Vauhtia korvaavien materiaalien kehitykseen

Transcription

1 VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND LTD Vauhtia korvaavien materiaalien kehitykseen Mineraalivarat ja korvaavat materiaalit (MISU) vuosiseminaari Vice President, TkT Tarja Laitinen

2 Vauhtia korvaavien materiaalien kehitykseen VTTn strategia Skenaariot: pysähtyneisyys (stagnation), niukkuus (scarcity), innovaatio (innovation) Materiaalimallinnus Integrated Computational Material Engineering (ICME) Esimerkkejä uusiutuvan energian puolelta 20/09/2017 2

3 VTT Strategy

4 20/09/2017 4

5 VTT Lighthouse: RESOURCE SUFFICIENCY Prosperity from resource wisdom

6 Resource sufficiency: OPPORTUNITIES RENEWABLE MATERIALS ONE-CARBON ECONOMY MINERALS FOR SUSTAINABLE USE FRUGAL FOOD PRODUCTION High performance materials C1 as energy carrier Mineral materials from extremes Re-think the food process Zero LCA processes Carbon cycle in forest industry Material circulation and transformation Circular food production Customized at-site products High-value products from C1 compounds Re-manufacturing and substitution Food without fields 20/09/2017 6

7 Scenario work

8 Scenarios and their impacts Opportunities/Threats analysis Anna Leinonen, Päivi Kivikytö-Reponen, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd. WP3 The raw materials playing field, meeting 14 June 2017 This project has received funding from the European Union s Horizon 2020 Framework Programme for Research & Innovation under Grant Agreement No

9 Foresight is needed for Future understanding Alternative futures Scenarios Direction Vision creation Participation, Co-creation Preparedness Roadmapping Vision paths Action Strategies Action plans

10 Scenario 1: World of stagnation Key factor defining the scenario Economic growth is slow in Europe, and the continent has turned to inwardlooking mode. There is stronger growth in Asia, and especially Chinese, investments in Africa and Latin America have boosted the economy of the continents, making these areas also a primary sphere of interest for China. 20/09/

11 Scenario 2: World of scarcity Key factor defining the scenario It is evident that the efforts to limit the global warming to two degrees did not succeed and permanent climate change has happened. Environmental change creates instability in the world and leads to global and local crises. Eventually, the crisis affects also the global raw material flows, and there are occasional interruptions in raw material availability. 20/09/

12 Scenario 3: World of ethics and innovation Key factor defining the scenario There has been a breakthrough in the development of renewable energy technologies and an abundance of energy is available. Societal atmosphere is characterized by optimism, innovativeness and ethical values highlighting global equity among people and nations. 20/09/

13 Integrated Computational Material Engineering (ICME)

14 VTT ProperTune is a computational modeling assisted material design, tailoring and performance evaluation methodology and software platform. Click to edit Master title style The main application areas of VTT ProperTune are 1) modeling of nano-microstructures and their properties at mesoscale: Incorporates and integrates a range of multiscale modeling Requirement methods and 1: techniques Collection for materials of related problems: Click to edit Master text styles computational multiscale Second level modeling tools to capture Third level relevant physics Fourth level Fifth level is a collection of software libraries, interfaces and modeling packages & tools enables the rapid development & deployment of modeling solutions is not a single software package, but rather a material modeling toolset Requirement 2: Ability to represent material structure in a virtual model and 2) performance dominating mechanisms and processes related to component operating environments or manufacturing (or both): Requirement 3: Capability to model the relevant microstructural & micromechanical phenomena 14

15 Multiscale materials modeling example: Deformation Click to edit of Metallic Master title Materials style Click to edit structural Master text styles damage, aging Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level Material performances, e.g. fatigue resistance Single crystal slip behavior Polycrystalline microstructure deformation Material properties, e.g. strength or ductility Dislocation core phenomena Dislocation line behavior 15

16 Process-Structure-Properties-Performance Design Concept in Application of ICME Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level 16

17 Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level MULTISCALE MATERIALS MODELING AND INTEGRATED COMPUTATIONAL MATERIALS ENGINEERING FOR METAL ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING17

18 Multiscale modeling for metal additive manufacturing Powder and alloy design Material property & performance design Modeling material structure properties and performance Discrete modeling of powder bed physics SLM process design and optimization Material structure to material properties causality Material performance Powder bed thermomechanics, laser matter interaction Thermomechanical modeling of selective laser melting PRODUCT PERFORMANCE AND COST Thermodynamics and phase fields Part geometry design Topology optimization Solidification microstructure, surface phenomena & reactive wetting Part specific process design, residual stress & distortion minization Optimized geometric design 20/09/

19 SLM transient thermal process model, cubic test samples 20/09/

20 Structure-Property: Crystal plasticity Example: roughly a single prior austenite grain Single crystal region with misorientation Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) image of a high-strength steel, martensite like basic microstructure Imaging based numerical model of the grain region Finite element mesh of the grain region 20/09/

21 Structure-Property-Performance : Microstructure informed modeling of fatigue Best microstructure as good as the others for large amplitudes Despite very small increments of slip, no threshold predicted ~100 cycles in strain control defects Columnar, coarse lamellar Introduction of a short fatigue crack size sharp defect influences cycles to initiation by a factor of approx. 5 Effect of pore approx /09/

22 Case examples: renewable energy

23 Global electricity production PWh other district heat and power industrial heat and power gas & oil coal & peat solar wind hydro nuclear 150% growth from 2010 to 2050 In 2010 solar and wind energy only 2% In %: solar 86 X wind 24 X 20/09/

24 Silver in solar technologies c-si PV and CSP 14,00 12,00 Silver content [kg/m²] kg/mw g/m² 10,00 8,00 6,00 4,00 Fresnel reflectors Parabolic trough Solar tower ,00 0, /09/

25 Thin film solar cells Technology Metal (g/m 2 ) CdTe Tellurium 6.5 CIGS Indium 2.9 Gallium 0.53 asige Germanium 0.44 DSSC Ruthenium /09/

26 Kriittiset materiaalit sähkökoneissa Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets Nd, Pr, Dy, Tb Nd 90%, Dy 10% gearless: REE kg/MW with gear: REE n. 30kg/MW HTS generator: 2kg REE/MW Y, La, Ce Moottorin kuva GE

27 Sähkökoneiden kasvavat markkinat TW Tuulivoima kasvuennuste Varovainen Rohkea Sähköautot kasvuennuste GLOBAL WIND ENERGY OUTLOOK 2016 Milj. EV's IEA2D2 Paris IEA 4DS IEA 2016

28 Other technologies Energy efficient lightning electromobility batteries (NiMH, Li-ion) fuel cells (PEMFC) other fuel cells PAFC, SOFC electrolysis alkalelektrolysis polymerelektrolysis other battery technologies catalytic processes (biofuels etc.) 20/09/

29 Demand of critical metals in relation to resources 350% Per cent of total resources 300% 250% 200% 150% 100% 50% Mining Consumption 0% Ag Nd Pr Dy Tb Yt La Ce Eu Co Pt Ru In Te 20/09/

30 Demand of critical metals in relation to reserves 450% 400% 350% Mining Consumption Per cent of total reserves 300% 250% 200% 150% 100% 50% 0% Ag Nd Pr Dy Tb Yt La Ce Eu Co Pt Ru In Te 20/09/

31 IPCC Mitigation Report more than1200 scenarios low stabilisation scenarios, ppm CO2eq two groups with emphasis on EE (low energy scenarios) or RES (high energy scenarios) IPCC, EE IPCC, RES VTT Solar 22 EJ/a 30 EJ/a 10 EJ/a Wind 20 EJ/a 32 EJ/a 31 EJ/a Solar scenarios are not realistic with current technologies from the perspective of critical metals 20/09/

32 Uudet suunnittelu-, valmistus- ja materiaaliteknologiat