Newly introduced strawberry genotypes for Nordic Baltic conditions

Transcription

1 Hort. Sci. (Prgue) Vol. 44, 2016 (3): Newly introduced strwberry genotypes for Nordic Bltic conditions Ave Kiks, Liin Arus, Hedi Kldmäe, Ast-Virve Libek Polli Horticulturl Reserch Centre, Institute of Agriculturl nd Environmentl Sciences, Estonin University of Life Sciences, Trtu, Estoni Corresponding uthor: Abstrct Kiks A., Arus L., Kldmäe H., Libek A.V. (2017): Newly introduced strwberry genotypes for Nordic Bltic conditions. Hort. Sci. (Prgue), 44: Eight recently introduced strwberry genotypes Chmbly, Clery, Drselect, Deli, Hrmonie, Mtis, Sllybright, Sls nd Seng Sengn (stndrd cultivr) were evluted t the Polli Horticulturl Reserch Centre of the Estonin University of Life Sciences, Institute of Agriculturl nd Environmentl Sciences. Phenology, winter hrdiness, strwberry blossom weevil (Anthonomus rubi) injury, yield, fruit weight, soluble solids, sugr, cid nd scorbic cid content of the fruit were determined. Genotypes more suited to the Estonin climte conditions re the winter hrdy, lte-yielding cultivrs Sls nd Hrmonie. Sls hs good, high qulity yield with lrge ttrctive fruit. The fruit of Hrmonie contins much scorbic cid, but the sugr-cid rtio is less blnced. Erly genotypes Chmbly, Clery, Drselect, Deli, Sllybright nd the lte genotype Mtis hve lower yield thn the stndrd cultivr Seng Sengn. Keywords: cultivr; winter hrdiness; yield, fruit weight; biochemicl composition; GDD Strwberry is widespred cultivted berry in Europe (HÖfer 2012; KÅrlind et l. 2015). Even in hrsh Northern Europen climtic conditions strwberries cn be grown successfully. According to Sttistics Estoni, there were 675 hectres of strwberries grown in Estoni in In hrsh wether conditions, it is very importnt to choose the right genotype. Nowdys, the cultivrs Polk nd Sont re most widely cultivted in Estoni, nd, to lesser extent, the lte ripening cultivr Florence, which often suffers from winter dmge in these wether conditions. There is no breeding progrm for strwberries in Estoni, so the only option for improving the vriety vilble is to use genotypes developed elsewhere. The importnt spects in selecting suitble genotypes re winter hrdiness, yield nd resistnce to pests nd diseses over the course of severl yers. However, the requirements for genotypes re chnging over time. Aside from the importnce of good yield, qulittive properties like fruit size nd nutrient content re gining importnce. Severl reserches hve shown tht strwberries contin mny compounds beneficil to the humn body, such s scorbic cid, polyphenols including nthocynins, phenolic cids, flvonols etc. (Hkl et l. 2003; Anttonen et l. 2006; Aby et l. 2007; Josuttis et l. 2012). Strwberries re used in desserts nd therefore their tste is very importnt. The rtio between sugr nd cids in strwberries nd in other berries cn ct s n importnt indictor of fruit tste (Bordonb, Terry 2008, 2010; Crespo et l. 2010). In orgnic strwberry growing, there is need for genotypes with high Supported by the Estonin Ministry of Rurl ffirs progrm Collection nd Conservtion of Plnt Genetic Resources for Food nd Agriculture in

2 Vol. 44, 2016 (3): Hort. Sci. (Prgue) tolernce to pests nd diseses (Weissinger et l. 2014). All these properties re lrgely determined by genotype, but they re lso influenced by hrvest nd pre-hrvest wether conditions (temperture, precipittion etc.), the hbitt, production system nd other fctors. However, different genotypes cn perform differently (Krüger 2012). Reserch hs shown tht strwberries tht were grown in different environmentl conditions hve different biochemicl composition depending on the genotypes (KÅrlind et l. 2015), lthough, Crespo et l. (2010) corrobortes the dominnt role of strwberry genotype over environmentl fctors. The im of the present study is to find suitble strwberry genotypes for Estonin conditions tht hve high yield, ttrctive fruit nd n cceptble biochemicl composition. Besides the genotype, the yield nd its qulity depend on multiple fctors nd therefore it is importnt to test the suitbility of the genotype in locl conditions. Positive test results in locl conditions give confidence to the growers nd vluble feedbck to the breeder bout the performnce of the genotype in different regions. MATERIAL AND METHODS The reserch ws crried out in t the Polli Horticulturl Reserch Centre. The cultivr evlution plot in South-Estoni, Polli (58 7'6''N, 25 32'43''E) ws estblished in the spring of 2010 with eight new cultivrs: Chmbly, Clery, Drselect, Deli, Drselect, Hrmonie, Mtis, Sllybright, Sls nd Seng Sengn s the stndrd cultivr. Three replictions, 10 plnts in ech, were plnted t distnces of m using blck plstic mulch. The soil ws soddy podzolic cly lom. No irrigtion nd plnt protection tretments were pplied. The NPK-minerl fertilizer Cropcre (Yr interntionl, Finlnd) ws dded before plnting (600 kg/h). One tespoon of the fertilizer Cropcre per plnt ws pplied under the blck plstic mulch ech spring, strting from the second yer. The vegettion between the plnt rows ws controlled mechniclly by mowing. Weeds round the plnts were removed mnully nd runners removed once per vegettion period in August. For ech cultivr, the onset of flowering nd the beginning of hrvest were recorded nd bsed on this, the growing degree dys (GDD) to nthesis nd from nthesis nd hrvest strt were clculted s follows: GDD = (T mx + T min /2) T bse where: T mx, T min dily mx. nd min. tempertures; T bse bse temperture (McMster, Wilhelm 1997) The bse temperture of 3 C ws used (Døving, Måge 2001). Winter dmge ws evluted on the scle of 1 9 points ech spring during the intensive growth of the leves s follows: (1) helthy plnts, to (9) ll plnts destroyed. The strwberry blossom weevil dmge ws determined s percent of flowers with blossom weevil injury from the totl number of flowers counted in 5 plnts per repliction. Fruits were picked every second dy or, t the end of the hrvest period, every third dy. The totl yield nd the frction of dmged fruit (mlformed nd dmged by fungi, etc.) were weighted nd the percentge of dmged fruit ws clculted. The weight of 20 fruits ws determined in ech lot nd the men fruit weight ws clculted. The totl number of flowers nd flowers with blossom weevil injury in the five strwberry plnts ws counted on ech plot nd the percentge of dmged flowers ws clculted. For the biochemicl nlysis, the representtive smples were prepred from the field smples: 200 g of berries were homogenized using kitchen blender nd nlysed on the sme dy for soluble solids, sugrs, orgnic cids nd scorbic cid content. The soluble solids content in the homogenized smples ws recorded t 20 C using n ABBE refrctometer (Abbe WYA-1S, Optic Ivymen System, Spin), orgnic cids were determined by titrtion with 0.1 M NOH. Ascorbic cid ws determined using the modified Tillmn s method by titrtion with 2.6-dichloroindophenol under cid conditions (ISO :1984 Fruits, vegetbles nd derived products Determintion of scorbic cid content Prt 2: Routine methods). The ferricynide method ws used for the sugr content nlysis (Turkin, Shirokov 1960). The content of scorbic cid ws expressed in mg per 100 g of fresh berries; sugrs nd cids in percent. All results were tested by one- nd two-wy nlysis of vrince (ANOVA). To evlute the effect of genotypes, the lest significnt difference (LSD 0.05 ) ws clculted. Different letters in figures nd tbles mrk significnt differences t P

3 Hort. Sci. (Prgue) Vol. 44, 2016 (3): RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Phenology, winter nd blossom weevil dmge In northern climtes, winter dmge often occurs in strwberry plnttions(sønsteby, Krhu 2005). In Estoni, strwberry plnts re injured when snow cover is insufficient (Kiks, Libek 2004). In the testing yers, the snow cover ws sufficient for good overwintering of most strwberry genotypes. In 2011, miniml injury occurred to genotypes Deli nd Mtis nd, in 2012, to genotypes Clery, Chmbly nd Mtis. In 2013, there ws no winter dmge. Strwberry blossom weevil dmge ws evluted only in 2011, in other yers, notble injury did not occur. In 2011, Clery suffered the biggest dmge (23.7%); Drselect (16.2%), Deli (16.2%) nd Sls (13.2%) were lso ffected; in Hrmonie (5.2%) the injury ws not so severe. The rest of the genotypes were not ffected. The reson for Clery suffering the biggest dmge ws due to the smll number of blossoms, which ws lso the cse for Drselect nd Deli. Previous reserch done in Estoni nd in Austri showed tht the blossoms of lte genotypes re mostly less dmged thn erly genotypes, but the genetic bckground of genotypes is importnt s well (Kiks et l. 2009; Weissinger et l. 2009, 2012). The reserch results confirm the importnce of genotype in the context of blossom weevil injury. In 2011, the flowering begn lmost simultneously, so the flowering time did not ffect the rte of the injury. On the contrry, reserch in Polnd confirms tht the wether conditions during the yer hve much stronger influence on the injury of the blossom weevil thn either genotype or flowering time (Łbnowsk 2004). The onset of the flowering of the strwberry genotypes ws the ltest, but reltively simultneous, in My ws reltively cool, the end of My nd the beginning of June were unusully wrm; GDD vlues for nthesis were GDD (Tble 1). The gretest difference in the nthesis of the genotypes ws in 2012: the erly genotypes, Chmbly, Clery, Drselect nd Deli needed only GDD for nthesis wheres the lte genotype Hrmonie needed 348 GDD. In 2013, the GDD for nthesis in the strwberry genotypes ws GDD. In 2011, the ripening of the fruit ws very fst, it took only dys from nthesis to the beginning of hrvest; except for the genotypes Hrmonie nd Mtis were it took 26 nd 27 dys, respectively. As n verge over the yers, dys were needed from nthesis to hrvest. The vrition over the yers ws lrge, but no significnt difference between the genotypes ws reveled. The verge GDD vlues from nthesis to the strt of the hrvest were quite similr for the genotypes: Hrmonie hd the highest GDD vlue (352 GDD), followed by Sls nd Clery with GDD vlues of 344 nd 332 GDD respectively; the ltter hd similr GDD vlue (320 GDD) in the tril in Switzerlnd (Krüger et l. 2012). The period from nthesis to the strt of the hrvest ws shortest for genotype Sllybright with GDD vlue of 288 GDD. Yield, fruit weight nd dmged fruit In 2011, the yield of the strwberry genotypes ws very low, in most genotypes it ws t the sme level Tble 1. Growing degree dys (GDD, bse temperture 3 C) to nthesis nd from nthesis to hrvest strt Genotype GDD to nthesis GDD from nthesis to hrvest strt Averge Averge Seng Sengn ± 13.2 bc ± 27.8 bc Chmbly ± 45.5 d ± 36.0 bc Clery ± 35.4 d ± 48.0 b Drselect ± 31.9 cd ± 33.5 bc Deli ± 33.9 cd ± 57.6 bc Hrmonie ± ± 24.7 Mtis ± 36.3 b ± 54.8 b Sllybright ± 27.1 bc ± 24.0 c Sls ± 16.6 bc ± 26.8 b different letters in columns mrk significnt differences t P

4 Vol. 44, 2016 (3): Hort. Sci. (Prgue) Tble 2. Yield, percentge fruits nd weight of strwberry genotypes Genotype Yield (g/plnt) Dmged fruit (%) Fruit weight (g) Averge of yers Seng Sengn 128 b 631 b 207 bc 4.8 b 6.6 c 9.5 d 7.3 e Clery 89 bc 166 d 119 c 1.7 c bc 9.0 cde Chmbly 74 c 392 c 219 bc 2.2 c 9.1 bc 14.8 bc 8.9 cde Drselect 100 bc 369 c 213 bc 3.2 bc Deli 95 bc 375 c 176 bc 2.4 bc 10.1 b 13.7 bc 10.0 bcd Hrmony 169 b 662 b b c 8.6 de Mtis 78 c 278 cd 165 bc 1.8 c 10.5 b 15.7 b 11.7 b Sllybright 80 c 253 cd 162 bc b 15.8 b 10.8 bcd Sls 164 b b 3.4 bc bc different letters in columns mrk significnt differences t P 0.05 s the yield of the stndrd cultivr Seng Sengn, only Chmbly, Sllybright nd Mtis produced less fruit thn the stndrd cultivr (Tble 2). The negtive impct on the yield ws due to hevy blossom weevil injury, high temperture nd drought. The wether conditions tht hindered the development of the fruit were dvntgeous to blossom weevil. The yield in the first yer of the hrvest is reltively smll, becuse the plnt hd less crown brnches thn in the second yer (Krüger et l. 2012) nd the number of blossoms per plnt ws lso reltively low (dt not presented). In 2012, the yield of the strwberry genotypes ws the highest of the reserch yers. Sls hd the highest yield; the yield of Hrmonie ws similr to the stndrd cultivr. The rest of the genotypes yielded less thn the stndrd cv. Seng Sengn. In 2013, the strwberry genotypes yield ws lso smll, it exceeded the yield tht ws in 2011 but did not exceed the yield of Over the reserch yers, Sls nd Hrmonie hd the highest verge yield; the yield of other genotypes ws lower thn tht of the stndrd cultivr (Fig. 1). Other reserchers hve lso confirmed the high yielding of Sls (Spornberger et l. 2008; Msny, Žurwicz 2009). In our tril, Clery hd the lowest yield; the yields of Sllybright nd Mtis were in similr rnge. Clery nd Drselect were reported to hve low yield in Austri s well (Spornberger et l. 2008). A reserch in Germny showed tht Drselect lso hd low yield, but Clery hd medium yield (Pliffer 2008). In Switzerlnd, the genotypes Clery nd Mtis gve high yields but they gve low yields in our tril (Crespo et l. 2010). The percentge of dmged fruit ws reltively low through the reserch yers, stying between % of the totl yield. Sllybright hd the highest percentge of dmged fruit, which ws similr to the stndrd cultivr Seng Sengn. The verge weight of fruit over the genotypes ws smller in 2011 compred to 2012 (Tble 2). The development of fruit size ws hindered becuse of very high temperture nd drought during fruit formtion (Tble 3). The lrgest fruits were in 2012, when there ws enough precipittion during the fruit development nd the temperture ws not very high. In 2013, the fruits were the smllest. (Tble 2). On verge, over the yers the fruit weight of ll genotypes ws higher thn tht of the stndrd cultivr. Drselect nd Sls hd the lrgest fruit, the weight of fruit 15.9 nd 14.7 g, respectively (Fig. 1b). Sls hd lrge fruit lso in the Polish tril (Msny, Žurwicz 2009), in Austri the fruit weight of Sls ws lower thn in our tril nd the fruits of Drselect nd Clery were lso smll (Spornberger et l. 2008). The soluble solids (Brix ), sugr nd cid content of fruit re importnt chrcteristics of fruit qulity. The rtio between sugr nd cid in strwberries nd in other berries cn ct s n importnt indictor of fruit tste. In 2011, Brix nd sugr content ws considerbly higher thn in Over the reserch yers, prticulrly lrge vritions in sugr content were observed in the genotype Clery. According to Krüger et l. (2012), fruits tht re grown t northern ltitudes contin more soluble solids nd titrtble cids thn fruits grown t 144

5 Hort. Sci. (Prgue) Vol. 44, 2016 (3): Yield (g/plnt) C 446 A 212 B 322 b 125 d c c c cd cd 443 Fig. 1. Effect of yer nd strwberry genotypes on () verge yield nd (b) fruight weight over the three yers different letters in figures mrk significnt differences t P Seng Sengn Clery Chmbly Drselect Deli Hrmony Mtis Sllybright Sls Effect of yer Effect of genotype Fruit weight (g) B 15.6 A 10.1 C 7.8 c b b b b Seng Sengn Clery Chmbly Drselect Deli Hrmony Mtis Sllybright Sls b b Effect of yers Effect of genotype Tble 3. Men, mximum nd minimum tempertures nd precipittion from April to July of (dt withdrwn from field wether sttion) Yer Month Men temp ( C) Mx. temp ( C) Min. temp ( C) Precipittion (mm) April My June July April My June July April My June July

6 Vol. 44, 2016 (3): Hort. Sci. (Prgue) Tble 4. Biochemicl composition of strwberry fruits Genotype Brix Sugrs (%) Orgnic cids (%) Sugrs/ cids Ascorbic cid (mg/100 g) Seng Sengn 10.8 bc 6.3 c d 64 bc Clery cd bc Chmbly 10.8 bc 6.8 bc 1.5 bc 4.6 bc 85 b Drselect 10.7 bc 6.2 c 1.3 d 4.7 bc 81 b Deli 9.4 cd 6.1 c 1.5 bc 4.1 cd 63 bc Hrmonie 10.4 bc 5.8 c 1.5 bc 4.0 cd 97 Mtis 8.6 d 5.8 c 1.6 b 3.7 d 48 c Sllybright 11.0 b 7.9 b b 97 Sls 9.7 bcd 6.4 c 1.4 cd 4.6 bc 70 bc different letters in columns mrk significnt differences t P 0.05 southern sites. In the trils of Crespo et l. (2010) in Switzerlnd, Brix of Clery ws somewht lower thn in our tril. Brix of Sls in Polnd (Msny, Žurwicz 2009) ws lmost the sme s in our tril. The sugr content ws reltively low in the fruits of ll the genotypes except Clery nd Sllybright (Tble 4). The cid content in the fruits ws higher in 2011 thn in In both yers, the fruit of genotype Drselect contined the lest mount of cids nd the fruit of Seng Sengn nd Sllybright the highest mount. In the Swiss trils (Crespo et l. 2010), the cid content of Clery nd other strwberry genotypes ws considerbly lower thn in ours. In the mjority of genotypes, sugr nd cid rtio in fruit ws the highest in 2011, only the genotypes Drselect, Hrmonie nd Sllybright hd higher rtio in The highest sugr/cid rtio ws in genotype Clery nd the lowest in Mtis nd Seng Sengn (Tble 4). Fresh strwberry fruits re remrkble source of scorbic cid. In the mjority of the tested genotypes, the content of scorbic cid ws higher in 2011 thn in 2012, the fruit of Drselect nd Clery contined more scorbic cid in The differences between yers were rther lrge. The verge content of scorbic cid in the fruit ws the highest in genotypes Sllybright nd Hrmonie. Sls grown in Polnd (Msny, Žurwicz 2009) hd higher scorbic cid content but the fruit of Sls grown in Austri (Spornberger et l. 2008) hd lower scorbic cid content thn in our tril. Better genotypes for Estonin climte conditions re the winter hrdy, lte-yielding cultivrs Sls nd Hrmonie. References Aby K., Ekeberg D., Skrede G. (2007): Chrcteriztion of phenolic compounds in strwberry (Frgri nnss) fruits by different HPLC detectors nd contributions to totl ntioxidnt cpcity. Journl of Agriculturl nd Food Chemistry, 11: Anttonen M.J., Hoppul K.I., Nestby R., Verheul M.K., Krjlinen R.O. (2006): Influence of fertiliztion, mulch colour, erly forcing, fruit order, plnting dte, shding, growing environment nd genotype on the contents of selected phenolics in strwberry (Frgri nnss Duch.). Journl of Agriculturl nd Food Chemistry, 54: Bordonb G.J., Terry L.A. (2008): Biochemicl profiling nd chemometric nlysis of seventeen UK-grown blckcurrnt cultivrs. Journl of Agriculturl nd Food Chemistry, 56: Bordonb G.J., Terry L.A. (2010): Mnipulting the tsterelted composition of strwberry fruits (Frgri nnss) from different cultivrs using deficit irrigtion. Food Chemistry, 122: Crespo P., Bordonb J.G., Terry L.A., Crlen C. (2010): Chrcteristion of mjor tste nd helth-relted compounds of four strwberry genotypes grown t different Swiss production sites. Food Chemistry, 122: Døving A., Måge F. (2001): Prediction of the strwberry seson in Norwy. Act Agriculture Scndinvi, Section B, Soil nd Plnt Science, 51: Hkl M., Lpveteläinen A., Huoplhti R., Kllio H., Thvonen R. (2003): Effect of vrieties nd cultivtion conditions on the composition of strwberries. Journl of Food Composition nd Anlyses, 16: Höfer M., Drewes-Alwrez R., Scheewe R.P., Olbricht K. (2012): Morphologicl evlution of 108 strwberry culti- 146

7 Hort. Sci. (Prgue) Vol. 44, 2016 (3): vrs nd consequences for the use of descriptors. Journl of Berry Reserch, 2: Josuttis M., Crlen C., Crespo P., Nestby R., Toldm-Andersen T.B., Dietrich H., Krüger E. (2012): A comprison of bioctive compounds of strwberry fruit from Europe ffected by genotype nd ltitude. Journl of Berry Reserch, 2: Kiks A., Libek A. (2004): Evlution of strwberry cultivrs t the Polli Horticulturl Institute. Act Horticulture (ISHS), 663: Kiks A., Libek A., Kldmäe H., Arus L. (2009): Influence of spring frost nd blossom weevil dmge on strwberry yield formtion. Act Horticulture (ISHS), 842: Kårlind A., Hnhiev K., Lehtonen M., Krjlinen R.O., Sndell M. (2015): None trgeted metbolite profiles nd sensory properties of strwberry cultivrs grown both orgniclly nd conventionlly. Agriculturl nd Food Chemistry, 63: Krüger E., Jossuttis M., Nestby R., Toldm-Andersen T. B., Crlen C., Mezzetti B. (2012): Influence of growing conditions t different ltitudes of Europe on strwberry growth performnce, yield nd qulity. Journl of Berry Reserch, 2: Łbnowsk B.H. (2004): Flower bud dmge in twenty strwberry cultivrs by the strwberry blossom weevil Anthonomus rubi Herbst. Journl of Fruit nd Ornmentl Plnt Reserch, 12: Msny A., Žurwicz E. (2009): Yield of new dessert strwberry cultivrs nd their susceptibility to fungl diseses in Polnd. Journl of Fruit nd Ornmentl Plnt Reserch, 17: Mcmster G., Wilhelm W.W. (1997): Growing degree dys: One eqution, two interprettions. Agriculturl nd Forest Meterorology, 87: Pliffer B. (2008): Testing of strwberry-vrieties (with/without biodegrdble mulch film) for orgnic cultivtion. Avilbe t Sønsteby A., Krhu S. (2005): Strwberry production, growth nd development in northern climtes. Interntionl Journl of Fruit Science, 5: Spornberger A., Weissinger H., Steffek R., Scheibluer J., Jezik K., Altenburger J. (2008): Results from three yer testing project of new strwberry cultivrs in Verticillium infested soils nd under orgnic frming condition. Avilble t Turkin V.A., Shirokov E.P. (1960): Tehnologi chrnenij i pererbotk plodov i ovoshchei (in Russin), Moskv, Gossudrstvennoje izdtelstvo selskohozijistvennoi literture, Weissinger H., Spornberger A., Steffek R., Jezik K., Strich K. (2009): Evlution of new strwberry cultivrs for their potentil use in orgnic frming nd Verticillium-invested soils. Europen Journl of Horticulturl Science, 74: Weissinger H., Flchowsky H., Spornberger A. (2014): New strwberry genotypes tested for orgnic production on Verticillium-invested site. Horticulturl Science (Prgue), 41: Received for publiction Mrch 9, 2016 Accepted fter corrections September 7,