Effect of weed competition on growth characteristics of sunflower at different levels of nitrogen fertilizer

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1 Aville online t Sholrs Reserh Librry Annls of Biologil Reserh, 212, 3 (11): ( ISSN CODEN (USA): ABRNBW Effet of weed ompetition on growth hrteristis of sunflower t different levels of nitrogen fertilizer 1* Afshr Azdbkht, 2 Rez Amrie, 3 Seideh Rzieh Mirzpour nd 4 Hdis Nsrollhi 1 Deprtment of Weed Siene, Birjnd University, Birjnd, Irn 2 Deprtment of Agriulture Siene, Pyme Noor University, Koohdsht, Irn 3 Medil University of Kermnshh, Respetively 4 Deprtment of gronomy, Khorrmd Brnh, Islmi Azd University, Khorrmd, Irn. ABSTRACT In order to investigte the intertion between weed ompetition times nd t different levels of nitrogen fertilizer on growth hrteristis of sunflower split plot experiment bsed on rndomized omplete blok design ws onduted with 24 tretments nd 3 replitions in reserh frm of ollege of griulture of Birjnd University in 21. The min ftor ws 3 levels of nitrogen (, 1 nd 2 Kg/h -1 ). The sub ftor ws different weed ompetition periods ontining of 3 levels of weed free, 3 levels of weed infested until phonologil stges of two lef (V2), four lef (V4) nd hed visible stge(vr) of sunflower nd with 2 levels (ll seson weed free nd weed infested) tretments. The results showed tht the power of weeds ompetition with sunflower with the pplition of nitrogen fertilizer inrese until the level of 1 Kg/h -1 of nitrogen fertilizer onsumption, but inreses more nitrogen is fvor of sunflower. The min weeds were brnyrd grss, bindweed, ommon mllow, red root pigweed, ommon lmb s qurters, nd hory ress. Applition of nitrogen fertilizer lso hve signifint inrese of biologil yield, height nd hed dimeter of sunflower, but the severity ws of the inresed under the influene of ompeting weeds. Keywords: Competition, Nitrogen, Weeds, Sunflower INTRODUCTION Due to the ft tht lrge prt of the required ountry vegetle oil from rod ws ttined, the inrese in the prodution of seeds of sunflower oil, inluding in the ountry is importnt, nd n ply n importnt role in the supply of oil tht is needed for the ountry. In spite of the sunflower rop (due to reltively high growth rte) hve well ompete with weeds, but the biologil nd eonomi yield under the impt of weed ompetition n gretly redued nd weed ontrol will be Speil needs in the erly period[1]. The results of the investigtion show tht the ompeting weeds nd rop plnts under the influene of the environmentl onditions, espeilly the vilility of soil nutrients [3,9,8]. So the nutrients resoure mngement is type of strtegy in the mngement of weeds. The Results of some studies suggest tht the potentil use of weeds in nutrients is more thn rops [2]. Therefore, t the beginning of seson growth nd fertility of soil on top of the sitution, by tking dvntge of these fetures, more growth, nd by reting shortge in nutrients n redue griulturl ompetitive of rop plnt[11]. Longterm dpttion of plnt to soil nutrients in the limits with the hnges in the demnd nd use of elements, s well s derived on the morphology nd distribution of roots in plnt[4]. Sholrs Reserh Librry 5162

2 Afshr Azdbkht et l Annls of Biologil Reserh, 212, 3 (11): In most griulture res for inrese, the growth of rop plnt ommonly used fertilizers. So the plnts rdinl in this hitts, is the ompetition for food insted of drining the elements of long-term resoures. Furthermore, the weeds ompetition with rops when the originl soil soures re redued probly inreses [5]. Among the nutrients, nitrogen hs very importnt role in the ility of ompeting between the plnts nd the ompete for sorption of nitrogen is the most widespred form of ompetition interspeies in rops nd interspeies ompete in the system of weed-rop frming[6]. This experiment investigted the intertion of different periods of weed ompetition nd nitrogen fertilizer levels on plnt height, biomss, dry weight, nd dimeter of the sunflower. MATERIALS AND METHODS This reserh performed in the spring of 21 t the reserh frm of College of griulture, University of birjnd with ltitude North 32º 56 nd longitude 59º, 13 Estern with height of 148 meters from se level. Bsed on the results of soil tests, soil idity, 7.8, soil slinity 3.9 ds/m, lime 16.5 perent nd grvel 2.1 perent, the soil hs lomy texture nd dense mss of the building ws missing. The testing ws pplied split plot experiment bsed on rndomized omplete blok design ws onduted with 24 tretments nd 3 replitions. Opertion of the sowing s tegory (on bed frrow) on 15 My 21 to hill with hnding method in ny pit number 4 to 5 seeds were poured nd performed the first irrigtion. There ws used to Pomr vriety of sunflower seeds. Intervls of two plnts on plnting rows were 2 m nd the distne between the rows ws 6 m. The width of the plots ording to 5 line plnting in plots ws 3 m nd 6 m in length. The min plots inluded three nitrogen fertilizer levels (zero, 1 nd 2 Kg/h -1 pure nitrogen) nd subplots inlude different periods of weed interferene bsed on sunflower growth stges. These periods inludes three levels of weed-free 1 (ontrol) nd three levels of weed infeted 2 (interferene) until two-lef (V2), four-lef (V4) nd sunflower hed visible(vr) stges 3,with two weed-free nd weed infested tretments in ll seson durtion 4. In the testing used of the nturl density of weed ws so similr to the norml distribution with more mixed weed frm nd hve ontrol of the weeds ws done hnd weeding. Brnyrd grss, Common mllow, Common Amrnth, Common lmb s qurters, nd Hory ress were the min ommon observed weeds. In the first group tretments (WF), the plots, until the forementioned stges ws weeding nd free of weed, then let the weeds grow nd ompete with the sunflower ws given until the end of the seson. In the seond group tretments, weeds from the beginning of the seson until the forementioned stges of sunflower were interferene, but weeding nd rop plnt until the end of the seson, remined free of weed. Some of the growth trits inluding the biologil yield of sunflower, dry weight, height nd hed dimeter of the ten rndom plnts in eh plot, week before the finl hrvest ws mesured. To perform the nlysis of vrine nd ompre the verge of sttistil softwre SAS were used. Compre the verge bsed on the proteted LSD test with signifint level 5% Possibility. In ddition, the Figures were drwed with Exel nd Sigm plot softwre. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Biologil yield of sunflower Biologil yield of sunflower signifintly ffeted by tretments of nitrogen nd weed ompetition. By inresing the time of presene of weed on the frm, biologil yield delined to interfere so tht the tretments ll-seson weed nd interferene-stge hed visibility, ttined the lowest biologil yield. The perent of redution in biologil yield of ll seson interferene tretments for the levels of nitrogen, nd equivlent to 58.98, 55.9 nd 52.9% nd for tretments interferene until hed visibility stge, nd for the forementioned levels of nitrogen tretments ws 4.22, nd 42.72% (tle 1). How to the effet of dislosure by biologil yield of ompeting weeds suh s sunflower seed yield nd ompetition ws used signifint redues it, this thred suggests tht inresing of the biologil yield, whih used the spred of good growth nd proper nopy folige of rop plnt n be fitted to Inrese the yield of the eonomi role of the movement. These results with the results of the Cvero et l, (1999) hd stted tht the weed redues the biologil yield hs mthed. With the inresed levels of nitrogen pplition, inresed biologil yield of sunflower so tht verge sunflower biologil yield in the level of equivlent to kg/ h -1 nd 1 -Weed Free (WF). 2 - Weed infested (WI). 3 -Weed-free tretment until the two-lef(v2) stge, four-lef(v4) nd hed visibility(vr) of sunflower, respetively, s shown in the WF2, WF4 nd WFR nd weed-infested tretments to the mentioned stge shown in the WI2, WI4 nd WIR 4 -The weed ontrol (free) tretments in ll seson durtion shown s WFH nd the weed interferene( infested) tretments in ll seson durtion is shown s WIH. Sholrs Reserh Librry 5163

3 Afshr Azdbkht et l Annls of Biologil Reserh, 212, 3 (11): there ws inresed in the levels of the nd, equivlent to nd kg/h -1 respetively (Figure 1). Tle1: The biologil yield verges of different weed ompetition tretments of sunflower t different levels of nitrogen (, nd ws using to, 1 nd 2 kg/ h -1 pure nitrogen respetively). WIH WIR WI4 WI2 WFH WFR WF4 WF2 ompetition tretments nitrogen levels fgh de o jklm ijk bd klmn lmn e d b no jklm fg ef klmn lmn de d b / mn ijkl hij ghi *The verge member hs t lest one sme letters ws not sttistilly signifint differenes with together by LSD test t the level 5% Possibility. 14 Biologil Yield(Kg/h) y = x R 2 = Nitrogen Levels(Kg/h) Figure 1: The verge of biologil yield t sunflower in different levels of nitrogen. These results with the results of Kumr (27) in onnetion with the inresed yield of the sunflower with the inresed levels of nitrogen found mth. In ddition, Kumr et l found tht inresed to levels of nitrogen with negtive impt on growth of weeds nd lso redue the weeds ompetitiveness used to inresing of yield in Sunflower b Height (m) WI2 WI4 WIR WIH Weed interferene tretments Figure 2: Comprison of verges sunflower height t the end of the growing seson between the weed interferene tretments t the nitrogen levels of, nd. Column with similr letters re not sttistilly signifintly different t the level 5% Possibility. (, nd, respetively, using, 1 nd 2 kg/ h -1 pure nitrogen). Sholrs Reserh Librry 5164

4 Afshr Azdbkht et l Annls of Biologil Reserh, 212, 3 (11): Height of the sunflower In this study the signifint differenes resulting from the weeds interferene with the weeds ontrol ws observed on the finl height suh tht most of sunflower height observed in the ll seson ontrol(free) tretments tht sizes equivlent to , nd m respetively to rrnge for fertilizer levels, nd respetively nd the minimum height in the ll seson interferene tretments for the levels mentioned in , nd m respetively (Figures 2 nd 3). The perentge redution of the height for interferene ll seson tretments ompred to ll seson tretments ontrol for the level ws 12.1, nd for the nd nitrogen levels ws nd 1.1% respetively d d bd d bd d d Height (m) WF2 WF4 WFR WFH Weed free tretments Figure 3: Comprison of verges sunflower height t the end of the growing seson between the weed ontrol(free) tretments t the nitrogen levels of, nd. Column with similr letters re not sttistilly signifintly different t the level 5% Possibility. (, nd, respetively, using, 1 nd 2 kg/h -1 pure nitrogen). Wnjri et l. (2) knows the reltionship between the height of diret reltionship with the yield so is one of the uses of the derese stems in ddition tht redues ould be the vilility of plnt to light in ompetition with weeds tller thn it, And so shoot, one of the mjor soures of stored rbohydrtes nd other mterils stored in the plnt tht omes in time, espeilly in grin filling under onditions of stress n be ply seondry role s min soure of storge in plnts. Therefore, ny hnges to this soure hve diret effet on the seed yield. hed dimeter(m) b 13 WI2 WI4 WIR WIH Weed free tretments Figure 4: The influene of weed free(ontrol) tretments on the nitrogen levels of, nd, on hed dry dimeter of sunflower. The olumns ontin the sme letters ws not sttistilly signifint differenes in the level of level 5% Possibility together. (, nd, respetively pplition, 1 nd 2 kg/h -1 of pure nitrogen). Sholrs Reserh Librry 5165

5 Afshr Azdbkht et l Annls of Biologil Reserh, 212, 3 (11): hed dimeter(m) ef de ef f ef def bd bde 2 WF2 WF4 WFR WFH Weed interferene tretments Figure 5:The influene of weed interferene tretments on the nitrogen levels of, nd, on hed dimeter of sunflower. The olumns ontin the sme letters ws not sttistilly signifint differenes in the level of level 5% Possibility together. (, nd, respetively pplition, 1 nd 2 kg/h -1 of pure nitrogen). Hed dimeter of sunflower The influene of weed ontrol nd weed interferene periods on the dimeter ws signifint. There ws deresed the hed dimeter With the inrese in the durtion of interferene nd with inrese of weed free durtion the dimeter ws dded. But in the mentime, there ws lso exeptions, during the period of free, for ll levels of nitrogen tretments to ontrol up to two lef (V2) hs hed dimeter greter thn tretments-free up to four pge (V4). The mximum hed dimeter observed in the ll seson ontrol tretments (for levels of,, nd nitrogen equivlent to 16.7, 16.8, nd 18.2m respetively). The lest dimeter were to tretments free up to four lef(v4) nd full seson interferene pge (figures4 nd 5) rther to the ll seson ontrol tretments with 19.7, nd 17.58% redution respetively for the mentioned levels were out the pplited of nitrogen. Redue in hed dimeter used by ompete with weeds there is the spirit of the redution of the volume of the sink. Redue the volume of the sink beuse of the mount of prodution in the soure (the leves) n be tht this is due to weed ompetition with Herb frm for wter, nutrients, light nd Tht ultimtely redue the yield [1]. But the effet of nitrogen pplition levels did not signifint effets on the hed dimeter, of ourse, though with rete inresed levels of nitrogen, The hed dimeter ws lso inresed. This would be beuse more weeds used thn dded nitrogen, in order to void inresing the hed dimeter of sunflower with inresing levels of nitrogen. 4 hed dry weight (g/m2) de de d bde de de de e de 5 WI2 WI4 WIR WIH Weed interferene tretments Figure 6:The influene of weed interferene tretments on the nitrogen levels of, nd, on hed dry weight of sunflower. The olumns ontin the sme letters ws not sttistilly signifint differenes in the level of level 5% Possibility together. (, nd, respetively pplition, 1 nd 2 kg/h -1 of pure nitrogen) Sholrs Reserh Librry 5166

6 Afshr Azdbkht et l Annls of Biologil Reserh, 212, 3 (11): hed dry weight (g/m2) b b b 5 WF2 WF4 WFR WFH Weed free tretments Figure 7: The influene of weed ontrol tretments on the nitrogen levels of, nd, on hed dry weight of sunflower. The olumns ontin the sme letters ws not sttistilly signifint differenes in the level of level 5% Possibility together. (, nd, respetively pplition, 1 nd 2 kg/h -1 of pure nitrogen) Hed dry weight of sunflower The result indited tht the hed dry weight is lso under the influene of weeds ompeting nd there ws signifint differene between the weed ontrol nd weed interferene tretments. So most of the hed dry weight in the fertilizer levels reltes to ll seson ontrol tretments (for levels of nitrogen, nd, respetively 49.3, nd g/m 2 ). There ws lowest hed dry weight for the levels of nitrogen on nd in ll seson weed interferene tretments were nd g/m 2 respetively nd hed dry weight in Level in the fertilizer interferene until the hed visible stge were182.7 g/m 2. The perentge of Dry weight deresing relted to the ontrol tretments for the levels of nitrogen, nd were 57.7, 63.8 nd 58.4% respetively (Figures 6 nd 7). Kumr (27), s well s on their results get tht with inresing the durtion of weed interferene stge, the hed dry weight of the sunflower be deresing. In his tests, ll seson weed interferene tretments in ll nitrogen levels, the hed dry weight ws 75% redued ompred to the ll sesons ontrol tretments. But nitrogen fertilizers in most of the tretments impt on inresing the hed dry weight, but this effet ws not sttistilly signifint, exept in the tretments of ontrol to the hed visibility stge. In ddition, ll seson interferene tretments tht the tretments of level rted highest hed dry weight nd were s well s the weed interferene tretment overlpping two lef (V2) stge in the nitrogen level of. So to the most tretments, the highest hed dry weight Relted to the nitrogen level. CONCLUSION The how weed ompetition mngement nd nitrogen is one of the key points in rop mngement to optimizing produtivity. The results of this test showed tht the power of weeds ompetition with sunflower t the pplition of nitrogen fertilizer inrese until the level of 1 Kg/h -1 of nitrogen fertilizer onsumption, but inreses more nitrogen is fvor of sunflower to ompeted with weed plnts. Applition of nitrogen fertilizer lso hve signifint inrese of biologil yield, height nd hed dimeter of sunflower, but the severity ws of the inresed under the influene of ompeting weeds. REFERENCES [1] Cvero, J., M. Zrgoz, S. D. T. nd P. N. Prdo Weed Si.43 : [2] Di Toms, J. M Weed Si. 43: [3] Evns, P. S., S. Z. Knezevi., J. L. Lindquist., C. A. Spiro nd E. E. Blnkenship. 23. Weed Si. 51: [4] Fitter,A.H. nd R.K.M.Hy Anvironmentl physiology of plnts.2nd ed.akdemi press, nevwyork. [5]Gers, C.M., M.A. Mrtins-Ghers, E.H.Storre, M.L.Vn Esso, nd G.Chi Chotky Seed dispersl,(l.pers.weed Res.33: [6]Hshem, A., S. R. Rdosovih nd R. Dik. 2. Weed Teh. 14: [7]Kumr, O., N. Venugopl., T. V. Rmhndrprsd., S. Seshdrireddy. And N. Dev Kumr. 27. Krntk J. Si. 2(1):(1-2). [8]Qsem, J. R J. Hort. Si. 67: Sholrs Reserh Librry 5167

7 Afshr Azdbkht et l Annls of Biologil Reserh, 212, 3 (11): [9]Vengris, J., W. C. Colby, nd M. Drke Agron. J. 47: [1]Wnjri, R. H., N. T. Ydurju nd K. N. Ahuj. 2. Critil period of weed ompetition in spring sunflower (Helinthus nnuus L.). Indin Journl of Weed Si. Vol. 32 No. 1/2 pp [11]Zimdhl, R Fundmentls of weed siene. Ademi press. Sn Diego, CA Sholrs Reserh Librry 5168