INFLUENCE OF KUNAPAJALA TREATMENT FROM VRIKSHYAURVEDA ON THE FRUITS OF TOMATO UNDER ORGANIC FARMING CONDITION AND ITS COMPARISION WITH N.P.K.

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1 Biosiene Disovery 3(2): , June 2012 INFLUENCE OF KUNAPAJALA TREATMENT FROM VRIKSHYAURVEDA ON THE FRUITS OF TOMATO UNDER ORGANIC FARMING CONDITION AND ITS COMPARISION WITH N.P.K. FARMING R. S. Deshmukh 1 * N. A. Ptil 1 nd T. D. Nikm 2 1 Post Grdute Reserh Centre in Botny, Tuljrm Chturhnd College, Brmti Dist. Pune (M.S.) Indi. 2 Deprtment of Botny; University of Pune, Pune (M.S.) Indi. drupli77@yhoo.om ABSTRACT Kunpjl is liquid mnure of ntiquity suggested in Vrikshyurved. It is fermenttion produt of esily ville ingredients nd it n e used for ny plnt t ny growth stge. Experiments were onduted in PG Reserh Centre, Tuljrm Chturhnd College, Brmti, Dist-Pune (M.S.) Indi, using pot ulture for N.P.K (N = 11g/plnt, P= 21.5 g/plnt nd K= 4.5 g/plnt respetively) nd kunpjl tretment (5 times t intervl of 10 dys). Kunpjl tretment ws found to e more effetive for induing erly flowering nd enhning fruiting period, size, fresh weight nd shelf life of fruit nd weight of seeds s ompred to N.P.K. frming. Anlysis of nutritionl vlue showed tht kunpjl hd upper hnd, followed y N. P. K. frming in terms of totl solids, fier ontent, lyopene, sori id, rotenoids, solule proteins, totl rohydrtes nd proline. It is interesting to know tht the ntioxidnt property of tomto fruit ws highest in the plnts treted with kunpjl. The tivity of oxidtive enzymes like peroxidse nd polyphenol oxidse ws lso highest (70 % nd 78 %), followed y N.P.K. frming (36 % nd 65 %) respetively ut lori vlue of kunpjl treted tomto fruits ws lower (13 %) whih is importnt from diet point of view for dieti ptients. So, it n e onluded tht kunpjl tretment is superior to inrese the reprodutive growth, nutritionl vlue nd yield of tomto fruits long with enhnement in ntioxidnt property s ompred to N.P.K. frming, whih is very signifint from oth eonomi nd helth point of view. Key words: Kunpjl, N.P.K.frming, tomto fruit. INTRODUCTION Tomto is ntive of tropil Ameri. It spred to other prt of the world in the 16 th entury nd eme populr in Indi within the lst six dedes. Tomto is the top soure of Vitmin A nd C in the diet. It lso ontins signifint mount of dietry fier, et-rotene, iron, lyopene, mgnesium, niin, potssium, phosphorus, rioflvin nd thimine. It is low in sturted ft, holesterol nd sodium. Indi is the third lrgest syntheti NPK fertilizer produer in the world ( In Indi, hemil fertilizers plyed signifint role during Green Revolution, not only in terms of meeting totl requirement of food grins ut lso generting exportle surpluses. Aording to Fertilizers Assoition of Indi, during the Yer , the prodution of fertilizers in Indi ws 143 lkhs tonnes nd Indi hd to import over 100 lkhs tonnes to meet the domesti requirement (Adelziz et l., 2007). Mny reserhers hve strted to give ttention to the negtive effets of using NPK fertilizers in griulture. The intensive use of hemil fertilizers hs polluted underground wter, destroyed enefiil soil miroorgnisms nd redued soil fertility ( Therefore, the development of stisftory lterntives for supplying the nutrients needed y rops ould derese the prolems ssoited with onventionl NPK hemil fertilizers nd therey protet oth the environment nd humn helth. Orgni food is elieved to e helthier. It is ssumed tht the hildren whose diet onsists of orgni food items would hve lower proility of neurlgi helth risk (Kummelinj et l., 2004). In 2001, the totl mrket vlue of ertified orgni produts ws U$ 20 illion whih rehed 40 illion in The inrese in the demnd for orgni food is stedy with nnul verge growth rte of %. iosienedisovery.om 200 ISSN: X (Online)

2 Deshmukh et l., The pries of orgni food re 1.5 to 5 times higher thn the onventionl food (Surmnin 2006). The growth oosters or fertilizers when spryed on the plnt enter the metoli pthwy of plnt nd lter them, whih is ginst the onept of orgni frming. This is voided y soil pplition method, where the plnt sors required nutrients in required quntities in orgni wy. Though liquid fertilizer is modern onept, the theme of liquid iofertilizers is mentioned in nient Indin literture under the generi nme Kunpjl y Srngdhr ( AD) in Upvnvinod, Surpl (1000 AD) in Vrikshyurved nd Chkrpni Mishr (1577 AD) in Vishvvllh. Kunpjl is fermenttion produt using esily ville ingredients like Sesmum indium L. (Til), one mrrow, flesh (sheep, got, fish et), milk, lk grm (Vign mungo), ghee, honey et. The euty of kunpjl is tht, it n e used on ny plnt t ny growth stge y soil pplition method. So, with this kground, n ttempt is mde in the present investigtion to evlute the influene of kunpjl tretment on the fruits of tomto (Lyopersion esulentum Mill. v. Seletion 22) nd ompre it with N.P.K. frming. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiments were rried out t P.G. Reserh Centre, Deprtment of Botny, Tuljrm Chturhnd College, Brmti (18º3 N to 18º12 ltitude nd 74º13 E to 74º40 E longitude nd 548 m ove men se level), Dist. Pune, (M.S.) Indi, in shde house using pot ulture method during the yer 2008 to The erthen pots (40 40 m) were used for the experimenttion. N.P.K. frming (T-1) ws rried out y giving the tretment of NPK dose s mentioned in the Krushi Snwrdhini, Dr. Pnjro Deshmukh Krushi University, Akol (2005). Kunpjl (T-2) ws prepred s per formul of Deshmukh et l nd tretment ws given to plnts (20 DAS) for five times t the intervl of 10 dys y soil pplition method. The pots without ny tretment were onsidered s ontrol. The seeds of tomto (Lyopersion esulentum Mill. v. Seletion 22) were sown rndomly in these pots. The experiments were rried out in triplite. Morphology tomto fruit ws studied using routine lortory methods. Helthy nd ripened fruits from ten different plnts of eh tretment nd ontrol were olleted, lened properly, lotted dry. These were ut into smll piees nd omposite smple ws prepred. Anlysis of nutritionl vlue like ph, totl ids, totl solids, totl solule solids, moisture perent, fier ontent, lyopene ontents were mesured y using the methods desried y Rngn, The photosyntheti pigments like hlorophylls nd rotinoids were estimted y method proposed y Arnon, Clori vlue ws lulted ording to formul proposed y Siny et l., Asori ids ontent ws estimted following the method of Sdshivm nd Blsurrminn, The iohemil onstituents were nlyzed using the methods proposed y Lowry et l., 1951 for solule proteins, Sdshivm nd Mnikm, 2005 for totl rohydrtes nd Btes et l., 1973 for proline. The tivity of peroxidse enzyme ws determined ording to the method of Mlik nd Singh, 1980 nd tht of polyphynol oxidse y Mhdevn nd Shridhr, Ativities of super oxide dismutse nd IAA oxidse were nlyzed using the methods proposed y Ginnopolitis nd Ries, 1977 nd Tng nd Bonner 1947 respetively. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Impt of T-1 nd T-2 (N.P.K. frming nd kunpjl) on yield ttriutes in fruits of tomto is depited in Tle-1 long with ontrol. There ws derese in numer of dys required for flower initition (48, 40 nd 39 dys), dys required for 50 % flowering (59, 51 nd 49 dys) nd dys required for fruit initition (79, 62 nd 61 dys) with ontrol, T 1, nd T 2 respetively. The present results show tht there ws erly flowering nd fruiting under ll tretments. Inrese in length of flowering period (12 dys) ws the sme under ll the tretments ompred to ontrol plnts. However the length of fruiting period, numer of flowers per plnt nd numer of fruits per plnt inresed y 4, 90 % nd 87 % respetively with T-1 nd y 14, 95 % nd 91 % respetively with T-2. This mens tht the est results were otined in flowering, fruit set, erly yield nd yield per plnt with T 2. Similr results were lso otined y Djnguirmn et l., 2005, y sprying ANTONIK (nitrophenol) on tomto plnt. iosienedisovery.om 201 ISSN: X (Online)

3 Biosiene Disovery 3(2): , June 2012 Kumr, 2003 otined inrese with pplition of Frm Yrd Mnure in omintion with NPK to tomto. The fruit hrters like length nd dimeter of fruit showed the highest inrese under T-2 (64 % eh), followed y T-1 (31 % eh) ompred to the ontrol. This is n indition of etter qulity produed y T-2 in orgni wy. Prhu et l., 2008 pointed out tht the mrketle yield per plnt is orrelted with plnt height, rnhes per plnt, men fruit weight, fruit length nd numer of fruits per plnt. In the present investigtion, T-2 fruits gve more mrketle yield long with good qulity. The numer of seeds per fruit nd totl weight of seeds per fruit to fruit weight rtio deresed with T-1 nd T-2 respetively. At the sme time weight of 100 seeds nd fruit yield per plnt inresed with T-1 (65 % nd 262 %) respetively nd with T-2 (65 % nd 262 %) respetively. In the present study, there is highest inrese in weight of 100 seeds with T-2. This leds to etter germintion ility nd helthy future rop. This is supported y oservtions of Chitle et l., 2010 in rinjl. As per the prmeter yield per plnt, T-2 showed upper hnd to T-1. Aording to Coll et l., 2002, fruit yield were similr in Sustinle Agriulture Frming system (SAFs), Orgni frming, Conventionl Mngement Prties nd Low Input System. So inrese in yield with T-2 is remrkle. Syed et l., 2009 stted tht plnt sored nutrients re synthesized into ompounds whih determine the shelf life. In the present investigtion, the shelf life inresed in T-1 nd T-2 nd highest in T-2.This shows tht etter qulity of fruits re produed with T-2 tretment over T-1 nd ontrol. Tle-2 revels the impt of T-1 nd T-2 tretment on nutritionl vlue of tomto fruit. There ws derese in ph vlue of fruit with T-1 nd T-2 (0.45 eh) tretment respetively. Derese in ph gives more idi property to fruit. Totl ids nd totl solids were inresed signifintly with T-2 ompred to ontrol. Aording to Slm et l., 2010, totl ids or idity is n importnt ftor for nning of fruits. In the present study the fruits of tomto otined under T-2 tretment showed more idity tht leds to etter preservtion property. Tle 1: Impt of N.P.K. frming (T-1) nd kunpjl (T-2) tretments on yield ttriutes in fruits of tomto (Lyopersion esulentum Mill. v. Seletion 22.) Tretments Sr. No. Prmeters Control N.P.K. frming (T - 1) Kunpjl (T - 2) 01 Dys required for flower initition Dys required to 50 % flowering Dys required for fruit initition Length of flowering period (dys) Length of fruiting period (dys) Numer of flowers per plnt 6.2 ± ± ± Numer of fruits/ plnt 3.2 ± ± ± Dimeter of fruit (m) 11.0 ± ± ± Fresh weight of fruit (g) ± ± ± Numer of seeds/ fruit ± ± ± Weight of 100 seeds (g) ± ± ± Totl weight of seeds/fruit to fruit weight rtio 14 Fruit yield/plnt (kg) 0.85 ± ± ± Shelf life (dys) ± ± ± iosienedisovery.om 202 ISSN: X (Online)

4 ΔO.D. / min./ g fresh wt. µg/ 100 g fresh wt. g/100 g fresh wt. Deshmukh et l., Tle 2: Impt of N.P.K. frming (T-1) nd kunpjl (T-2) tretments on nutritionl vlue of tomto fruits (Lyopersion esulentum Mill. v. Seletion 22). Tretments Sr. No. Prmeter Control N.P.K. frming (T - 1) Kunpjl (T - 2) 01 ph 5.25 ± ± ± Totl ids (%) 0.38 ± ± ± Totl solids (g) 2.09 ± ± ± Totl solule solids (%) 4.48 ± ± ± Clori vlue (lories/100 g) ± ± ± Moisture (%) ± ± ± Fier (%) 1.71 ± ± ± Lyopene (g/100 g) 9.7 ± ± ± Asori id (mg/100 g) 1333 ± ± ± Proline (mg/100 g dry wt.) ± ± ±0.22 Dt presented in the Tles 1 nd 2 re men ± SE sored fter 60 dys from 10 plnts per tretment nd experiment repeted thrie. Men followed y sme letters re not signifintly different t P 0.05 level y Dunn s multiple rnge test. Fig. 3: Comprison of influene of N.P.K. frming (T-1) nd kunpjl tretment (T-2) on fruits of tomto ((Lyopersion esulentum Mill. v. Seletion 22) s on 60 DAS in terms of A. Photosyntheti pigments B. Bio-orgnis C. Oxidtive enzymes Contol T-1 T-2 Totl hlorophylls Crotenoids Photosyntheti pigments A. Photosyntheti pigments B. Bio-orgnis Super oxide dismutse Polyphenol oxidse IAA oxidse Peroxidse Control T-1 T Control T-1 T-2 Solule proteins Totl rohydrtes Polyphenols Dt presented in the Figure A, B nd C is men ± SE sored fter 60 dys from 10 plnts per tretment nd experiment repeted thrie. Men followed y sme letters re not signifintly different t P 0.05 level y Dunn s multiple rnge test. C. Oxidtive enzymes iosienedisovery.om 203 ISSN: X (Online)

5 Biosiene Disovery 3(2): , June 2012 Inrese in totl solids mkes the fruit fleshy. So, the fruits otined under T-2 tretment re fleshier thn T-1. Totl solule solids nd lori vlue ontent deresed with T-1 nd T-2, with signifint derese in T-2. Low lori vlue of tomto mkes it fvored hoie y oese people from helth point of view. Moisture perentge deresed with T-1 nd T-2. Fier perentge inresed signifintly with T-2. Fier ontent in tomto helps to lower the holesterol level whih mintins the lood sugr t low level ( retrieved on 06/04/2009). Lyopene ontent in tomto is found to e helpful in enhning oronry helth (Agrwl nd Ro, 1998). Shi et l., 2000 reported tht lyopene is pigment responsile for the hrteristi deep red olour of ripe tomto fruits nd tomto produts. In the present study, there ws inrese in lyopene ontent under T-1 nd T-2 (27 % nd 36 %) respetively. So, T-2 fruits gve etter olour nd etter shinning. In T-2, pperne of more deep-red olour of tomto inreses its mrket vlue. In the present investigtion, the sori id ontent inresed with T-1 (25 %) nd T-2 (97 %) respetively. Asori id is n essentil omponent of the ellulr nti-oxidtive defense system, whih keeps tive oxygen speies under ontrol nd funtions s the redutnt for mny free rdils, therey minimizing the dmge used y oxidtive stress (Notor nd Foyer, 1998). From this oservtion, it eomes ler tht the perentge of sori id under T-2 tretment is highest whih inreses the nutritionl qulity of tomto fruit nd t the sme time, inreses in proline ontent in T-2 (109 %) mkes fruit tsty. This is supported y oservtion mde y Chitle et l., 2010 in rinjl. Figure 1 represents the effet of T-1 nd T- 2 on A. Photosyntheti pigments, B. Bio-orgnis nd C. Oxidtive enzyme tivity in fruits of tomto. In Figure - 1 A, s ompred to ontrol, hlorophyll nd retenoid ontent inresed with T-1 (10 % nd 53 %) nd T-2 (38 % nd 73 %) respetively. When fruits mture, the hlorophyll ontent dereses leving the retenoid ontent, whih is responsile for the eutiful olour of most fruits ( retrived on 13/03/2011). Krinsky, 1998 reported tht retenoid pigments suh s et-rotenoid or xnthophylls suh s lutien nd zexnthin re widely distriuted in nture, where they ply n importnt role in proteting ells nd orgnisms ginst the hrmful effets of light, ir nd sensitizer pigments. He further dded tht the rotenoids n lso serve s ntioxidnt under onditions other thn photosensitiztion. In the present investigtion, there ws inrese in hlorophyll nd retenoid ontent under ll the tretments ompred to the ontrol plnt, with T-2 showing highest inrese. This implies tht the tomto plnts grown under T-2 tretment undergo oxidtive dmge to lower level due to the higher level of rotenoid ontent. In the present investigtion, the nlysis of io-orgnis shows tht there ws inrese in solule proteins, totl rohydrtes nd polyphenol ontent with T-1 (71 %, 5 % nd 75 %), nd T-2 (185 %, 22 % nd 82 %) respetively ompred to the ontrol ( Figure 1- B). Dtt, 2010 stted tht the sweetness of fruit inreses with inresed prodution of gluose, y hydrolysis of polyshrides (espeilly strh). So, inrese in io-orgnis ontent under the T-2 tretment mke fruits sweeter nd tstier in orgni wy. Slem nd Mihil, 1981 remrked tht the polyphenols re seondry metolites tht ply signifint role in disese resistne. They lso inhiit the tivity of IAA oxidse (Shekhwt et l., 1980). Figure 1- C shows the omprtive study of T-1 nd T-2 tretments on fruits of tomto in terms of oxidtive enzymes. As ompred to ontrol, there ws inrese in the tivity of peroxidse (POD), polyphenol oxidse (PPO), IAA Oxidse (IAO) nd Super oxide dismutse (SOD) under T-1 (36 %, 65 %,0.6 % nd 12 % respetively) nd T-2 (70 %, 78 %, 66 % nd 42 % respetively). Peroxidse tlyses the dehydrogention of struturlly diverse phenoli sustrtes y H 2 O 2 nd thus often regrded s ntioxidnt enzyme (Shigeok et l., 2002). The present results lerly estlished tht peroxidse tivity ws inresed most under the T- 2 tretment whih leds to derese of H 2 O 2 ontent, neessry for n effetive defense ginst the tion of free rdils. Polyphenol oxidse (PPO) oxidizes phenoli ompounds nd is ssoited with ntioxidnt tivity. iosienedisovery.om 204 ISSN: X (Online)

6 Deshmukh et l., During periods of stress, this plstidil enzyme is relesed into the ytoplsm nd it oxidizes phenols to produe quinines nd helps in voiding of hlorophyll lehing (Myer nd Hrel, 1979). The present investigtion shows tht T-2 leds to more derese in tivity of polyphenol oxidse nd IAA oxidse ompred to the peroxidse nd superoxide dismutse enzyme tivity. This leds to inrese in nti-oxidnt properties of tomto, whih is signifint from helth point of view. In generl, the present study lerly proves tht the tretment of kunpjl (T-2) indued erly flowering nd erly fruiting. The qulity nd quntity of fruits inresed long with shelf life of fruits of tomto under kunpjl (T-2) tretment in orgni wy. This is supported y oservtions of Mishr, (2010) who proved tht the herl kunpjl effetively enhned yield ttriutes of rie thn NPK fertilizer. The inrese in totl solids, totl ids, fier perentge nd derese in ph nd totl solule solids gve qulittive enhnement in the yield under kunpjl (T-2) tretment. Kunpjl (T-2) tretment s soil pplition method led to inresed lyopene, sori id nd proline ontent whih inrese nutritionl vlue of fruits of tomto. Crotene ontent enhne olour of fruits of tomto under kunpjl (T-2) tretment where s the solule proteins, totl rohydrtes nd polyphenol ontent inrese the sweetness nd tste of the fruit. Higher level of tivity of oxidtive enzymes suh s peroxidse, polyphenol oxidse, IAA oxidse nd super oxide dismutse in fruits of kunpjl (T-2) treted plnts enhnes nti-oxidnt property of tomto. Thus it n e onluded tht, y nd lrge, kunpjl tretment (T-2) is superior to N.P.K. frming (T-1) s it rings out qulittive nd quntittive inrese in yield of tomto under orgni frming onditions. LITERATURE CITED Adelziz M Poklud R Adelwh M, Influene of ompost, miroorgnisms nd NPK fertilizer upon growth, Chemil omposition nd essentil oil prodution of Rosmrinus offiinlis L. Not. Bot. Hort. Agroot. Cluj., 35(1): Agrwl S nd Ro AV, Tomto lyopene nd low-density lioprotein oxidtion: humn dietry intervention study. Lipids, 33: Arnon DI, Copper enzymes in isolted hloroplsts, polyphenol oxidse in Bet vulgris L. Plnt Physiology, 24: Btes LS, Wldren RP nd Tese ID, Rpid determintion of free proline for wter stress studies. Plnt nd Soil, 39: Chitle R, Role of oxygented peptone in improving the produtivity of rinjl (Solnum mlongen L. v. Ajy). Ph. D. Thesis. P. G. Reserh Center, Deprtment of Botny, Tuljrm Chturhnd College Brmti, Dist. Pune (M.S.) Indi. Coll G, Mithell JP, Poudel DD nd Temple SR, Chnges of tomto yield nd fruit elementl omposition in onventionl, low input, nd orgni system. Journl of Sustinle Agriulture, 20(2): Djnguirmm M, Pndiyn M nd Durg Devi D, Asission of tomto fruit follows oxidtive dmge nd its mnipultion y ANTONIC spry. Interntionl Journl of Agriulture nd Biology, 7(1): Dtt S The time is ripe. Drem (1): Deshmukh RS, Ptil NA nd Nikm TD, Kunpjl: Formultion nd Stndrdiztion of Dosges for Cultivtion of Tomto. In: Proeedings of Interntionl Conferene on Trditionl Prties in Conservtion Agriulture Septemer, Jnrdhn Ri Ngr, Rjsthn Vidypeeth University, Prtp Ngr, Udipur, Rjsthn, Indi, edited y Choudhry SL, Khndelwl SK nd Nene YL. (Asin Agri History Foundtion, Seunderd, Indi): Ginnopolitis CN nd Ries SK, Super oxide dismutse. I. Ourrene in higher plnts. Plnt Physiol., 59: Krinsky NI, The ntioxidnt nd iologil properties of the rotenoids. Ann. N. Y. Ad Si., 854: iosienedisovery.om 205 ISSN: X (Online)

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