN-SCIL, -SCIL, TiB, SCILVIc LACS AlTiN-LACS, AlCrN-LACS BorAC =AlCrTiN/BN BorAT =AlTiN/BN 9

10 SCIL Coatings and Their Applications Gun Drilling TiN-ARC <-> TiN-SCIL Coating Thickness for Both Cases: µm Alpha = 45 Beta = 3 Alpha = 45 Beta = 3.99 µm.366 µm 86.1 µm 86.3 µm 86.1 µm 86.3 µm ARC surface S a=.167 µm S z=.87 µm SCIL surface S a=.16 µm S z=.311 µm Sputtering power: Up to 3kW - No columnar structure - Reactive and non-reactive processes Growth rate in reactive process: µm/h in 3-fold rotation Application fields: gun drilling, tapping, decorative coatings Thread Forming Total thickness [µm].59 Adhesion layer Ti - TiN 1. Thickness [µm] 1.16 Core Layer. Thickness [µm].41 Top layer TiCC 3. Thickness [µm] 1. Torque and Force Comparison Mc; Torque [%] Ff; Feed force [%] Torque ap; Thread depth [mm] Tools: M3 - v c=1mm/min - MQL Material: stainless steel; SUS 34 - XCrNi19-11 The built up edge by SCIL is smaller than by ebeam Feed force ap; Thread depth [mm] 5 -ebeam -SCIL -ebeam -SCIL Embossing and Tapping SCILVIc : Structure and Roughness Alpha=45 Beta=3.534 µm S =3 nm a µm 78.5 µm 1 µm Thickness [µm]: 4.3

11 LACS Coatings and Their Applications BorAC - Hobbing with Boron Doped AlCrN-ML Al, Cr-based 4 width of flank wear [µm] LACS-AlCrN/BN BorAC - AlCrN/BN: Cutting Performance at Milling.5. Al, Cr-based 4 LACS-AlCrN/BN hobbed gears Fly-Hobbing test using PM-HSS - All teeth rounded by wet blasting, R = µm Coating thickness for all three variations by calo test, d = 4 µm LACS-AlCrN/BN protects crater wear best v c=18 m/min - f a=3.6 mm/rev, max. chip thickness =. mm.34 tool life [m/tooth] Cutting Performance at Milling [min/µm] Reference Al, Cr-based +13% % Boron effect 4.9 BorAC LACS AlCrN/BN - ML Cutting Performance Measured and Calculated as Cutting Time [min] / Average Wear [µm] 1..5 BorAT - AlTiN/BN: Wear Behavior at Drilling AlTiSiN-1 VBmax [mm] BorAC 4 3 AlCr-ML AlCrN AlTiN ( ) 3 AlCrN market coating 1.85 X33CrS16 HRC 9. a p=5 mm a e=.5 mm v c=1 m/min Mat.: Tool steel Tools: d=8 mm Fraisa NX-V Torus d=. mm z=4 f z=.6 mm/tooth MQL Average wear = (Max. margin wear + VBmax (clearence wear) + Top edge wear + corner wear) / AlTiSiN- market coating AlTiSiN-1 market coating BorAT BorAT Drill s Corner Wear after 178 Holes Tool life [m] Mat.: Heat treated steel CrMo4 HRC 3 a p=18 mm v c=1 m/min Tools: Solid carbide drill d=6.8 mm Schlenker GmbH z= f=.15 mm/rev MQL Measured at GFE, Schmalkalden, Germany 11

12 & Triple Coatings 3 Coatings 4 with 3 3 : AlTiCrN BorAT : AlTiN/BN 3 AlCrN BorAC : AlCrN/BN AlTiN CrTiN

13 4 4 : AlCrTiN X 4 13

14 Cathode Configurations Triple Coatings 3 3 CrTiN : For Forming CrTiN - Cr/TiN-NL - CrN or TiN Cathode-positions: 1: Ti : Al 3: Cr 4: none Triple Coatings 3 3 AlTiN : For Universal Use TiN - AlTiN-G - AlTiN-NL Cathode-positions: 1: Ti : Al 3: Cr 4: none 3 AlCrN : For Dry Cutting Abrasive Materials CrN - Al/CrN-NL - AlCrN Cathode-positions: 1: Ti : Al 3: Cr 4: none 3 3 AlCrN +: AlCrN doped by Titan: TiN - AlTiN - Al/CrN-NL Cathode-positions: 1: Ti : Al 3: Cr 4: AlTi AlTiCrN : Universal for Cutting and Forming Ti(Cr)N - Al/CrN NL - AlTiCrN Cathode-positions: 1: Ti : Al 3: Cr 4: none 3 : For Universal Use, Turning, Drilling TiN - AlTiN - Cathode-positions: 1: Ti : AlSi 3: none 4: AlTi : : 1: Ti : AlSi 18 3: Cr 3 : For Superalloys, Milling, Hobbing CrN - AlTiCrN-ML - Cathode-positions: 1: Ti : AlSi 3: Cr 4: AlTi : : 1: Ti : AlSi 18 3: Cr 3 : For Superhard Machining, Milling, Drilling TiN - - TiSiN Cathode-positions: 1: Ti : Al 3: TiSi 4: AlTi 33 14

15 Coatings : AlCrTiN : Universal for Cutting and Forming CrTiN - AlCrTiN-G - Al/CrN Multilayer - AlCrTiN - (CrCN optional) Cathode-positions: 1: Ti : Al 3: Cr 4: AlCr 3 -Tribo: +CrCN 4 : Dedicated for Big Hobs CrTiN - AlCrTiN-G - Al/CrN Multilayer - AlCrTiN - (CrCN optional) Cathode-positions: 1: CrTi : Al 3: Cr 4: none 15 4 : For Universal Use, Turning, Drilling TiN - AlTiN-G - AlTiN-NL - Cathode-positions: 1: Ti : Al 3: AlSi 4: AlTi : For Superalloys, Milling, Hobbing CrN - AlCrN-G - AlCrN-NL - Cathode-positions: 1: Cr : AlSi 3: Cr 4: AlCr : For Superhard Machining TiN - -G - natcro-ml - TiSiN Cathode-positions: 1: Ti : Al 3: TiSi 4: AlCr 3 4 X : For HSC Dry Turning and Milling TiN - AlTiN - - AlCrON Cathode-positions: 1: Ti : AlSi 3: AlCr 4: AlTi

16 Applications with Classic Operations Sawing Tool Life Comparison tool life [work pieces] 3 AlCrN 67 1 AlTiN/TiSiN 1 +CBC (DLC ) Precision cutting of 3 mm profiles, stainless steel 94L Tool: carbide circular saw blade Ø 16mm x,8mm, z= Cutting conditions: n=4 rev/min, vf=64 mm/min, lubrication: oil Life time criterion: Burr formation on work piece Source: Swiss Watch Industry Tapping Injection Molding Production Comparison Costs of Cutting with Torque Solid with Carbide Drills and (DLC ) Torque M / Nm d coated Cutting torque Back driving torque tool 1 tool Number of true-to-gauge threads Material: TiAl6V4 - Tap: HSS - M1 - Thread depth ap=4 mm vc = 8 m/min - Core hole diameter: dc=8.5 mm - Coolant: Emulsion 1 % - external - p=5 bar Source: IGF project - RWTH Aachen, Germany Aluminum Injection Mold with Dedicated Multilayer- tool life [%] AlCrN Source: Gibbs Die Casting Ltd. Retsag, Hungary

17 Hobbing, Fine Blanking, Drilling with Drilling Triple Coatings 3 Productivity Improvement with Higher Speed and Feed 18% 16% 14% 1% 1% 8% 6% 4% % % TiAlN vc [m/min] f [mm/rev] Lm [holes] productivity vf [mm/min] 1.56 tc/hole [sec] 3146 machine+tools costs/tool use [ ] Work piece material: GGG4 ap=6 mm Solid carbide step drill: d=7.1/1 mm Internal cooling with 7 bar - 5 % emulsion Source: Sauer Danfoss, Steerings, Denmark Hobbing VBmax [µm] tool life: Lmz [m/tooth] VBmax=13µm AlTiN AlCrN Nanosphere No. of produced gears Mat.: MnCrB5 - Tool: PM-HSS - m=.7 - Down hill milling - vc= m/min - fa=3.6 mm dry Source: IFQ Magdeburg in the development project LMT-Fette - PLATIT The patented Nanosphere coating is a result of a common development project, exclusively for LMT-Fette Fine Blanking Comparative Analysis (SEM) after 3' Strokes Coating detached, maintenance urgently needed. Standard-AlCrN Element requires preventive maintenance. Dedicated TripleCoating 3 based on AlCrN 3 Element can continue in service. Source: Feintool, Lyss, Switzerland 17

18 Applications with Hard Cutting Super Hard Milling VB [µm] Wear Comparison 6 AlTiN (market coating) AlTiN + AlCrN (market coating) Torus end mill in cold-working steel X1Cr1 (1.8) HRC - ø8 mm - z=4 - a p=.1mm - a e=3mm - v c=1m/min n=4 1/min - f z=.mm - v f=3mm/min - dry - Source: Development project LMT Fette-PLATIT VB ave VB max Hard Milling Wear Comparison in Hot Working Steel, 54HRC Wear after 7 m milling [µm] VB [µm] Corner wear [µm] 6 18 Drilling AlTiN AlCrN AlCrN/TiSiN3 4 market coating market coating market coating market coating Tool: Solid carbide endmill - d=8mm - v c=1m/min - a p=4mm - a e=.3mm Coolant: Emulsion - Coating thickness: µm - Edge radius: 7 µm - Cutting length: 7m Work piece material: Hot working steel / SKD61-54 HRC Source: Tool manufacturer, China Tool Life Comparison in High Strength Steel Tool Life [m] AlCrN market coating 45.3 TiAlSiN market coating Work piece material: X155CrVMo R m=115 N/mm - Coolant emulsion 7% Tool: solid carbide drill: ø6.8 mm - Edge preparation: 5 µm - Coating thickness: 3 µm v c=7 m/min - f=.16mm/rev - a p=15 mm - Tested at GFE, Schmalkalden, Germany

19 Turning, Hobbing, Fine Blanking with OXI-Option: Oxide Quad-Coatings versus CVD at Turning of High Alloyed Steel Wear VB [µm] X PVD 3 µm CVD X 4 PVD 6 µm + 77% Cutting Time Coatings 4 4 X PVD 9.5 µm SME can more than compete with CVD using their own, thick PVD-OXI-coatings! Cutting time [sec] ~35 cycles ~6 cycles Inserts: WNMG vc=11 m/min f=.4mm Cutting length/cycle: 6.4m Material Ni-steel Rm=6 N/mm Coolant: MQS Source: Daimler AG, Stuttgart, Germany Hobbing Flank wear on AlCrSi-based market coating with thickness of 3.9 µm after tool life end Lf = 4 m 5 µm Flank wear on 4 with thickness of 4. µm after tool life end Lf = 3 m Tool Life Comparison at Dry Hobbing tool life [m/tooth] AlCrSi based market coating thin (3.3 µm) 4 AlCrSi based market coating thick (3.9 µm) AlTiCrN 3 Mat. : MnCrB5 - m=.7 Tool: -teeth - PM-HSS - vc=15 m/min - fa=1.7/work piece revolution - with 5 gears Measured at the University of Magdeburg, Germany 3 4 thick (4 µm) 48. 4: AlCrTiN4 Fine Blanking 4 Applications with + Tribo Work piece material: stainless steel (XCrTiNb18) Tool life [# work pieces] AlCrN 3 4+Tribo Source: Feintool Technologie AG Work piece material: stainless steel mm thick Tool life [# work pieces] AlCrN 3 4+Tribo Source: Feintool, Lyss, Switzerland 19

20 Lightweight Carousels Max. usable diameters Dx / Dy mm for Single rotation carousel D1=55 for saw blades D=46 mm for molds and dies 3 (6) axis carousel D3= / D6=15 3 axis carousel for saw blades with overlap Max. saw blade D=85 mm max Ø15 max Ø115 7 axis carousel D7=143 4 (8) axis carousel D4=15 / D8=115 5 (1) axis carousel D5=175 / D1= 94 max Ø183 max Ø5 4 axis dedicated asymmetric carousel D3=183 / D1=5 1 (6) axis carousel D1=1 / D6= axis carousel D14= 85

21 Holders for Cutting Tools Gearboxes for triple rotation for shank tools with shank diameter D and with gear positions #N Quad-Gearboxes (4-fold rotation) Holders Application D<=5 mm (") - N= 4 - for big shank tools, special sleeves Outer D=143 mm - Outer D=173 mm D<=4mm - N=6 D<=5mm - N=8 - N=1 D<=mm - N=1 D<=14mm - N=18 - N= The tools are rotating uninterruptedly around the own axes. It allows very homogeneous coating around the tools. Gearboxes make loading of batches significantly easier. No need for sensitive setting of kickers. For holding big quantities of shank tools D= 1 mm - 3/8": 5 x 14 positions = 7 tools D= 4 mm - 8 mm: 5 x 9 positions = 45 tools The whole batch usually contains the same tools. They are rotating around their own axes. Sleeves Insert holders with satellites and rods Hob holders for shank hobs and bore hobs For standard shank tools. Diameters: [mm] 6, 8, 1, 1, 14, 16, 18,,, 5, 3 and 1/8", 3/16", 1/4", 3/8", 1/",4/7", 5/8", 3/4", 7/8", 1" Special diameters on request Satellites for inserts with diameter / edge length [mm] d / : 8.5, 1, 14, 19,, 7, 9.5, 4 Satellites positions: 6, 9, 15, 18 Support ring for rods of small inserts. Rods according to the hole diameters of the inserts: d >.4, 3.7, 4., 5., 6. mm TongS keep the inserts without holes, spindled on special rods. TongS are products of 4pvd, Aachen, Germany. The parts of hob satellites are set together according to the sizes and dimensions of the different hobs. Vertical holders for fine blanking tools, punches and components Flat parts, punches, and fine blanking tools should be coated on one side only. Therefore only double rotation is necessary. The vertical holders with slots enable flexible clamping of the tools by screws or magnets. 1

22 Turnkey Solutions PL Coating Stripping Cleaning

23 The integration of flexible coating into the manufacturing production requires complete turnkey solutions. PLATIT offers complete coating systems including all necessary peripheral equipment and technologies for: surface pretreatment by polishing, brushing and/or micro blasting, one-chamber vacuum cleaning with "start-and-forget" operation, stripping of coatings from HSS and carbides, handling for loading and unloading of substrates and cathodes, and quality control systems according to ISO 91. Quality Control Pre- and Post- Treatment 3

24 Coating Guide Coating Usage Recommendations Cutting Chipless Forming Turning Milling - Hobbing Gear Cutting Sawing Drilling Reaming Broaching Tapping Injection molding Stamping Punching Forming Deep Drawing Extrusion Steels unalloyed < 1 N/mm Steels unalloyed > 1 N/mm Steels hardened < 55 HRC Steels hardened > 55 HRC Stainless steel AlTiN AlTiN AlTiN AlTiN SCILVIc SCILVIc SCILVIc CrTiN CrN -Tribo AlCrN AlCrN AlCrN AlCrN -Tribo -Tribo -Tribo -Tribo Superalloys Ni-based X 4 X 4 X 4 SCILVIc Superalloys Ti-based X SCILVIc Cast iron SCILVIc Aluminum Si > 1% AlTiN AlTiN AlTiN AlCrN Aluminum Si < 1% TiB TiB TiB SCILVIc TiB TiB -Tribo TiB TiB Copper ZrN CROMVIc 3 ZrN CROMVIc 3 ZrN CROMVIc 3 ZrN CROMVIc 3 ZrN CROMVIc 3 ZrN CROMVIc 3 ZrN CROMVIc 3 Bronze, Brass, Plastic CrN CrN CrN CrN SCILVIc CrN CrN CrN Graphite CROMVIc 3 CROMVIc 3 CROMVIc 3 CROMVIc 3 Carbon-fibre composites Wood CROMVIc 3 CROMVIc 3 CROMVIc 3 CROMVIc 3 Primary Recommendation: If available, use this coating for the application. coating A coating B Alternate Recommendation: Use this coating when the primary recommendation is not available. Thickness and structure can and should be different according to the different application processes even for the same coating. The exponent x (coating x) is defined by the machine, which coating generation the machine can deposit. Design: Editor: Dr. Tibor Cselle Pi ev7