AP Biology Assessment 2

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3 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS AP Biology Assessment 2 Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by four suggested answers or completions. Select the one that is best in each case and enter the appropriate letter in the corresponding space on the answer sheet. 1. Biomolecules have intramolecular forces that hold them together as a unit. Biomolecules also exhibit intermolecular forces when interacting with other biomolecules. Which of the following is an example of a hydrogen bond? (A) The peptide bond between amino acids in a protein (B) The bond between carbon and hydrogen in methane (C) The bond between an oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom in the carboxyl group of a fatty acid (D) The attraction between a hydrogen of one water molecule and the oxygen of another water molecule 2. The chemical structure for the nitrogenous base adenine is shown below. It is an important biomolecule and is found in which three of the following? (A) Proteins, carbohydrates, and ATP (B) Proteins, ATP, and DNA (C) ATP, DNA, and RNA (D) Chlorophyll, ATP, and DNA Copyright 2017 National Math + Science Initiative, Dallas, Texas. All rights reserved. Visit us online at 3

4 3. Two nutrient solutions are maintained at the same ph. Actively respiring mitochondria are isolated and placed into each of the two solutions. Oxygen gas is bubbled into one solution. The other solution is depleted of available oxygen. Which of the following best explains why ATP production is greater in the tube with oxygen than in the tube without oxygen? (A) The rate of proton pumping across the inner mitochondrial membrane is lower in the sample without oxygen. (B) Electron transport is reduced in the absence of a plasma membrane. (C) In the absence of oxygen, oxidative phosphorylation produces more ATP than does fermentation. (D) In the presence of oxygen, glycolysis produces more ATP than in the absence of oxygen. 4. Anabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units. These reactions require energy. The synthesis of protein or carbohydrate polymers always produces which of the following as a byproduct of these synthesis reactions? (A) ATP (B) Carbon dioxide (C) Urea (D) Water Copyright 2017 National Math + Science Initiative, Dallas, Texas. All rights reserved. Visit us online at 4

5 QUESTIONS 5 6 REFER TO THE FOLLOWING To study the actions of the enzyme catalase on hydrogen peroxide, students performed the following experiment. Catalase was extracted from potatoes by blending raw potatoes in a blender with cold distilled water. The filtrate was stored on ice. The following hydrogen peroxide solutions were made: 1 percent, 5 percent, 10 percent, and 15 percent. Filter paper disks were soaked in the catalase filtrate and dropped into beakers containing the various solutions. The activity of the enzyme was measured by the amount of time it took for the disks to float to the surface of the solution on the bubbles produced by the reaction. The following data were obtained. 5. Which of the following best describes why the disks rose to the surface faster in the more concentrated hydrogen peroxide solutions? (A) There was more enzyme present in the more concentrated solutions. (B) A greater amount of heat was generated in the more concentrated solutions. (C) The more concentrated solutions lowered the activation energy of the reactions. (D) As the substrate concentration increases the number of reactions increase. 6. Which of the following experimental designs should the students use as a control for the experiment? (A) Place a catalase-soaked disk in a beaker of water. (B) Poke the floating disks back down to the bottom of the beaker and retime the rise of the disks. (C) Shake the beakers during the time the disks are rising. (D) Dip the disks in the 5% solution before putting them in any other solution. 7. A researcher examining a root tip observes a plant cell with condensed sister chromatids, kinetochores with attached microtubules, and individual chromosomes that are aligned at the equatorial plate of the cell. Which of the following best describes what the next process will be in the cell? (A) Homologous chromosomes (each with two sister chromatids) will move toward opposite poles of the cell. (B) Paired chromatids will separate, and the new daughter chromosomes will move toward opposite poles of the cell. (C) The nuclear envelope will break down, and the spindle will begin to form. (D) The chromatin will decondense, and the daughter cell will enter interphase. Copyright 2017 National Math + Science Initiative, Dallas, Texas. All rights reserved. Visit us online at 5

6 8. The sequences for two short fragments of DNA are shown above. Which of the following is one way in which these two segments would differ? (A) Segment 1 would not code for mrna because both strands have T, a base not found in RNA. (B) Segment 1 would be more soluble in water than segment 2 because it has more phosphate groups. (C) Segment 1 would become denatured at a lower temperature than would segment 2 because A-T base pairs have two hydrogen bonds whereas G-C base pairs have three. (D) Segment 1 must be from a prokaryote because it has predominantly A-T base pairs. 9. The organelle that is a major producer of ATP and is found in both heterotrophs and autotrophs is the (A) chloroplast (B) nucleus (C) ribosome (D) mitochondrion 10. Which of the following best supports the statement that mitochondria are descendants of endosymbiotic bacteria-like cells? (A) Mitochondria and bacteria possess similar ribosomes and DNA. (B) Mitochondria and bacteria possess similar nuclei. (C) Glycolysis occurs in both mitochondria and bacteria. (D) Both mitochondria and bacteria have microtubules. 11. DNA replication occurs (A) during the S phase of the cell cycle (B) as the nuclear envelope breaks down in early mitosis (C) during mitosis but not during meiosis (D) in animal cells but not in plant cells Copyright 2017 National Math + Science Initiative, Dallas, Texas. All rights reserved. Visit us online at 6

7 12. Which of the following best describes the function of the coenzymes NAD+ and FAD in eukaryotic cellular respiration? (A) They participate in hydrolysis reactions by accepting protons from water molecules. (B) They participate directly in the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. (C) They serve as final electron acceptors in the electron transport chain. (D) They accept electrons during oxidation reduction reactions. REFER TO THE DIAGRAM BELOW FOR QUESTIONS A B C D 13. Which structure represents the hydrophilic portion of the lipid molecule? (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D 14. Which structure could transport material across the membrane against a concentration gradient? (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D Copyright 2017 National Math + Science Initiative, Dallas, Texas. All rights reserved. Visit us online at 7

8 15. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells generally have which of the following features in common? (A) a membrane-bound nucleus (B) a cell wall made of cellulose (C) ribosomes (D) flagella or cilia that contain microtubules QUESTIONS REFER TO THE FOLLOWING Photosynthetic activity can be measured using chloroplasts suspended in a buffered solution containing DCPIP, a dye that can accept electrons from the electron transport chain of photosynthesis. Transfer of electrons to DCPIP decreases the relative absorbance of a specific wavelength of light (605 nm) by a solution that contains the dye. A buffered solution containing chloroplasts and DCPIP was divided equally among six identical samples. The samples were placed at various distances from a lamp, and then all samples were exposed to white light from the lamp for 60 minutes at room temperature. Sample 3 was wrapped in foil to prevent any light from reaching the solution. At 20-minute intervals, the photosynthetic activity in each sample was determined by measuring the relative absorbance of light at a wavelength of 605 nm. The results of the experiment are provided below. 16. Which of the following provides the best indication that light is required for the activation of electron transfer reactions in chloroplasts? (A) Calculating the rate of change of the absorbance for sample 1 (B) Comparing the observed results for sample 2 and sample 3 (C) Repeating the entire experimental procedure at night (D) Including multiple trials for all the samples Copyright 2017 National Math + Science Initiative, Dallas, Texas. All rights reserved. Visit us online at 8

9 17. Which of the following can be reasonably concluded from the experimental results? (A) Chloroplasts must be suspended in a buffer solution to function properly. (B) The optimal temperature for activation of electron transfer is 25 C. (C) DCPIP inhibits biochemical reactions in suspended chloroplasts. (D) Light from a lamp can substitute for sunlight in stimulating chloroplast processes. 18. Which of the following descriptions of photosynthesis best explains the results of the experiment? (A) Availability of electrons for transfer to DCPIP depends on light energy. (B) Movement of DCPIP across chloroplast membranes occurs in less than 60 minutes. (C) Chlorophyll molecules degrade rapidly in the presence of DCPIP. (D) DCPIP can only be used to measure photosynthetic activity at low light levels. Copyright 2017 National Math + Science Initiative, Dallas, Texas. All rights reserved. Visit us online at 9

10 19. If chemical signals in the cytoplasm control the progression of a cell to the M phase of the cell cycle, then fusion of a cell in G1 with a cell in early M phase would most likely result in the (A) replication of chromosomes only in the G1 cell (B) exiting of both cells from the cell cycle and into the G0 phase (C) condensation of chromatin in preparation of nuclear division in both cells (D) transfer of organelles from the G1 cell to the cell in the M phase 20. Which of the following occurs in all species of living organisms and may lead to an increase in genetic variation? (A) Mutations in the genome (B) Crossing-over in meiosis (C) Random assortment of chromosomes (D) Alternative splicing of mrna 21. Prairie dogs are small mammals that live in large colonies in burrows in the ground. Prairie dogs that are near their own relatives when predators approach are much more likely to issue a warning bark than those that are near unrelated prairie dogs. The prairie dogs that hear a warning bark are more likely to hide in their burrows than to remain above ground. However, the prairie dog that gives the warning bark is putting itself at increased risk of being identified and killed by the predator. Which of the following presents the most likely evolutionary explanation for the behaviors described? (A) The warning bark changes the behavior of the related prairie dogs nearby, allowing the prairie dog s family to have increased survival and reproductive success. (B) The barking prairie dog chooses to warn other prairie dogs, leading to more prairie dogs living above ground. (C) The barking prairie dog is alerting unrelated prairie dogs to the predator, so it is not giving any advantage to its own relatives. (D) The failure of the individual to bark when surrounded by unrelated prairie dogs ensures survival of the individual. Copyright 2017 National Math + Science Initiative, Dallas, Texas. All rights reserved. Visit us online at 10

11 22. A common laboratory investigation involves putting a solution of starch and glucose into a dialysis bag and suspending the bag in a beaker of water, as shown in the figure below. The investigation is aimed at understanding how molecular size affects movement through a membrane. Which of the following best represents the amount of starch, water, and glucose in the dialysis bag over the course of the investigation? (A) (B) (C) (D) Copyright 2017 National Math + Science Initiative, Dallas, Texas. All rights reserved. Visit us online at 11

12 23. Within a forest ecosystem, there is a large amount of diversity among members of a warbler species. Of the following stages of meiosis illustrated for a typical cell, which contributes most to diversity among the warblers? (A) (B) (C) (D) Copyright 2017 National Math + Science Initiative, Dallas, Texas. All rights reserved. Visit us online at 12

13 QUESTIONS REFER TO THE FOLLOWING A respirometer is a container used to measure the amount of oxygen consumed by an organism. A respirometer was used to determine how environmental temperature affects the uptake of oxygen in one 300-gram rat and one 50-gram mouse. The results of this experiment are shown on the graph below. 24. Which of the following statements best explains why oxygen is taken up more rapidly at 12 C than at 20 C? (A) Oxygen is more soluble in blood at lower temperatures. (B) At 12 C a higher rate of oxygen consumption is required to maintain a high body temperature. (C) In colder temperatures, more heat is lost at the surface of the skin and the heat is replaced by deeper breathing. (D) The loss of body heat causes muscles to relax and require more oxygen. 25. Which of the following hypotheses is best supported by the results of this experiment? (A) Metabolic rate per gram of tissue is higher in smaller mammals. (B) Metabolic rate per gram of tissue is not related to body mass. (C) Mice produce less CO2 per gram of tissue than do rats. (D) Rats lose more heat per gram of tissue than do mice. Copyright 2017 National Math + Science Initiative, Dallas, Texas. All rights reserved. Visit us online at 13

QUESTIONS 26-28 REQUIRE NUMERIC ANSWERS. CALCULATE THE CORRECT ANSWER FOR EACH QUESTION AND ENTER YOUR ANSWER ON THE GRID FOLLOWING EACH QUESTION.

14 QUESTIONS REQUIRE NUMERIC ANSWERS. CALCULATE THE CORRECT ANSWER FOR EACH QUESTION AND ENTER YOUR ANSWER ON THE GRID FOLLOWING EACH QUESTION. EXAMPLES OF CORRECT ENTRY FOR THE GRID-IN QUESTIONS ARE SHOWN BELOW. Copyright 2017 National Math + Science Initiative, Dallas, Texas. All rights reserved. Visit us online at 14

$Determine the surface area-to- volume ratio of the cells contained in this hypothetical organism. When gridding the answer, use a fraction format.$

15 26. A hypothetical organism is composed of 27 cells, and each cell is in the approximate shape of a cube. The side of each cube is 1 unit long. Determine the surface area-to- volume ratio of the cells contained in this hypothetical organism. When gridding the answer, use a fraction format. For example, a surface area-to-volume ratio may be 5:1 but the fraction format is 5/1 Copyright 2017 National Math + Science Initiative, Dallas, Texas. All rights reserved. Visit us online at 15

16 27. Respirometer readings from an experiment measuring oxygen consumption in germinating peas are shown in the table below. An initial reading was recorded at time zero followed by a final reading recorded after the experiment ran for 10 minutes. Calculate the rate of respiration per minute for the peas in Respirometer Number 2. Give your answer to the nearest one thousandth ml. Copyright 2017 National Math + Science Initiative, Dallas, Texas. All rights reserved. Visit us online at 16

28. In sheep, eye color is controlled by a single gene with two alleles. When a homozygous brown-eyed sheep is crossed with a homozygous green-eyed sheep, blue-eyed offspring are produced.

17 28. In sheep, eye color is controlled by a single gene with two alleles. When a homozygous brown-eyed sheep is crossed with a homozygous green-eyed sheep, blue-eyed offspring are produced. If the blue-eyed sheep are mated with each other, what percent of their offspring will most likely have brown eyes? Copyright 2017 National Math + Science Initiative, Dallas, Texas. All rights reserved. Visit us online at 17

18 FREE RESPONSE QUESTIONS Question 29 is a long free-response question. Questions 30 through 32 are short free-response questions. Read each question carefully and write your response. Answers must be written out. Outline form is not acceptable. It is important that you read each question completely before you begin to write. 29. An absorption spectrum indicates the relative amount of light absorbed across a range of wavelengths. The graphs above represent the absorption spectra of individual pigments isolated from two different organisms. One of the pigments is chlorophyll a, commonly found in green plants. The other pigment is bacteriorhodopsin, commonly found in purple photosynthetic bacteria. The table above shows the approximate ranges of wavelengths of different colors in the visible light spectrum. a. Identify the pigment (chlorophyll a or bacteriorhodopsin) used to generate the absorption spectrum in each of the graphs above. Explain and justify your answer. Copyright 2017 National Math + Science Initiative, Dallas, Texas. All rights reserved. Visit us online at 18

19 b. In an experiment, identical organisms containing the pigment from Graph II as the predominant light- capturing pigment are separated into three groups. The organisms in each group are illuminated with light of a single wavelength (650 nm for the first group, 550 nm for the second group, and 430 nm for the third group). The three light sources are of equal intensity, and all organisms are illuminated for equal lengths of time. Predict the relative rate of photosynthesis in each of the three groups. Justify your predictions. c. Bacteriorhodopsin has been found in aquatic organisms whose ancestors existed before the ancestors of plants evolved in the same environment. Propose a possible evolutionary history of plants that could have resulted in a predominant photosynthetic system that uses only some of the colors of the visible light spectrum. Copyright 2017 National Math + Science Initiative, Dallas, Texas. All rights reserved. Visit us online at 19

22 30. Many aquatic animals can hold their breath and dive underwater for long periods of time. During long dives, lactic acid builds up in tissues of the organism. The graph above shows blood lactate levels following dives of different duration for three species. Lactate is produced when lactic acid is dissolved in the blood and becomes ionized. a. Based on the data, propose a hypothesis to explain the change in blood lactate levels in Weddell seals for dives lasting longer than 20 minutes. b. Describe the most likely shape of the curve if blood oxygen levels of Weddell seals were plotted rather than blood lactate levels. Include in your description the likely shape of the curve between 0 and 20 minutes and the shape of the curve after 20 minutes. c. The data suggest that Baikal seals can sustain much longer dives than Emperor penguins. Propose a hypothesis that could explain the evolution of different dive responses in Emperor penguins and Baikal seals. Copyright 2017 National Math + Science Initiative, Dallas, Texas. All rights reserved. Visit us online at 22

25 31. The graph above shows the initial rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction at different substrate concentrations in the presence of a constant concentration of the enzyme. a. Connect the primary structure of the enzyme to its overall shape. b. Predict the effect of adding a noncompetitive inhibitor to the reaction mixture on the rate of reaction at a high substrate concentration. Support your prediction by describing how a noncompetitive inhibitor affects the structure and function of an enzyme. Copyright 2017 National Math + Science Initiative, Dallas, Texas. All rights reserved. Visit us online at 25

27 32. Fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) with a wild-type phenotype have gray bodies and red eyes. Certain mutations can cause changes to these traits. Mutant flies may have a black body and/or cinnabar eyes. To study the genetics of these traits, a researcher crossed a true-breeding wild-type male fly (with gray body and red eyes) with a true-breeding female fly with a black body and cinnabar eyes. All of the F 1 progeny displayed a wild-type phenotype. Female flies from the F1 generation were crossed with true-breeding male flies with black bodies and cinnabar eyes. The table below represents the predicted outcome and the data obtained from the cross. Explain THREE (3) differences between the expected data and the actual numbers observed. F 2 Generation Phenotypes Body Color Eye Color Number Predicted Number Observed Gray Red Black Cinnabar Gray Cinnabar Black Red Copyright 2017 National Math + Science Initiative, Dallas, Texas. All rights reserved. Visit us online at 27

Frequency of Keyword Totals - (All LE Regents Exams)

Frequency of Keyword Totals - (All LE Regents Exams) KEYWORD COUNT KEYWORD COUNT ecosystem 58 DNA 48 energy pyramid 19 graph 19 scientific method 19 photosynthesis 43 decomposer 18 human impact 42 clone