Pod Yield and Mineral Concentration of Four Peanut Cultivars Following Gypsum Application with Subsurface Drip Irrigation

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1 Pod Yield nd Minerl Concentrtion of Four Penut Cultivrs Following Gypsum Appliction with Subsurfce Drip Irrigtion Ronld B. Sorensen* nd Christopher L. Butts 1 ABSTRACT A 2-yer study (2004 nd 2005) ws conducted where gypsum ws pplied to four penut (Archis hypoge L.) cultivrs nd irrigted with subsurfce drip to determine pod yield nd minerl concentrtion of penut plnts nd kernels. Gypsum rtes were none, 560 nd 1120 kg/h. Penut cultivrs were C99R, Georgi Green (GG), NCV-11 (NCV), nd GA-O2C (O2C). Irrigtion ws pplied dily with subsurfce drip irrigtion except when precipittion exceeded the estimted dily wter requirement. Averge soil C nd S concentrtions incresed s gypsum ws pplied, 5% nd 20%, respectively, compred with the non-treted control. The verge soil clcium to potssium (C:K) rtio incresed to 9.8:1 compred with 7.6:1 prior to pplying clcium. When verged cross clcium rtes, penut leves hd 3 nd 14 times higher clcium nd 1.4 times higher S concentrtions compred with pegs nd pods, respectively. The cultivrs GG nd NCV hd the sme pod yield. Cultivrs C99R nd O2C hd the sme yield s NCV but were less thn GG. Germintion rtes were higher when gypsum ws dded compred to the non-treted control nd with cultivrs C99R nd O2C. There ws no difference in vigor by gypsum ppliction rte. Kernel C concentrtion ws higher with the ddition of gypsum compred to the non-treted control. Cold test germintion seed vigor incresed with C99R nd O2C compred with GG nd NCV. Key Words: Archis hypoge, gypsum, frmer stock grde, germintion, pod yield, seed vigor. Clcium is highly required minerl for incresed penut yield nd grde (Cox et l, 1982). Lower concentrtions of clcium in the penut pegging zone cn result in low pod yield, Mention of trde nmes or commercil products in this rticle is solely for the purpose of providing specific informtion nd does not imply recommendtion or endorsement by the U.S. Deprtment of Agriculture. 1 Reserch Agronomist, nd Agriculturl Engineer, USDA-ARS Ntionl Penut Reserch Lbortory, P.O. Box 509, 1011 Forrester Dr. SE, Dwson, GA *Corresponding uthor (ron.sorensen@rs.usd.gov) grde, nd germintion. There is little or no trnsport of clcium from the roots to the leves nd bck to the pod vi the phloem through the peg, thus clcium uptke must be through the developing pod (Wiersum, 1951; Sumner et l., 1988). This implies tht two conditions must occur for clcium uptke to the plnt or to the pod; 1) there must be enough soil moisture in the pod zone for wter uptke by roots nd pods, nd 2) clcium must be present in sufficient concentrtions to dissolve into the soil wter for uptke into the roots nd pods. If one or both of these conditions does not occur, then yield nd grde my be reduced. Additions of clcium sulfte (gypsum) nd irrigtion by overhed sprinkler systems ssure tht neither wter nor clcium is deficient. Vrious reserchers hve shown the importnce of clcium rte nd timing with reltionship to yield of both runner nd Virgini type penut (Adms nd Hrtzog, 1991; Adms et l., 1993; Jordn et l., 2000; Witrk et l., 2006; Grichr et l., 2004). Most reserch ws ccomplished using overhed irrigtion or non-irrigted conditions. Currently, there is no reserch informtion vilble describing pod yield nd clcium fertiliztion when irrigted with subsurfce drip irrigtion (SDI). Irrigtion systems using SDI hve the cpbility of frequently supplying wter to the root zone while reducing the risk of cyclic wter stress tht is typicl of other irrigtion systems or nonirrigted production (Phene et l., 1987). Subsurfce drip systems re dptble to vritions of field shpe mking them n importnt considertion in the Southest. In recent yers, drip irrigtion hs been expnded with good success on field crops such s corn (Ze mys L.) (Lmm et l., 1997, 2001; Mitchell, 1981; Mitchell nd Sprks, 1982; Powell nd Wright, 1993), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) (Cmp et l. 1997; Sorensen et l., 2004), nd penut (Jordn et l., 2002; Sorensen et l., 2001, b; Zhu et l., 2004). Irrigtion SDI lterls hve been instlled t 0.2 nd 0.3 m soil depths (Bucks et l., 1981; Cmp et l., 1989; Phene et l., 1987; Tollefson, 1985) on cotton, corn, fruits, nd vegetbles. Drip lterls hve been spced t 1, 2 nd 3 m prt with vrious crops with yields decresing s lterl spcing increses greter thn 2 m (Cmp et l., 1997; French et l., 1985; Lmm et l., 1992; Powell nd Wright, 1993). Bosch et l. (1998) showed tht 1.83 m lterl spcing in corn- Penut Science (2008) 35:

2 EFFECT OF GYPSUM WITH SUBSURFACE DRIP IRRIGATION 87 penut rottions hd the highest returns on sndy soils in Virgini-North Crolin region. SDI systems my be efficient in supplying wter nd nutrients to the root zone, but my not be efficient in supplying wter to the penut peg zone where wter is needed to move clcium into the developing fruit. The objective of this reserch ws to determine the efficcy of current clcium recommendtions when using SDI systems by documenting yield response nd minerl concentrtion of penut plnts to three clcium ppliction rtes when irrigted with SDI. Mterils nd Methods A SDI system ws instlled in the spring of 2000 ner Ssser, GA on Tifton lomy snd (fine-lomy, kolinitic, thermic Plinthic Kndiudults) with 2 to 5% slope. The SDI system hd drip lterls buried t 0.3 m deep nd spced t 0.91 m with emitters spced t 0.3 m. Wter flow rte ws 5.6 L/min per 100 m or 1.0 L/hr per emitter. Penut ws plnted following cotton in djcent sites during the 2004 nd 2005 growing sesons. The experiment ws fctoril design with three clcium (gypsum) rtes nd four penut cultivrs replicted four times. Clcium rtes were none, 560 nd 1120 kg/h. Penut cultivrs selected were C99R, Georgi Green (GG), NCV-11 (NCV), nd GA-O2C (O2C). Individul plots were 1.83 m wide by 12 m long for totl of 48 plots. Lnd preprtion ws the sme both yers with disk hrrowing two times followed by n experimentl bedder (USDA-ARS-Ntionl Penut Reserch Lbortory, Dwson, GA) used to mke 1.83 m beds. Penut ws plnted in twin-row orienttion using commercil vcuum type plnter (Monosem plnter, ATI Inc, Lenex, KS). Twin-row orienttion ws plnted t 1.17 m outside rows by 0.7 m inside rows with 0.22 m between the twin-rows with four rows on bed. Seeds were plnted t rtes recommended for reducing the risk of Tomto Spotted Wilt Virus (Brown et l., 2004). Pest mngement prctices, i.e., disese, insect, nd weed control, followed University of Georgi Agriculturl Extension Service recommendtions for penut production (Prostko, 2004). Decisions to pply pest mngement prctices were determined by field scouting. Irrigtion wter ws pplied dily bsed on replcement of crop wter use for penut described by Stnsell et l. (1976) except when precipittion mounts exceeded estimted wter use. A composite soil smple (0 to 30 cm) ws tken in erly spring for fertility recommendtions. Initil ph for 2004 nd 2005 ws 6.3 nd 6.2, respectively. The initil C concentrtion ws 405 (2004) nd 397 mg/kg (2005). Gypsum ws pplied by hnd over individul rows t first flower or 40 dys fter plnting (DAP), whichever cme first. Soil nd plnt smples were tken 80 DAP nd nlyzed for minerl nutrition (Wters Agriculturl Lbortories, Inc. Cmill, GA). A composite of 6 subsmples in ech plot were tken t the 0 to 5 cm soil depth. Three plnts were rndomly selected in ech plot for chemicl nlysis. Plnts were prtitioned into leves, pegs, nd pods. At the 80 DAP smpling period, the pods were immture such tht penut kernels were not seprted from the hulls before nlysis. Cultivrs were dug individully t mturity determined by the hull scrpe method (Willims nd Drexler, 1981). Yield rows were dug with 2- row inverter nd combined with sttionry plot combine (Kingroy Engineering Works, Ltd., Kingroy, Austrli). Pod yield ws determined fter being mechniclly dried, weighed, nd djusted to 7% moisture (wet bsis). Since Virgini type penuts require different screen openings compred with runner type penuts for mrket grde, frmer stock grde nd kernel size distribution for ll penut cultivrs were determined using screens specified in USDA grding procedures (USDA, 1993) for runner type penut. It is understood tht Virgini type penut will not hve vlid mrket grde with this procedure while runner type penuts will hve vlid mrket grde. Minerl nlysis ws performed on kernels tht rode n mm slotted screen. Germintion, vigor (cold test germintion), nd clcium concentrtions were determined from 250 g kernel subsmple (riding mm slotted screen) by the Georgi Deprtment of Agriculture (Tifton, GA). Plnt, kernel, nd soil nlysis long with pod yield nd frmer stock grde were nlyzed using generl nlysis of vrince procedure (Sttistix8, 2003). Tukey s HSD lest significnt difference rnge test ws used to show differences mong mens (P # 0.05) when ANOVA F-test showed significnce. Results nd Discussion Precipittion during the penut growing seson ws less in 2004 (494 mm) compred with 2005 (695 mm) (Fig. 1). Cumultive irrigtion mount shows less wter pplied through the drip system in 2005 (136 mm) compred with tht pplied in 2004 (181 mm). The disprity between irrigtion totls

3 88 PEANUT SCIENCE Fig. 1. Irrigtion nd precipittion pplied/received during the 2004 nd 2005 growing seson. for 2004 nd 2005 ws not s gret s the difference between precipittion mounts for those sme yers. Cumultive precipittion ptterns in 2005 shows bout 30 dy period with little precipittion followed by lrge precipittion event (dy 152 to 182). This pttern of drought followed by precipittion events occurred both yers nd is typicl of the southest. In 2005, one lrge storm pttern ccumulted over 180 mm in ten dy period (dy 184 to 194) which ws more thn 25% of the totl precipittion for the growing seson. Soil nlysis. There ws yer, C level, nd yer by C level interction depending on chemicl element (Tble 1). Both yers, before gypsum ws pplied there were differences cross the vrious plots with K, Mg, nd S. A chnge in yer ws lso chnge in loction of the plots. Both plots (2004 nd 2005) hd the sme soil series nd were Tble 1. Anlysis of vrince probbility vlues for soil P, Mg, C, S, nd Fe before nd 40 dys fter ppliction of 560 nd 1120 kg/ h of gypsum for 2004 nd Soil minerl Tretment df K Mg C S Fe Before Appliction P-vlues from ANOVA Yer (Y) Gypsum (C) YxC After Appliction Yer (Y) Gypsum (C) YxC Significnt vlues re in bold cse, P,0.05. Tble 2. Anlysis of vrince probbility vlues for P, Mg, C, S, nd Fe t 80 dys fter ppliction of 560 nd 1120 kg/h of gypsum for four penut cultivrs nd three plnt prts. Plnt minerl Tretment df K Mg C S Fe P-vlues from ANOVA Yer (Y) Plnt prt (Pp) Gypsum (C) Cultivr (C) Y*Pp Y*C Y*C Pp*C Pp*C C*C Y*Pp*C Pp*C*C Significnt vlues re in bold cse.

4 EFFECT OF GYPSUM WITH SUBSURFACE DRIP IRRIGATION 89 Tble 3. Minerl nlyses of leves, pegs, nd pods for K, Mg, C, S, nd Fe t 80 dys fter ppliction of 560 nd 1120 kg/h of gypsum verged cross four penut cultivrs. Plnt prt Gypsum rte Lef Peg Pod kg/h % K 0 1.9c 2.5bc 1.1d bc d bc 2.7b 1.3d Mg c 0.25cd 0.22d b 0.27bcd 0.22d bc 0.26bcd 0.22d C b 0.13c b 0.12c b 0.13c S b 0.18b b 0.18b b 0.18b Fe mg/kg b b b b b b Mens followed with the sme letter within ech element re not different t the P# djcent to ech other. Differences in fertility by yer cn be ttributed to chnge in loction s well s minerl nutrition history from previous yers when mnging ech site independently for mximum yield for the previous crops. There ws no difference in the yer by clcium level interction before gypsum ws pplied, but there were differences in clcium concentrtion fter ppliction. It ws expected tht the clcium rte should show differences due to the mount of gypsum pplied t the vrious rtes. As expected, both C nd S incresed s gypsum ws pplied, 5% nd 20%, respectively (dt not shown). With chnge of site (yer) there were differences in K, Mg, nd S concentrtion both before nd fter gypsum ppliction while soil C did not chnge with yer (dt not shown). The C:K rtio should be 3:1 for best yield nd reduce the risk of interference of C uptke by K (Hllock nd Grren, 1968). Soil C:K rtio before gypsum ddition ws 7.6:1 nd fter ppliction ws 9.8:1. The lowest rtio ws 5.5:1 in 2004 when gypsum ws pplied during the growing seson (dt not shown). Plnt Anlysis. Minerl nlyses of penut plnts show tht yer, plnt prtitions (leves, pegs, nd kernels), cultivr, nd ssocited interctions hve differing minerl concentrtions (Tble 2) depending on specific minerl nd tretment. C concentrtion ws different for specific plnt prts but not by yer, clcium level or cultivr (Tble 2). Sulfur on the other hnd ws not different for clcium level but ws different for yer, plnt prt, nd cultivr. It ws expected tht penut would hve different minerl nlysis by yer, plnt prt, nd cultivr due to different growing conditions, site loction, nd soil mendments pplied. Clcium concentrtions were 3 nd 14 times higher in leves compred with pegs nd pods, respectively (Tble 3). These dt coincide with results from Grichr et l., (2004) tht showed C concentrtions were higher in leves compred with pods (hulls or kernels). Sulfur concentrtions were 1.4 times higher in leves compred to pegs nd pods. Both pegs nd pods hd the sme S concentrtion. Potssium nd Mg hd mixed concentrtions between ll three plnt prts with pods tending to hve lower concentrtions compred with leves or pegs. Iron concentrtions were excessively high in the peg compred with those in leves or pods (Tble 3) nd irrespective of gypsum level. Tble 4. Anlysis of vrince probbility vlues determined for yield, TSMK, LSK, kernel clcium, germintion, nd vigor by tretment of yer, clcium level (gypsum), nd cultivr. Yield nd qulity prmeters Tretment df Yield TSMK LSK C Germ Vigor P-vlues from ANOVA Yer (Y) Gypsum (C) Cultivr (C) Y*C Y*C C*C Y*C*C TSMK 5 totl sound mture kernels; LSK 5 loose shelled kernels. Significnt vlues re in bold cse.

5 90 PEANUT SCIENCE Tble 5. Pod yield, TSMK, LSK, germintion, vigor, nd kernel clcium by tretment of yer, gypsum pplied, nd cultivr.,b Yield nd qulity prmeters Tretment Yield TSMK LSK Germ Vigor C (kg/h) % mg/kg Yer b b b Gypsum 0 (kg/h) b b Cultivr C99R 2943b 69b c GG bc 1.1bc 80b 76b 539b O2C 2909b b NCV 3180b 60c 0.7c 79b 81b 457d TSMK 5 whole kernels riding mm slotted screen plus sound splits; LSK 5 loose shelled kernels. b TSMK for NCV should not be interpreted s the officil frmer stock grde. Penut yield nd qulity. There ws no pod yield by yer or clcium level difference (Tble 4). The grde prmeters of Totl Sound Mture Kernels (TSMK) nd Loose Shelled Kernels (LSK) showed differences by yer nd cultivr but not with clcium rte. Kernel clcium concentrtion ws different by yer, clcium level, nd cultivr. Both germintion nd vigor percentge were different for clcium level nd cultivr but not by yer (Tble 4). The cultivrs GG nd NCV hd the sme pod yield (Tble 5). Cultivrs C99R nd O2C hd the sme yield s NCV but were less thn GG. Previous reserch shows tht pod yield is not necessrily incresed s levels of clcium increse (Adms nd Hrtzog, 1991; Adms et l., 1993; Jordn et l., 2000; Witrk et l., 2006). It would seem tht the ddition of clcium my not lwys ffect yield but my influence disese reduction (Grichr et l., 2004), pod development, nd germintion (Cox et l., 1976). The cultivr O2C hd the highest TSMK (71%) followed by C99R nd GG (64 nd 69%, respectively) while NCV hd the lowest TSMK (60%). These dt re different thn those presented by Min et l. (2002) nd Witrk et l. (2006) which showed tht GG hd higher TSMK thn C99R. Clcium concentrtion in the penut kernel ws higher when gypsum ws pplied compred with no gypsum (Tble 5). The ddition of gypsum hd no effect on yield, TSMK, LSK, or penut vigor while the ddition of gypsum did influence germintion. The cultivr, O2C hd the highest clcium concentrtion in the kernels followed by GG, C99R, nd finlly, NCV. Germintion nd vigor were highest in O2C nd C99R (88%) followed by GG nd NCV (80%) (Tble 5). Conclusions Pod yield for penut cultivrs in this reserch re comprble with those reported by Witrk et l. (2006) nd Jordn et l. (2000). Kernel clcium levels were higher thn clcium levels described by Grichr et l. (2004). Germintion nd vigor percentges were within cceptble limits. Fields tht re irrigted with SDI hve similr pod yield, frmer stock grde, nd qulity s reported fields with overhed irrigtion; however, there ws no yield response to incresing C rtes in this study. Bsed on this study, there is no evidence indicting chnge in clcium recommendtions for subsurfce drip irrigtion on penut is needed. Literture Cited Adms, J.F. nd D.L. Hrtzog Seed qulity of runner penuts s ffected by gypsum nd soil clcium. J. Plnt. Nutr. 14: Adms, J.F., D.L. Hrtzog, nd D.B. Nelson Supplementl clcium on yield, grde, nd seed qulity of runner penut. Agron. J. 85: Bosch, D.J., N.L. Powell, nd F.S. Wright Investment returns from three sub-surfce microirrigtion tubing spcings. J. Prod. Agric. 11(3): Brown, S., J. Todd, A. Culbreth, J. Bldwin, J. Besley, B. Kemerit, E. Prostrko, nd N. Smith Minimizing spotted wilt of penut. Extension Bulletin G. Agric. Exp. Stn. Athens, GA. Bucks, D.A., L.J. Erie, O.F. French, F.S. Nkym, nd W.D. Pew Subsurfce microirrigtion mngement with multiple cropping. Trns. ASAE 24(6): Cmp, C.R., E.J. Sdler, nd W.J. Busscher Subsurfce nd lternte-middle microirrigtion for the southestern costl plin. Trns. ASAE 31(2):

6 EFFECT OF GYPSUM WITH SUBSURFACE DRIP IRRIGATION 91 Cmp, C.R., P.J. Buer, nd P.G. Hunt Subsurfce drip irrigtion lterl spcing nd mngement for cotton in the southestern costl plin. Trns ASAE 40(4): Cox, F.R., G.A. Sullivn, nd C.K. Mrtin Effect of clcium nd irrigtion tretments on penut yield, grde, nd seed qulity. Penut Sci. 3: Cox, F.R., F. Adms, nd B.B. Tucker Liming, fertiliztion, nd minerl nutrition. pp In H.E. Pttee nd C.T. Young (eds.). Penut Science nd Technology. APRES, Inc, Yokum, TX. French, O.F., D.A. Bucks, R.L. Roth, nd B.R. Grdner Micro nd level-bsin irrigtion mngement for cotton production. In Drip/Micro irrigtion in ction, 3 rd Int. Drip/Micro Irrigtion Congress, St. Joseph, Mich.: ASAE. Grichr, W.J., B.A. Besler, nd H.A. Melouk Penut (Archis hypoge) response to griculturl nd power plnt by product clcium. Penut Sci. 31(2): Hllock, D.L. nd K.H. Grren Pod brekdown, yield, nd grde of vigini type penuts s ffected by C, Mg, nd K sulftes. Agron. J. 60: Jordn, D.L., C.W. Swnn, J.F. Spers, R.L. Brndenburg, J.E. Biley, nd M.R. Tucker Comprison of Virgini nd runner mrket-type penut (Archis hypoge) grown in the Virgini-Crolin production re. Penut Sci. 27: Jordn, D.L., J.E. Biley, J.S. Brnes, C.R. Bogle, S.G. Bullen, A.B. Brown, K.L. Edmisten, E.J. Dunphy, nd P.D. Johnson Yield nd economic return of ten penut-bsed cropping systems. Agron. J. 94(6): Lmm, F.R., L.R. Stone, A.H. Khn, nd D.H. Rogers Optimum lterl spcing for drip-irrigted corn. ASAE pper no ASAE, St. Joseph, MI. Lmm, F.R., L.R. Stone, H.L. Mnges, nd D.M. O Brien Optimum lterl spcing for subsurfce drip-irrigted corn. Trns. ASAE 40(4): Lmm, F.R., T.P. Trooien, H.L. Mnges, nd H.D. Sundermn Nitrogen fertiliztion for subsurfce drip-irrigted corn. Trns. ASAE 44(3): Min, C.L., J.T. Ducr, nd G.E. McDonld Response of three runnermrket type penut cultivrs to diclosulm. Weed Tech. 16: Mitchell, W.H Subsurfce irrigtion nd fertiliztion of field corn. Agron. J. 73(6): Mitchell, W.H. nd D.L. Sprks Influence of subsurfce irrigtion nd orgnic dditions on top nd root growth of field corn. Agron. J. 74(6): Phene, C.J., K.R. Dvis, R.B. Hutmcher, nd R.L. McCormick Advntges of subsurfce irrigtion for processing tomtoes. Act Hortic 200: Powell, N.L. nd F.S. Wright Grin yield of subsurfce microirrigted corn s ffected by irrigtion line spcing. Agron. J. 85: Prostko, E. (ed.) Penut Updte Extension publiction No. CSS G. Agric. Exp. Stn. Athens, GA. Sorensen, R.B., F.S. Wright, nd C.L. Butts Pod yield nd kernel size distribution of penut produced using subsurfce drip irrigtion. Appl. Eng. in Agric. 17(2): Sorensen, R.B., F.S. Wright, nd C.L. Butts. 2001b. Surfce drip irrigtion system designed for reserch in row crop rottions. Appl. Eng. in Agric. 17(2): Sorensen, R.B., M.J. Bder, nd E.H. Wilson Cotton yield nd grde response to nitrogen pplied dily through subsurfce drip irrigtion system. Appl. Eng. in Agric. 20(1): Stnsell, J.R., J.L. Shepherd, J.E. Plls, R.R. Bruce, N.A. Minton, D.K. Bell, nd L.W. Morgn Penut response to soil wter vribles in the southest. Penut Sci. 3: Sttistix , Sttistix8 User s Mnul. Anlyticl Softwre, Tllhssee, FL ( Sumner, M.E., C.S. Kvien, H. Sml, nd A.S. Csinos On the clcium nutrition of penut (Archis hypoge L.). I. Opertionl model. J. Fert. 5: Tollefson, S The Arizon System: Drip irrigtion design for cotton. In Drip/Micro irrigtion in ction, 3 rd Int. Drip/Micro Irrigtion Congress, St. Joseph, MI: ASAE. United Sttes Deprtment of Agriculture (USDA) Milled Penuts: Inspection Instructions. U. S. Deprtment of Agriculture, Agriculturl Mrketing Service, Fruit nd Vegetble Division, Wshington, D. C. Witrk, P.J., D.L. Wright, J.J. Mrois, nd D. Wilson Influence of gypsum ppliction on penut yield nd qulity. Online. Crop Mngement doi: /cm rs. Wiersum, L.K Wter trnsport in the xylem s relted to clcium uptke by groundnuts (Archis hypoge). Plnt Soil 3: Willims, E.J. nd J.S. Drexler A non-destructive method for determining penut pod mturity. Penut Sci. 8: Zhu, H., M.C. Lmb, C.L. Butts, nd P.D. Blnkenship Improving penut yield nd grde with surfce drip irrigtion in undulting fields. Trns. ASAE 47(1):