Hydrogen from Renewable Energy Source

Transcription

1 FuncHy Workshop 2007 FZK - Karlsruhe 21 November 2007 Hydrogen from Renewable Energy Source Reinhold Wurster wurster@lbst.de 1 Ludwig-Bölkow-Systemtechnik GmbH Ottobrunn/ Germany

2 Content Global Future Energy Trends Hydrogen from Renewable Energy Sources Compared to Other Alternative Fuels Potentials of Renewable Energy Sources for the Production of Hydrogen as Transport Fuel Cost of Hydrogen as Transport Fuel Compared to Other Alternative Fuels 2

3 Global Future Energy Trends 3

4 Global future energy trends Peak of fossil energy supply 16,000 Production in [Mtoe per year] 14,000 12,000 Legend Oil 10,000 8,000 6,000 OIL PEAK 2005~2010 4,000 2,000 Oil Source: LBST 4 Scenario assumption: decline rate after peak of 2.7%/yr Actual experience: decline rates of 10%/yr and beyond (e.g. Alaska, Mexico, Norway, Oman, UK)

5 Global future energy trends Peak of fossil energy supply 16,000 Production in [Mtoe per year] 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 Legend Gas Oil GAS PEAK 2015~2025 6,000 Gas 4,000 2,000 Oil Source: LBST 5

6 Global future energy trends Peak of fossil energy supply 16,000 Production in [Mtoe per year] 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 Legend Coal lignite Coal bit+subbit Gas Oil COAL PEAK 2030~2040 Bituminous + subbituminous Lignite coal 6,000 Gas 4,000 2,000 Oil Source: LBST 6 For details on coal resource/reserve analysis, see EWG Report No. 1/ 2007 "Coal : e/2007ewg-coal e.html

7 Global future energy trends Peak of fossil energy supply Production in [Mtoe per year] 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 Legend Nuclear Coal lignite Coal bit+subbit Gas Oil NUCLEAR PEAK 2015~2020 Bituminous + subbituminous Lignite coal 6,000 Nuclear Gas 4,000 2,000 Oil Source: LBST 7 For details on nuclear resource/reserve analysis, see EWG Report No. 1/2006 "Uranium : e/2006ewg-uranium e.html

8 Global future energy trends Peak of fossil energy supply Production in [Mtoe per year] 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 Legend Nuclear Coal lignite Coal bit+subbit Gas Oil WEO 2006 scenario FOSSIL+NUCLEAR PEAK 2015~2020 Bituminous + subbituminous Lignite coal 6,000 4,000 Gas Nuclear 2,000 Oil Source: LBST 8

9 Global future energy trends Alternative World Energy Outlook by LBST Total primary energy supply in [Mtoe] 20,000 15,000 10,000 Legend Geothermal Hydro Wind Biomass Solar collectors SOT PV Uranium Coal Gas Oil WEO 2006 Hydropower Uranium Coal Geothermal Wind power Biomass Solar collectors SOT 5,000 PV Gas Oil Source: LBST 9

10 Hydrogen from Renewable Energy Sources Compared to Other Alternative Fuels 10

11 Alternative Transport Fuels (i.e. non petroleum-based) Today available alternatives: Fatty acid methyl ester (bio-diesel) Virgin plant oil Bio-ethanol Natural Gas (CNG) Electricity (battery electric vehicles) 11 Further future alternatives: Synthetic liquid hydrocarbons from biomass (BtL) Synthetic liquid hydrocarbons from coal (CtL) Purified biogas ( Compressed Methane Gas from biogas) Hydrogen (CGH 2, LH 2 ) Compilation: LBST

12 12 Conventional and Renewable Transportation Fuel Supply Paths Crude Oil Gasoline Diesel Natural Gas Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Methanol FT-Diesel, FT-Naphtha Hydrogen (CGH 2, LH 2 ) Electric Power (fossil, nuclear) Hydrogen (CGH 2, LH 2 ) Electricity Electric Power (renewable) Hydrogen (CGH 2, LH 2 ) Electricity Biomass (Lignocellulosis) Hydrogen (CGH 2, LH 2 ) Methanol Ethanol FT-Diesel, FT-Naphtha (BTL) Biomass (Sugar Beet, Wheat) Ethanol Biomass (Oil Plants) Plant Oil FAME BTL-like fuel (NExBTL) Biogas Methane from Biogas Hydrogen (CGH 2 ) Compilation: LBST

13 Compressed Hydrogen (CGH 2 ) from Biomass Gasification Gasification of Wood Chips (WC) DM2 WC Water Gasifier (allothermal) CO, H 2 CO Shift 13 Grid Gas Engine/ MCFC Spülgas Electricity Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) Compression Compressed Hydrogen (for 70 MPa Vehicle Tanks) η 50 % Compilation: LBST

14 Compressed Hydrogen (CGH 2 ) from Renewable Electricity η WKA = 100 % Compressed Hydrogen from Renewable Electricity Electricity Electrolysis Water Hydrogen Concept for CGH 2 Refuelling Station (Hydrogen Systems) Compression Compressed Hydrogen (for 70 MPa Vehicle Tanks) η 60 % Compilation: LBST 14

15 Liquid Hydrogen (LH 2 ) from Renewable Electricity Liquid Hydrogen from Renewable Electricity Electricity Electrolysis Water η WKA = 100 % Hydrogen 15 LH 2 trailer Liquefaction Distribution Liquid Hydrogen η 50 % Compilation: LBST

16 Acreage Yields for Several Renewably Produced Transportation Fuels 800 Yield [GJ final fuel /(ha yr)] Assumptions H 2 : Area occupied with PV: 33% Solar irradiation: 900 kwh/(m 2 yr) Efficiency PV panels: 15% Performance Ratio: 75% Efficiency CGH 2 supply: 60% Efficiency LH 2 supply: 54% 4.8 wind turbines/km kw/wind turbine Equivalent full load period WT: 1800 h/yr Bandwidth *) *) Biodiesel (RME) Ethanol wheat Ethanol short rotation forestry Bio-methane BTL CGH2 short rotation forestry LH2 short rotation forestry CGH2 PV LH2 PV CGH2 wind power LH2 wind power Source: LBST *) more than 99% of the land area can still be used for other purposes e.g. agriculture 16

17 Flächenerträge für verschiedene erneuerbare Kraftstoffe Annahmen H 2 : Anteil Fläche PV-Module: 33% Ertrag [GJ KS /(ha a)] Solare Einstrahlung: 900 kwh/(m 2 a) Wirkungsgrad PV-Module: 15% Performance Ratio (PR): 75% Wirkungsgrad CGH 2 -Bereitstellung: 60% Wirkungsgrad LH 2 -Bereitstellung: 54% 4,8 Windkraftanlagen/km kw/windkraftanlage Jahresvollbenutzungsdauer WKA: 1800 h/a Palmöl Indonesien Bandbreite *) *) 0 Biodiesel (RME) Ethanol aus Weizen Ethanol aus Kurzumtrieb Methan aus Biogas BTL CGH2 aus Kurzumtrieb LH2 aus Kurzumtrieb CGH2 aus PV LH2 aus PV CGH2 Wind LH2 Wind Source: LBST 17 *) more than 99% of the land area can still be used for other purposes e.g. agriculture

18 18 Number of Passenger Cars (hybrid) which can be supplied per ha Annual operating range passenger cars: 12,000 km [Passenger cars/ha] Biodiesel (RME) Assumptions H 2 : Area occupied with PV: 33% Solar irradiation: 900 kwh/(m 2 yr) Efficiency PV panels: 15% Performance Ratio (PR): 75% Efficiency CGH 2 supply: 60% Efficiency LH 2 supply: 54% 4.8 wind turbines/km kw/wind turbine Equivalent full load period WT: 1800 h/yr Ethanol wheat Ethanol short rotation forestry Bio-methane Bandwidth BTL LH2 short rotation forestry CGH2 short rotation forestry CGH2 aus PV LH2 aus PV CGH2 Wind *) Reference vehicle: VW Golf *) more than 99% of the land area can still be used for other purposes e.g. agriculture LH2 Wind *) Diesel engine Otto engine Fuel cell Compilation: LBST

19 19 Number of Passenger Cars (hybrid) which can be supplied per ha Annual operating range passenger cars: 12,000 km [Passenger cars/ha] Biodiesel (RME) Assumptions H 2 : Area occupied with PV: 33% Solar irradiation: 900 kwh/(m 2 yr) Efficiency PV panels: 15% Performance Ratio (PR): 75% Efficiency CGH 2 supply: 60% Efficiency LH 2 supply: 54% 4.8 wind turbines/km kw/wind turbine Equivalent full load period WT: 1800 h/yr Ethanol wheat Ethanol short rotation forestry Bio-methane Bandwidth BTL LH2 short rotation forestry CGH2 short rotation forestry CGH2 aus PV LH2 aus PV CGH2 Wind *) Reference vehicle: VW Golf *) more than 99% of the land area can still be used for other purposes e.g. agriculture LH2 Wind *) Diesel engine Otto engine Fuel cell Compilation: LBST

20 20 Energy Use "Well-to-Wheel hybrid 6 5 Internal Combustion Engine Fuel Cell Renewable Nuclear Fossil 1 0 Credit for Electricity -1 Compilation: LBST [MJ/km] Gasoline Petroleum Diesel Petroleum FAME (RME) Ethanol Sugar Beet Ethanol Wheat Coal-CHP Ethanol Wheat Biogas Plant* Ethanol Waste Wood Ethanol Short Rotation Ethanol Residual Straw BTL Waste Wood** BTL Short Rotation** CGH2 Biogas (Bio Waste) CGH2 Waste Wood CGH2 Short Rotation LH2 Waste Wood LH2 Short Rotation Reference Vehicle: VW Golf * Integrated ecological concept with recycling of residual products to the agricultural crop land ** Synthetic Diesel fuel from Fischer-Tropsch-Synthesis

21 21 Greenhouse Gas Emissions "Well-to-Wheel hybrid Internal Combustion Engine Fuel Cell Credit for Electricity N2O CH4 CO2 Compilation: LBST [g CO2-Equivalent/km] Gasoline Petroleum Diesel Petroleum FAME (RME) Ethanol Sugar Beet Ethanol Wheat Coal-CHP Ethanol Wheat Biogas Plant* Ethanol Waste Wood Ethanol Short Rotation Ethanol Residual Straw BTL Waste Wood** BTL Short Rotation** CGH2 Biogas (Bio Waste) CGH2 Waste Wood CGH2 Short Rotation LH2 Waste Wood LH2 Short Rotation Reference Vehicle: VW Golf * Integrated ecological concept with recycling of residual products to the agricultural crop land ** Synthetic Diesel fuel from Fischer-Tropsch-Synthesis

22 Potentials of Renewable Energy Sources for the Production of Hydrogen as Transport Fuel 22

23 Technical potential of different biofuels in the EU-27 PJ/a Rail Inland navigation Civil aviation The potentials of different alternatives are shown and can not be added. including present utilization Without consideration of competing utilisation for power and heat production Road transport Plantation (grasses: t DM/ha/yr) Plantation (short rotation forestry) Residual wood, residual straw Via biogas 5,75% share of biofuels Demand (Transport) ) min max min max min max min max min max min max min max Biogas (Methane) Hydrogen (CGH 2 ) Hydrogen (LH 2 ) 1) Source: IEA-Statistics , 2006 edition 2) Gross (without the energy efforts for the supply of the fuels e.g. the use of external energy for the ethanol plant) BTL Plant oil/ FAME 2) Ethanol from wheat 2) Ethanol via SSCF Compilation: LBST 23

24 Technical potentials for hydrogen from renewable electricity in EU PV (roof area, open land area) 2) Solarthermal power stations [PJ/yr] Rail Inland navigation Civil aviation Road transport Ocean power Geothermal Wind onshore Wind offshore Fuel consumption (Transport 2004) 1) CGH Hydropower LH 2 2 1) IEA Statistics , 2006 edition 2) Photovoltaic plants on open land area: 0.1% of total land area min max min max Compilation: LBST

25 Substitution of global fossil based transportation fuel by hydrogen Comparison hydrogen from photovoltaic electricity (PV) versus plant oil from jatropha Einheit CGH 2 LH 2 Pflanzenöl (Jatropha) Fuel consumption transport 2004 Mtoe 1,975 1,975 1,975 1,975 ~320 l 8 billion cap. TWh/yr 22,964 22, Efficiency fuel supply Electricity demand fuel production TWh/yr 38,086 42, Solar insulation kwh/(m 2 yr) 1,300 1, Efficiency PV panel Performance ratio Electricity yield PV panel area kwh/(m 2 yr ) Fraction of area covered by PV panels Yield plant oil t/(ha yr) ) 2) Required area Mill. km Land area earth Mill. km Share of land area for fuel production % ) 2 t seed per ha and year, oil yield 0.34 kg/kg; without irrigation; 2) 8 t seed per ha and year, oil yield 0.34 kg/kg; with irrigation; Source: Abhiskek Maharishi, Centre of Excellence for Jatropha Biodiesel Promotion, India; Compilation: LBST 25 For comparison: land area of the USA is about ~9.2 million km 2

26 Energy Flux Densities Analysis Energy flux densities (a comparison) Global Energy Supply Systems: Global Biomass Energy Flux Density: Global Geothermal Heat Flux Density: Global Kinetic Energy Dissipation: Global Surface Solar Energy Flux Density: ~ 0,03 Wm-2 ~ 0,10 Wm-2 ~ 0,10 Wm-2 ~ 3 Wm-2 ~ 165 Wm-2 Conclusions: In the long run, only the sun and the wind can be pillars of the energy supply system. Biomass energy clashes with food production. Source: Prof. H. Graßl, MPI 26

27 Primary Energy Supply: Contributions from Renewable Energies Growth rates and methodology Photovoltaic (PV) + 24 % per year Potential P: available technical potential [ecological limitations considered] Solar thermal power plants (SOT) + 30 % per year Logistic growth concept Solar collectors (heat) + 11 % per year Potential P Biomass % per year 0.5 * P b Potent ial Wind power Hydropower Geothermal + 16 % per year % per year + 11 % per year History (already developed) F = T0 P ( ) 1+e -T-T0 b Compilation: LBST 27 Source: LBST Average global growth rates

28 Role of hydrogen Where does the hydrogen come from? Electricity by world region 70,000 70,000 Electricity production in [TWh/yr] 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 Legend Africa Middle East Latin America East Asia South Asia China Transition Economies OECD Pacific OECD Europe OECD North America 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 Electricity demand (2004) 17,500 TWh 20,000 10,000 Source: LBST 28 PV SOT Wind Hydropower Geothermal Cumulative regional growth scenarios based on historic growth rates projected into the future via logarithmic function

29 Role of hydrogen Where does the hydrogen come from? Heat by world region Thermal energy production in [Mtoe/yr] 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 Legend Africa Middle East Latin America East Asia South Asia China Transition Economies OECD Pacific OECD Europe OECD North America? 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 Heat and transportation fuel 4,000 2,000 demand (2004): ~5,700 Mtoe Biomass demand (2004): ~1,100 Mtoe Biomass Biogas Geothermal heat Solar thermal 2,000 Source: LBST 29 Cumulative regional growth scenarios based on historic growth rates projected into the future via logarithmic function

30 Role of hydrogen Which needs can it cover? Alternative Fuels? Infrastructure? Transport sector: Local production of hydrogen (reduction of oil import dependency, long-term growth will not be feasible with fossil fuels nor with biomass-derived fuels respectively through imports) 30 Stationary sector: Supply of back-up power via fuel cells (hospitals, telecom, data processing, manufacturing processes, refrigeration, etc.) Remote /re-electrification for electrical islands (compensation for infrastructure deficits) Load levelling of fluctuating electricity production Source: LBST

31 Cost of Hydrogen as Transport Fuel Compared to Other Alternative Fuels 31

32 32 Fuel costs Well-to-Tank 1,60 1,40 1,20 1,00 0,80 0,60 0,40 0,20 0,00 Fuel costs [ /l GE] Source: LBST Oil Natural Gas Biomass Electricity FCV fuels ICEV fuels Gasoline Diesel LH2 NG-4000 CNG NG-4000 Methanol remote-ng CGH2 EU-NG-Mix/onsite CGH2 NG-Mix-4000/onsite CGH2 WWCH2 CGH2 WFCH1 Ethanol Sugar Beet FT diesel WF CGH2 EU-El-Mix onsite CGH2 Wind Crude oil based gasoline and diesel: price ex filling station without taxes in June 2006

33 Fuel costs versus GHG emissions Well-to-Tank - hybrid powertrain 33 CO 2 equivalent [g/km] /bbl w/o tax LPG CNG 0 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05 CGH 2 (farmed wood) reference vehicle VW Golf hybrid CTL CGH 2 (hard coal) Methanol (NG) Battery electric vehicle (EU electricity mix) CGH 2 (NG) GTL DME (NG) CMG (biogas) CGH 2 (EU electricity mix) EtOH (wheat) RME EtOH (residual straw) BTL (farmed wood) CGH 2 (wind) Methanol (farmed wood) Fuel costs [EUR/vehicle-km] LH 2 (wind) CGH 2, LH 2 : FC Methanol: FPFC Diesel, RME, BTL, GTL, CTL, DME: Diesel ICE Gasoline, ethanol, CMG: Otto ICE /bbl w tax Source: LBST

34 Thank you for your attention! For further information on hydrogen and fuel cells: Basic information on H 2 and fuel cells + newsletter (operative since 1996) Overview of all H 2 and fuel cell vehicles worldwide (operative since 2000) Overview of all H2 refuelling stations (operative since 2000) Overview of the availability of fossil energy sources (operative since 2000) 34