Upcoming Assignments. (Storck): CCoT Essay due Monday, May 2 Ch. 16 & Ch. 17 Reading Guides due Monday, May 9

Transcription

1 Upcoming Assignments (Storck): CCoT Essay due Monday, May 2 Ch. 16 & Ch. 17 Reading Guides due Monday, May 9

2 Modern era of history. It s very connected!

3 The Industrial Revolution AP World History

4 What is it? (in 1 sentence) The Industrial Revolution, which took place from the 18th to 19th centuries, was a period during which predominantly agrarian, rural societies in Europe and America became industrial and urban.

5 Why do we care? Affects almost everything that happens in the Modern Era ( ) Large-scale: political and economic developments around the world Small-scale: daily life Two huge consequences of industrial technology: Industrialized countries = access to advanced weaponry Factories need raw materials to make products & markets to sell those products Colonization solves both those problems SO: Industrial Revolution 19th century imperialism a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force Into Asia, Africa, around the world

6 Explaining the Industrial Revolution Between 1400 & 1800 = rapid population growth worldwide Industrial Revolution = response to this dilemma Consequence of international trade & Columbian Exchange, among others Global energy crisis (wood, charcoal become scarce) New fuels discovered/used = coal, oil, natural gas New fuels increased output, faster technological innovation Changes in social order through urbanization & new classes Changes in human relationship to nature Eventually, environmental crisis in 20th century

7 Life Before the Industrial Revolution Most people lived in rural villages; small communities Farming = major economic sector 1/3 of the babies died before 1 year old; life expectancy was 40 years old Disease was common Private and public farmlands were not separated or fenced off It was easy for many families and farmers to work the land cooperatively and productively All daily activities revolved around farming

8 Early Industries in Britain Great Britain = wool industry Later, imported cotton Wool and cotton worked by hand into textiles (cloth) Used domestic system = products produced in the home by hand Workers set own hours & could take care of domestic duties Women took care of kids, cooked, etc. while making money at home Coal mining: most coal fields lay under the farmland

9 Shifts from Country to City Before: Britain had an open-field system = farmers could plant crops on unfenced private and public lands Enclosure movement = passing of laws that allowed landowners to take over and fence off private and common lands New agricultural innovations Lighter plows, selective animal breeding, crop rotation, higheryielding seeds, etc. Increased output, lowered food prices less farmers needed Result: Farmers have to move to towns/cities to find work

10 Why Britain? Agricultural improvements increased food production Rapid population growth surplus of labor for factories Farms need fewer workers, so more men for factories in cities Religious toleration in Britain = skilled workers of all faiths Capital supply: money to invest in labor, machines, and raw materials More $$$ to buy manufactured goods Had become wealthy because of Trans-Atlantic trade & colonies Wealthy aristocrats interested in profit Natural resources needed for manufacturing Coal & iron Harbors & rivers = transportation & power Small country = easy to transport stuff

11 Why Britain? (pt. 2) British government favored businessmen Britain s colonial empire Private property laws & patents to protect inventors Passed tariffs to keep out cheap foreign goods Provided stability, created roads & canals Big rivals in colonization = Dutch, French Had more colonies than either Markets to buy Britain s manufactured goods Food, raw materials, silver to feed & fund Britain Scientific Revolution Atmosphere of innovation Laws to protect & support inventions

12 Cotton Sparks a Revolution Britain s textile industries can t keep up with demand Everyone in their empire gets textiles from Britain Previous domestic system (sewing by hand) too slow New inventions increase manufacturing speed Spinning Jenny (1768) Water-powered loom (1787) Cotton gin (1793, in USA)

13 Cotton Sparks a Revolution Steam engine (1782) -- engine that pumps steam to power machinery by heating water, using coal Invented by James Watt - can pump water way faster than previous methods Britain s geography -- lots of rivers for steam power Result of this technology: Britain s cotton production explodes 1760: 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton imported into Britain 1787: 22 million pounds (textile machines) 1840: 366 million pounds (textile factories are widespread)

14 Other Technological Changes Increased production of iron ore Invention of the steam-powered locomotive 6,000 miles of railroads by 1840 Creates new job opportunities & connects towns long distance = newer, bigger markets Helps define Industrial Revolution by continuous, self-sustaining economic growth Use of the factory system Britain has lots, but first improvement in iron production since Middle Ages From mid-1700s to mid-1800s: 17,000 tons to 3 million tons Textile machines are large and costly -- shift from homes to factories Workers and machines under a manager Rigorous daily schedules (& punishments or beatings to enforce them) By 19th century: Britain is the workshop, banker, trader of the world Makes half of the world s coal and manufactured goods

15 Industrialization Spreads Other European states: Belgium, France, Germany - after 1815 Didn t have to reinvent the wheel -- learned from Britain s methods Governments support building factories, railroads with $$$ Joint-stock investment banks: pool a bunch of people s $$$ to invest in capital United States becomes the second-biggest industrial nation Dramatic population growth & urbanization Shift from farmers to factory-workers, centered in New England Steamboat & railroad the whole country can buy the Northeast s goods Helps fuel the U.S. Civil War The rest of the world: industrialization limited (on purpose) Russia is largely rural, agricultural Industrial Europe limits growth of industry in their colonies Britain s cheap textiles India has to produce raw materials, can t compete Robert Fulton s steamship

16 Inventions of the Industrial Revolution Telegraph - Samuel Morse, 1837 Telephone - Alexander Graham Bell, 1876 Helps factories run all night Internal Combustion Engine - Gottlieb Damier, 1885 You re probably familiar with this one Lightbulb - Thomas Edison, 1879 Communicate across great distances by sending morse code signals Stepping stone to the first automobiles Radio s, Guigielmo Marconi Airplane , Orville and Wilbur Wright Advances in medicine & science Pasteurization First vaccinations X-rays Charles Darwin s natural selection

17 Results of the Industrial Revolution Changes to the Social & Economic Order

18 Urbanization & Population Growth Europe s population doubles from Cities in European industrial nations grow In a tenement house: 63 families with 5 people sharing one bed Unsanitary conditions Steam engine-powered factories in urban centers New arrivals from around country looking for work Living quarters cramped in factory cities Less wars & epidemic diseases, more food supply Polluted with soot from burning coal Trash, waste thrown into streets to rot Death rate & sickness rate = high

19 Rise of the Middle Class Had existed since Middle Ages -- bourgeois lived in cities, worked as merchants, lawyers, etc. Benefited the most from industrialization Size, power, and wealth of the middle class increased Upper levels = factory and mine owners, bankers, merchants Middle levels = smaller businessmen, doctors, lawyers, engineers, teachers, journalists, scientists, other professionals Aristocracy weakens as a class Individual aristocrats & landowners = still doing fine But declining political power overall Basis of wealth isn t land ownership -- urban wealth becomes more important

20 The Industrial Working Class The proletariat -- ran machines in factories Dangerous work & terrible conditions Accidents very common no workers compensation Monotonous work; noisy; heavy machines hours a day in unventilated rooms Diseases like pneumonia and tuberculosis = common Wages extremely low -- even lower for women and children Women & children worked in large numbers, as young as 6 12-hour shifts, sometimes through the night Child labor exploited -- paid ⅙ of what an adult male paid No access to education, often became disabled or ill Together, Two-thirds of labor force in cotton by 1830

21 Women in the Industrial Revolution Factory Act of 1833: Restricted children s work in factories Men and women = separate roles, work vs. home Men are the primary workers Women take care of the family, do work that can be home, create an emotional haven & moral center for fam Second Industrial Revolution = new job opportunities Less child labor women dominate labor force instead Paid half or less of what men received Women hired for white-collar jobs: typists, clerks, secretaries, health & social services, education (still paid less than men) Escape from domestic role (or from factory labor) Middle & upper-class women: political activism Education, aid to widows & single mothers, temperance, abolitionism

22 Second Industrial Revolution After 1870s -- a boom in prosperity New products New ideas: mass consumerism Steel -- stronger & more efficient than iron for construction Electricity -- power stations for neighborhoods by 1910 Transportation (airplanes, cars, ocean liners) Manufactured goods are cheap, real wages go up Europeans buy way more consumer products Germany becomes most industrialized in Europe after 1870 Uneven development (see next slide)

23 Red & Orange: Industrialized High standards of living Relatively healthy Systems of education & transportation Yellow & Green: Still agrarian Low standards of living Provide raw materials & food to industrial countries

24 Industrialization Spreads (Again) International trade increases dramatically after 1850 Shift in balance of trade: Surge of industrialization in Russia after 1890s Before: Europe imports from Asia Now: Europe exports manufactured goods to Asia Capital + industries + military = Europeans dominant miles of railroad track, massive oil & steel production Much of the population still poor farmers Japan industrializes Imperial government promotes industry, builds infrastructure Implements universal education based on applied science Really good at: tea, silk, shipbuilding, guns

25 Industrial Capitalism The ideas to explain & justify the Industrial Revolution Mass production Eli Whitney s interchangeable parts Henry Ford s assembly line -- each worker does one thing Efficient, but less value on individual workers Adam Smith s Wealth of Nations Basis for capitalism -- break away from European mercantilism Trade is good for everyone involved -- everyone wins Individuals compete & are motivated by profit Invisible hand -- the market regulates itself Lassiez-faire: -- the government should be hands-off

26 Protests & an Organized Working Class Workers complain, demand better working conditions Labor unions: organizations of workers created to pressure business owners to improve working conditions, wages Stronger as a group than as individuals Union tactics included: Nationwide organization and cooperation Strikes Collective bargaining (union leaders & employers work together to discuss problems & try to come to agreements) Threats of violence

27 Protests: Alternative Visions of Society Poor conditions for working class inspire socialist movements Marxism views industrial capitalism as an unstable system doomed to collapse Definition: an economic system where ownership of the means of production are shared by people or owned by government Explained in Karl Marx s Communist Manifesto & On Capital All of history defined by class struggle - workers vs. capital owners Proletariat would overthrow bourgeoisie Create a classless society, no private property, workers control factories Ideas put into practice Physical protests -- Luddites in Britain destroy factories Reform movements -- make conditions better for workers No reform in Russia Russian Revolution