FIELD EVALUATION OF ANTICA FOR MANAGEMENT OF RICE BACTERIAL LEAF BLIGHT AND TUNGRO

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1 FIELD EVALUATION OF ANTICA FOR MANAGEMENT OF RICE BACTERIAL LEAF BLIGHT AND TUNGRO Evelyn B. Gergon nd Grci B. Amr Philippine Rice Reserch Institute Science City of Muñoz, 3119 Nuev Ecij Bcteril lef light (BLB) cused y Xnthomons oryze pv. oryze (Xoo) Swings et l. nd tungro cused y viruses trnsmitted y rice green lefhoppers (GLH) re the two most importnt nd devstting diseses of rice in the Philippines nd other rice-growing countries in the world (Mew, 1987). These diseses ffect oth inred nd hyrid rice ut BLB is more serious in hyrid rice production wherein the flg leves of the primry tillers of the A nd R lines re cut t the strt of ooting to fcilitte pollintion. The resulting wound on rice leves provides ccess for the pthogen to fcilitte successful infection. BLB cuses sustntil loss in qulity nd quntity of the grins y ffecting the grin filling nd pnicle emergence. The disese my incur severe crop losses of up to 5% depending on the stge of the crop, degree of cultivr susceptiility nd to gret extent, the conduciveness of the environment in which it occurs (Gnnmnickm et l., 1999). For this reson, growing hyrid rice is recommended during the dry seson when the environment is unfvorle for disese development. Severl mesures hve een recommended to mnge BLB nd vert epidemics. These include the use of host resistnce, ntiiotics nd chemicl compounds, nd deployment of cteril ntgonists to Xoo. The selection of vriety to plnt usully considers only the yield potentil of crop or grin qulity nd use of host resistnce is often disregrded. Antiiotics re uncceptle to mny ecuse of expense involved nd high chnce of developing drug resistnce. On one hnd, success of using ntgonists re often ffected y climtic conditions. Among the strtegies, only the use of copper-sed fungicide (Kocide) ecme the most populr in the Philippines. During the height of hyrid

2 rice commerciliztion, Kocide ecme prt of hyrid rice production technology despite strong dvisory to use it only s stopgp tretment. Tungro, cused y rice tungro cilliform virus (RTBV) nd rice tungro sphericl virus (RTSV), re trnsmitted y severl species of GLH such s Nephotettix virescens, N. cincticeps, N. nigropictus, N. prvus, N. mlynus nd Recili dorslis. Among them, N. virescens hs the highest trnsmission efficiency of oth viruses. The incidence of tungro is influenced y the undnce of the vector nd highly synchronous plnting dtes. Tungro epidemics lthough often occur less frequently nd spordic thn BLB cn cuse losses which re more devstting. Tungro outreks from 1999 to 26 ffected t lest 1 h in severl provinces in the country. In 26, ffected res in only three provinces of Isel, Bulcn, nd the Cordiller Region reched 14, h (IRRI, 29). Tungro is mnged y the ppliction of insecticides to control the popultion of GLH. However, this strtegy is ineffective ecuse tungro spreds rpidly nd GLH which moves continuously in the fields trnsmits viruses in very short feeding time (Cungn et l., 28). The only mens of suppressing tungro is through synchronous plnting nd rotting vrieties with resistnce to GLH in order to void high disese pressure. Continuous deployment of stopgp vrieties is not recommended to prevent the rekdown of resistnce to the insect vector. Simultneous plnting, on the other hnd, is difficult to prctice y frmers for vrious resons. Trnsgenic pproches re currently eing undertken to pyrmid tungro nd BLB resistnce genes in some lortories ut rice seeds contining stcked genes re not yet ville commercilly. Alterntive method of suppressing BLB nd tungro in order to ttin good yield nd chieve rice self-sufficiency in the country is urgently needed. The current griculturl system clls for use of orgnic-sed products in rice production tht re sfe to the environment nd the pplictor. One of the recently developed orgnic pesticide is Antic whose ingredients include fermented ppy nd lctic cid tht my contin ntgonists to phytopthogenic cteri (Visser et l., 1986). Antic hs een found effective ginst cteril lef light (U, 21).

3 This study ws conducted to evlute the effectiveness of Antic for the control of BLB nd tungro under PhilRice conditions nd generte ioefficcy dt for FPA registrtion of the Antic for use in rice. METHODOLOGY Loction nd vrieties used Two field setups were estlished t the PhilRice Centrl Experiment Sttion in Munoz, Nuev Ecij nd PhilRice Sn Mteo, Isel from July to Decemer 21 using inred rice vriety, NSIC Rc156 in Nuev Ecij nd hyrid rice PSB Rc72H (Mestizo 1) in Isel (Fig. 1). Isel ws considered for tungro evlution nd Nuev Ecij for BLB. Both vrieties used in the experiments hve susceptile rection to oth diseses. The experiment ws lid using rndomized lock design with 5 replictions in Nuev Ecij nd 4 replictions in Isel. Ech experimentl plot mesured 5 m x 4 m. Crop estlishment Seeding in Isel ws done two weeks erlier thn Nuev Ecij ecuse of prolem of vilility in the re t the lter stge of the crop. Twenty-one dys fter seeding, the seedlings were trnsplnted.2 m etween rows nd.2 m etween hills t the rte of two to three seedlings per hill for inred nd one plnt per hill for hyrid. The plnts were fertilized with kg/h of NPK. One hlf of the N nd ll of the P nd K were pplied t 14 dys fter trnsplnting (DAT) while the remining hlf of N ws pplied t 35 DAT. The field ws continuously flooded t 3 cm deep initilly which ws lter djusted to 5-1 cm deep. A trp rrier system ws instlled round the experimentl re in Nuev Ecij to prevent rodent dmge tht my come up owing to lte plnting. Weed mngement ws done using post-emergence 2, 4-D hericide followed y mnul weeding. The field ws spryed with molluscicide fter the first irrigtion to mnge golden pple snils.

4 Tretments The different ppliction rtes of Antic evluted in this study were 5 ml/l, 1 ml/l, 15 ml/l, nd 2 ml/l pplied s spry. Other tretments included were Antic pplied s seed tretment y slurry method, copper hydroxide fungicide pplied t 3.75 g/l, nd untreted control. Seed tretment ws included since BLB is considered seedorne while copper hydroxide served s negtive control. In Isel, cypermetrin insecticide ws used in plce of fungicide in order to mnge GLH, the vector of tungro. Untreted control plots per lock were mintined in oth loctions for comprison. In Nuev Ecij, ppliction of tretments ws done every fter two weeks strting t 5 DAT until the plnts reched heding stge. Dt gthered Assessment for phytotoxicity, disese incidence nd severity, nd insect popultion ws conducted 7 dys fter sprying (DAS). After the 5 th tretment ppliction, rice rthropods were smpled using stndrd insect sweep nets composed of 1 strokes per sweep. Rice rthropods were sorted nd identified on the sis of functionl guilds: herivores (sp feeders, lef feeders, stem feeders, nd grin feeders) or eneficils (predtors nd prsitoids) nd pooled vlues were otined. In Isel, rice rthropods were monitored 1 dy efore sprying nd 1 DAS. Plnt diseses were ssessed y oserving 1 hills per plot for their disese rection. Disese incidence ws clculted y getting the proportion of plnts with symptoms out of totl numer of plnts exmined. To get the percentge of disese incidence, the following formul ws used: Percent incidence/infection = Numer of infected plnts x 1 Totl Numer of plnts exmined The disese severity of ech hill ws visully estimted using IRRI s Stndrd Evlution System for Rice (SES). The percentge of the trget re or plnt prt covered y symptoms were recorded nd the percentge of disese severity ws

5 clculted y verging the severities of ll plnts including those with scores =. Disese severity ws clculted using the following formul: Percent disese severity = n() + n(1)+..+n(9) N where n = numer of plnts y scle N x 9; N= numer of smples The scle used for BLB ssessment ws s follows: Scle Lesion re % 1 1-5% % % % % For tungro, disese incidence ws computed y dividing the numer of infected hills/totl hills oserved nd disese index (DI) ws computed s follows; DI = n(3)+n(5)+n(7)+n(9) tn where: n(3), n(5), n(7), nd n(9) = numer of plnts showing rection in scle (3), (5), (7), or (9), respectively; tn= totl numer of plnts scored. Resulting DI ws e clssified s: DI Rection -3 Resistnt/tolernt 4-6 Moderte 7-9 Susceptile Grin yield nd hrvest index were lso otined t hrvest. All dt gthered were sujected to sttisticl nlysis nd the differences etween mens were determined using LSD using SAS softwre.

6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Effect of Antic on the BLB incidence, PhilRice Nuev Ecij Symptoms of BLB were initilly oserved t the tillering stge. Only few plnts (<.1%) were ffected t 37 DAT which prompted us to do rtificil inocultion. Disese incidence slightly incresed t 42 DAT nd rose to 48% t 57 DAT. BLB infection intensified with time nd peked t 75 DAT (Fig. 2). Dt showed tht BLB incresed with plnt growth. At 42 DAT, BLB incidence rnged etween 3-4%. At this point, the effect of the different tretments on BLB ecme evident. Plots tht were spryed with Antic hd lower incidence of BLB thn the control nd plots treted with copper hydroxide. Their differences were sttisticlly significnt (Fig. 3). Among the rtes of Antic used, the lowest rte (5ml/L ) gve the highest reduction of BLB incidence. The incidence of BLB in plots pplied with Antic s seed tretment ws higher thn in plots spryed with Antic. The percentge of plnts showing BLB symptoms in seed tretment plots ws not sttisticlly different from the control. This result indictes tht the orgnic pesticide is etter delivered y spry ppliction or seed tretment requires follow-up sprying. Likewise, copper hydroxide filed to protect the rice plnts from BLB. Sme findings were otined y Grci Amr in her experiment on the evlution of Kocide (personl communiction). It ws surprising to note how Kocide ws recommended for BLB control in hyrid rice production when it ws not t ll effective ginst the disese. At 57 DAT, the incidence of BLB ws lredy etween 4-6%. The untreted control plots hd the highest incidence of BLB numericlly ut the other tretments did not differ significntly from the control, except for Antic spryed t 15ml/L. The effect of other spry tretments of Antic, however, did not differ from Antic pplied t 15ml/L (Fig. 3). At 75 DAT, BLB symptoms were very evident in 5% of the plnts in ech plot. The plots treted with copper hydroxide hd lmost 85% of the plnts showing

7 symptoms of BLB (Fig, 3). Figure 3 shows tht ll plots treted with Antic hve lower BLB incidence thn the control nd those plots treted with copper hydroxide. The disese progressed from 42 to 75 DAT in ll plots (Tle 1). The plots treted with copper hydroxide hd the highest numer of plnt popultion tht succums to BLB. The disese lso progressed in other tretments ut not in plots treted with 5 ml Antic/L. In these plots, BLB did not further increse indicting tht the tretment suppressed the spred of the disese. Effect of Antic on the severity of BLB, PhilRice Nuev Ecij The severity or degree of BLB infection in rice ws lso ffected significntly y ll tretments (Fig. 4). At 42 DAT, disese severity of BLB ws significntly reduced in plots treted with Antic t 5 ml, 1 ml, nd 15 ml/l. Plots treted with copper hydroxide were severely ffected y BLB which ws very ovious in the field (Fig. 2 ). The leves of rice in the whole fungicide-treted plots were drier thn the leves in other plots. This shows tht copper hydroxide did not only increse the numer of plnts infected with BLB ut it lso contriuted to the progress of its infection. Antic pplied s seed tretment did not lso prevent the progress of the disese. Disese severity ws reduced only in plots treted with lower rtes of Antic (5ml, 1 ml, 15 ml/l ). This shows tht Antic pplied t the right dosge could lessen the effect of the disese on the plnts. As the disese further progressed from 42 to 57 DAT, plots treted with Antic remined to hve lesser degree of infection compred to plots treted with copper hydroxide. From 57 to 75 DAT, disese severity in plots regulrly spryed with Antic incresed ut the level of severity ws still lesser thn those plots spryed with copper dioxide. Effect of Antic on BLB, PhilRice Isel The incidence of BLB t PhilRice Isel ws lower thn in Nuev Ecij with only 16% t 43 DAT nd <6% t 55 DAT. However, the effect of the tretments on BLB ws lso evident in Fig. 5. At 43 DAT, plots treted with Antic t 5 ml, 1 ml, nd 15 ml/l hd lower incidence of BLB thn those plots treted with Antic t 2 ml/l, cypermetrin insecticide, nd control. At 55 DAT, the numer of plnts

8 showing the symptoms of BLB incresed y 1%. However, the percentge of disesed plnts remined significntly lower in plots spryed with Antic t 5 ml nd 1 ml/l. The percentge incidence of BLB in plots treted with Antic t 15 ml nd 2 ml/l nd cypermetrin ws not significntly different from the control. Severity of BLB infection in Isel ws not lso high lthough differences were oserved mong the tretments. The lowest percentge of infection ws oserved in plots treted with 15 ml Antic/L followed y plots treted with Antic t 5 ml/l (Fig. 6). With the exception of Antic t 15 ml/l, there were no significnt differences tht were oserved mong the other tretments. Effect of Antic on other rice diseses Bcteril lef strek (BLS) which is close reltive of BLB nd lso n importnt disese of rice ws recorded in Isel in higher proportion thn BLB. This prticulr disese, however, ws not oserved in Nuev Ecij within the study period. Results showed tht Antic t ll rtes used in this study ws lso effective ginst BLS. Antic reduced BLS incidence y 26-4%. At 55 DAT, Antic t 5 ml nd 15 ml/l remined in control of the numer of infected plnts compred with the control (Fig. 7). However, only the lower rte (5 ml/l ) ws le to reduce the severity of BLS (Fig. 8) indicting tht Antic t 5m/L ws the est rte of ppliction ginst BLS. Blst, nother importnt disese of rice, ws oserved in few plnts in Nuev Ecij s erly s 5 DAT. The disese, however, did not progress to disturing level. Its incidence nd severity remined low throughout the durtion of the experiment. At 42 DAT, lst incidence ws less thn 1% nd incresed to only 1.6% t 57DAT. Severity of infection ws lso very low with 2 s the highest score. No significnt differences were oserved mong tretments on the percentge of incidence nd disese severity of lst. Effect of Antic on tungro

9 Tungro did not pper t the PhilRice Isel where it ws supposed to e evluted ut it ws recorded in Nuev Ecij. Tungro which usully pper 3 to 4 weeks fter trnsplnting when plnts re most vulnerle nd most criticl ws oserved only t the lter stge of the crop. Its occurrence ws ttriuted to lte plnting of the experiment which hppened outside the regulr plnting schedule within the frm. Tungro-infected plnts occurred in ptches (Fig. 9). The counts of ffected hills were ffected y the tretments (Fig. 1). Figure 1 shows tht the numer of infected plnts ws much lower in plots treted with Antic thn plots treted with copper hydroxide nd the control. Plots spryed with Antic t the rte of 5 ml/l hd the lowest incidence of tungro. Becuse of low incidence of the disese, it my e good to re-test the Antic for use ginst tungro s its potentil is very pprent in this experiment. Effect of Antic on the rthropod community The most common rice herivores encountered t the PhilRice Nuev Ecij were sp feeders (green lefhoppers, zigzg lefhoppers, rown plnthoppers, nd whorl mggots) (Fig. 11A). The highest popultion density of sp feeders (13%) ws recorded in plots treted with copper hydroxide followed y the control plots. Plots treted with Antic hd lower density of sp feeders. Lef feeders nd stem feeders were recorded in ll plots except in plots treted with 5 ml Antic/L. Incidence of whorl mggot dmge ws high (28-33%) only during the seedling stge of the crop. The numer of dmged plnts, however, did not vry mong the tretments. Dedherts were oserved in only few hills (<1%). At lter stge of the crop, hopperurn ws lso oserved despite tht no synthetic insecticide ws pplied in the experiment. Although no dt were shown, whitehed counts were lso very high efore hrvest indicting high popultion of stemorers. Among the stnding crops remining in the field, our experimentl re hd een the trget of mny pests of rice ecuse the plnts were younger thn the surrounding plnts. There were more undnt herivores t the PhilRice Isel thn in Nuev Ecij tht the numer otined wrrnt evlution. Their popultion density ws significntly reduced y the ppliction of Antic nd cypermetrin (Fig. 12A). The

10 popultion counts of rown plnt hoppers nd white-cked plnt hoppers from Antic-treted plots did not differ significntly from plots treted with cypermetrin. Cypermetrin, however, ws more effective in reducing the numer of GLH. In cse of lef folders, Antic t 15 ml/l ws comprle with cypermetrin in reducing their numer. More thn 4% of the totl rice rthropod complex in Nuev Ecij ws found to e eneficils tht include prsitoids, predtors, nd very few neutrls (Fig. 11B). Figure 11 shows tht the numer of predtors nd prsitoids in ll tretments were not ffected y Antic s their densities were unffected. Some eneficil were even higher in plots treted with Antic. Sme trend ws oserved in Isel when the popultion density of eneficils in Antic-treted plots ws compred from plots spryed with cypermetrin (Fig. 12B). Their densities were higher in plots spryed with Antic. The only exemption here were the coccinelids whose popultion gretly dropped in plots treted with Antic t 2 ml/l. Wsps nd spiders were more undnt in untreted control plots thn in plots treted with Antic, however, their numers weres higher in Antic-treted plots thn in plots treted with cypermetrin. In most instnces, however, the rtio etween herivores (phytophges) nd eneficil (predtors, neutrls, nd prsitoids) in Antic-treted plots ws in fvor of the eneficil insects, indicting lnce of nturl control mechnisms in the experimentl re. Results show tht Antic is sfe to use in the field since the eneficil insects tht ply very importnt role in pest mngement re not ffected. Phytotoxicity There were no symptoms of phytotoxicity oserved in ll plots treted with Antic in oth loctions. This shows tht Antic is sfe to use for the rice crop. Effect on hrvest index Hrvest index (HI) of treted plnts did not differ significntly from the untreted plnts nd plnts treted with toxic pesticides. HI differed mong the plots treted with Antic. Higher HI ws otined in plots treted with higher rte of

11 Antic (1 ml, 15 ml, nd 2 ml Antic/L ) thn in plots treted with the lowest rte (5 ml Antic/L ) nd seed tretment (Tle 2). Effect of Antic on grin yield Grin yields otined in Nuev Ecij were very low s expected ecuse of the comined dmging effects of BLB, tungro, rown plnthoppers (hopperurn), nd stemorers. Despite of this, yield differences s ffected y the tretments were pprent. Grin yields from plots treted with Antic were numericlly higher thn those hrvested from the control plots nd plots treted with copper hydroxide (Tle 3). Antic gve yield dvntge of 7.3 to % over the untreted control. The lowest rte of Antic (5 ml/l ) offered n 11.86% increse in yield thn the plnts treted with copper hydroxide. The experiment in Isel did not experience serious BLB, tungro, nd hopperurn. As result, the plnts there performed etter in terms of yield (Fig. 13). The highest grin yield in Isel of 4.15 t/h ws otined in plots treted with 5 ml Antic/L. It gve yield dvntge of 1.96% over the control. On the other hnd, the highest rte, 2 ml/l, gve only 5.8% yield dvntge. There ws no chnge in yield etween untreted plots nd plots treted with 1 ml nd 15 ml Antic/L. CONCLUSION Bsed on the results of this study, Antic is effective in reducing the incidence nd severity of cteril lef light nd cteril lef strek of rice. It is lso effective in reducing the popultion of insect pests such s green lefhoppers, rown plnthoppers, nd white-cked plnthoppers without ffecting the eneficil insects. Its effect on tungro, however, is not conclusive ecuse of low disese incidence during the conduct of the study. It most instnces, Antic is effective t very low rte of 5 ml/l. It cn lso increse the yield of rice. All this were sed on one-seson dt nd my need further verifiction.

12 LITERATURE CITED Cungn RC, Tiongco ER, nd Choi I-R. 28. Component technologies for mngement of rice tungro disese: In: Rice tungro virus disese: prdigm in disese mngement, ed. By ER Tiongco, ER Angeles, nd LS Sestin, p Science City of Munoz, Nuev Ecij: Philippine Rice Reserch Institute nd Chi,Jpn: Hond Reserch Institute, 28. Gnnmnickm SS, Priydrisini V, Nrynn N, Vsudevn P, nd Kvith S An overview of cteril light disese of rice nd strtegies for its mngement. Current Science 77(11):1435- Interntionl Rice Reserch Institute. 29. Rice tungro disese. In: Rice fcts sheets. IRRI, Los Bnos, Lgun p Mew, TW Current sttus nd future prospects of reserch on cteril light of rice. Annul Review of Phytopthology 25: UBA, JA. 21. Efficcy of seven rtes of Antic ginst Xnthomons oryze pv. oryze (Ishiym) Swing et l. cusing cteril lef light of rice. Undergrdute Thesis, University of Southern Mindno, Kcn, North Cotto, 5 p. Visser R, Holzpfel W, Bezuidenhout J, nd Kotze J Antgonism of lctic cid cteri ginst phytopthogenic cteri. Applied nd Environmentl Microiology, p

13 Fig. 1. The experimentl setup t the PhilRice Centrl Experiment Sttion in Nuev Ecij showing NSIC Rc156 t (A) seedling stge; (B) 18 DAT; nd (C) 35 DAT nd PhilRice Isel grown to hyrid rice, PSB Rc72H (Mestizo 1). Fig. 2. Experimentl plot showing severe cteril lef light (BLB) t 75 DAT, PhilRice Nuev Ecij, WS 21. Inset shows close-up of strw-colored leves which re typicl symptoms of BLB.

14 % BLB Incidence d cd cd 42DAT cd DAT 4 -c -c c c DAT 2 5 ml Antic/L 1 ml Antic/L 15 ml Antic/L 2ml Antic/L Tretment Antic seed tretment L Untreted control Fig. 3. BLB incidence t the PhilRice Nuev Ecij t 42, 57, nd 75 DAT s ffected y the different tretments, WS 21. Brs with the sme letters re not significntly different t the 5% level y LSD.

15 Tle 1. Percentge chnge in BLB incidence t PhilRice Nuev Ecij. % increse from 42 to 57 DAT % increse from 57 to 75 DAT Tretment 42 DAT 57 DAT 75 DAT Seed tretment ml/l ml/l ml/l ml/L L Untreted control

16 % BLB Severity DAT d cd cd c DAT d c cd c c c DAT 5 ml Antic/L 1 ml Antic/L 15 ml Antic/L 2ml Antic/L Antic seed tretment L Untreted control Tretment Fig. 4. Severity of BLB t the PhilRice Nuev Ecij t 42, 57, nd 75 DAT s ffected y the different tretments, WS 21. Brs with the sme letters re not significntly different t the 5% level y LSD.

17 % BLB Incidence DAT ml Antic/L 1 ml Antic/L 55 DAT 15 ml Antic/L Tretment 2ml Antic/L Cypermetrin Untreted control Fig. 5. BLB incidence t the PhilRice Isel t 42 nd 57 DAT s ffected y the different tretments, WS 21. Brs with the sme letters re not significntly different t the 5% level y LSD. % BLB Severity ml Antic/L 1 ml Antic/L 55 DAT 15 ml Antic/L 2ml Antic/L Cypermetrin Untreted control Tretment Fig. 6. Severity of BLB t the PhilRice Nuev Ecij t 75 DAT s ffected y the different tretments, WS 21. Brs with the sme letters re not significntly different t the 5% level y LSD.

18 8 43 DAT 6 c c c 4 c ml Antic/L 1 ml Antic/L 55 DAT 15 ml Antic/L 2ml Antic/L Tretment Cypermetrin Untreted control Fig. 7. Incidence of cteril lef strek t the PhilRice Isel t 55 DAT s ffected y the different tretments, WS 21. Brs of the sme color with the sme letters cross tretments re not significntly different t the 5% level y LSD. % BLS Severity ml Antic/L 1 ml Antic/L 55 DAT 15 ml Antic/L Tretment 2ml Antic/L Cypermetrin Untreted control Fig. 8. Severity of cteril lef strek t the PhilRice Isel t 55 DAT s ffected y the different tretments, WS 21. Brs of the sme color with the sme letters cross tretments re not significntly different t the 5% level y LSD.

19 Fig. 9. Field incidence of tungro oserved in the experiment t the PhilRice Nuev Ecij (left photo) nd close up of n infected hill (right photo). % incidence Antic seed tretment 5 ml Antic/L 1 ml Antic/L 15 ml Antic/L 2ml Antic/L Cu(OH)2 Untreted L Tretment Fig. 1. Percentge incidence of tungro t PhilRice Nuev Ecij s ffected y the different tretments.

20 Averge popultion count Sp feeder Lef feeder Stem feeder Predtor Prsitoid Neutrl Antic seed tretment 5 ml Antic/L 1 ml Antic/L 15 ml Antic/L 2ml Antic/L Cu(OH)2 L control Tretment Fig. 11. Averge popultion density of the different rthropods recorded t different smpling periods s ffected y the different tretments, PhilRice Nuev Ecij.

21 Averge popultion count ml Antic/L 5 ml Antic/L c c c c 1 ml Antic/L 15 ml Antic/L 2ml Antic/L 1 ml Antic/L 15 ml Antic/L 2ml Antic/L A c Cypermetrin Cypermetrin Untreted control Untreted control GLH BPH WBPH Leffolder Dmselfly Coccinelids Spider Wsp Tretment B Fig. 12. Averge popultion density of the different rthropods recorded t different smpling periods s ffected y the different tretments, PhilRice Isel.

22 Tle 2. Percentge hrvest index s ffected y the different tretmenst in oth loctions of the experiment. Nuev Ecij Isel Tretment/Rte of Appliction %Hrvest Index %Hrvest Index Untreted control Antic seed tretment.471 Antic, 5 ml/l Antic, 1 ml/l Antic,15 ml/l Antic, 2ml/L L /Cypermetrin ws used in Isel Tle 3. Percentge chnge in grin yield of rice s ffected y the different tretments. Tretment/Rte of Appliction Nuev Ecij Grin Yield, t/h % Chnge Isel Grin Yield, t/h % Chnge Untreted control Antic seed tretment Antic, 5 ml/l Antic, 1 ml/l Antic,15 ml/l Antic, 2ml/L L /Cypermetrin ws used in Isel

23 Fig. 13. Rice vriety Mestizo 1 t mturity stge showing good stnd nd neglile dmge from cteril lef light, cteril lef streks, nd insect pests, PhilRice Isel, WS 21.