Soil phosphorus and potassium availability in long-term field experiments with organic and mineral fertilization

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1 Vol. 62, 216, No. 12: Plnt Soil Environ. oi: /534/216-PSE Soil phosphorus n potssium vilility in long-term fiel experiments with orgni n minerl fertiliztion M. Káš, G. Mühlhová, H. Kusá, M. Pehová Crop Reserh Institute, Prgue, Czeh Repuli ABSTRACT The effet of orgni, minerl n omine orgni n minerl fertiliztion of soils on the winter whet yiels n nutrient ontents in soils ws evlute in long-term fiel experiments. Two sites with ifferent soil hrteristis were evlute Lukve u Pov (misol) n Ivnovie n Hné (egre hernozem). The type of fertiliztion influene whet yiels. Nutrient uptke y winter whet ws higher uner nitrogen (N) fertiliztion, whih resulte in negtive lne of phosphorus (P) n potssium (K) n to erese of nutrient ontents in the more fertile soils t Ivnovie n Hné. Two soil tests (Mehlih 3 metho n NH 4 -ette metho) were use to etermine P n K vilility. The minerl nitrogen fertiliztion negtively n signifintly ffete NH 4 - ette extrtle onentrtions of nutrients in the soils n these were lower in omprison with onentrtions of P n K etermine y Mehlih 3 metho. Reltive vilility of P in lkline soils from Ivnovie trete with minerl N inrese while the soil ph erese. Keywors: Mehlih 3 soil test; NH 4 -ette soil test; Tritium estivum; nutrition; mronutrient; nutrient vilility Long-term fiel experiments provie one of the mens of mesuring sustinle mngement systems in griulture (Rsmussen et l. 1998) s they ontriute to etter unerstning of the effets of soil fertiliztion on nutrient vilility n rop yiels. Long-term fertiliztion using either orgni mnure or minerl fertilizer hs signifint effets on improving rop yiels (Lin et l. 215). The yiels of winter whet inrese epening on the pplie minerl nitrogen (N) ose prtiulrly in res with unfvourle soil-limti onitions (Káš et l. 21). Bishoff (1995) showe tht omine minerl n orgni fertiliztion inrese rop yiels more thn minerl tretments only. Orgni fertiliztion ffets the rop yiels more in light lomy-sny soils ue to esier soil wrming, inrese of miroil tivity, etter ir exhnge n, s onsequene, etter relese of nutrients ontine in orgni fertilizers (Hohenmeier et l. 21). Phosphorus (P) is the most importnt nutrient element (other thn nitrogen) limiting griulturl proution in most regions of the worl (Holfor 1997). Phosphorus in soils is ivie to ifferent frtions with ifferent vilility for plnts (Kulhánek et l. 29). Tkhshi n Anwr (27) onute 23-yer long fiel experiment pplying P fertiliztion. While the totl ontent of minerl P inrese, the inrese of ville P in the trete plots ws only moest. P fertiliztion ws foun to e ritil for grin yiel sine the N n K tretment i not inrese yiel ompre with zero tretment (Tkhshi n Anwr 27). Aoring to Tkhshi n Anwr (27) totl inorgni P (P i ) n C-P i + Al-P i + Fe-P i, inrese in the tretments with P pplition t 15 m. Totl P i ws greter t 15 m epth thn t 3 5 m epth. On the other hn, Vnen Nest et l. (215) showe tht zero P-fertilizer pplition le to signifint erese in soil P vilility n lso P lehing ws oserve uring 4-yer experimentl perio. Among orgni fertilizers, Kulhánek et l. (214) foun frmyr mnure (FYM) to e goo soure of phosphorus. Supporte y the Ministry of Agriulture of the Czeh Repuli, Projet No. RO

2 Plnt Soil Environ. Vol. 62, 216, No. 12: oi: /534/216-PSE Soil potssium (K) supply is one of the min eterminnt nutrients of the grin yiel. The K vilility n utiliztion y plnts is prtly relte to ly ontent in the soil, ut more to the tion exhnge surfes ssoite with oth minerl n orgni onstituents n lso to the pity of ly minerls to fix K (Blke et l. 1999). Where plnt-ville soil extrtle K supply is insuffiient to sustin the mximum growth rte, n symptoti grin yiel response is usully oserve s result of inrese K fertiliztion (Brennn n Bolln 27). Slowly n reily ville forms of K represent the pools importnt for K supply for rops. Mooy n Bell (26) showe tht the following pools were in sequentil equilirium: solution K, exhngele K, fst relese fixe K, n slow relese fixe K. The exhngele K ws orrelte with K uptke y plnts. The ojetives of our reserh were: (1) to investigte the effets of minerl, orgni n omintions of minerl n orgni fertilizers on the yiels of winter whet n on the vilility of K n P in soils; (2) to evlute hnges in nutrient vilility use y long-term soil fertiliztion using two soil tests Mehlih 3 n NH 4 -ette. MATERIAL AND METHODS Fiel experiment. The interntionl permnent orgni nitrogen long-term fiel experiment with orgni, minerl n omine orgni n minerl fertiliztion (IOSDV Der Interntionle Orgnishe Stikstoffuerüngsversuh) ws foune in the yer 1984 t two ifferent sites: Lukve u Pov n Ivnovie n Hné (Tle 1). The experimentl tretments were following: (1) C ontrol; (2) PK minerl fertiliztion P n K; (3) NPK minerl fertiliztion NPK; (4) FYM frmyr mnure; (5) FYM-PK frmyr mnure + PK; (6) FYM-NPK frmyr mnure + NPK. Minerl fertilizers (P, K, NPK) were pplie nnully (12 kg N/h, 35 P kg/h n 83 K kg/h), FYM in ose 3 t/h one per three yers efore potto plnting. The totl ose of nutrients pplie to pottoes in rop rottion with FYM ws 129 kg N/h, 51 kg P/h n 138 kg K/h, respetively. The rop rottion ws following: pottoes, winter whet, spring rley. The strw fter hrvest ws tken from ll experimentl plots. The totl re of plots ws 4 m 2 (5 8 m); hrvesting re ws 18 m 2 (3 6 m). Eh tretment h three replites. Tretments with minerl n orgni fertiliztion were onentrte in los shifte for every replition in orer to hnge its vertil n horizontl position. Soil n plnt smpling. The soils n plnts were smple t time of winter whet (v. Cuus) hrvest from two opposite prts of eh experimentl plot within the yers m of winter whet row ws tken from eh plot. The strw n grin yiels were etermine from prtil plnt smplings rrie out efore hrvesting n weighing seprtely the strw n threshe grin. 8 soil ores of imeter 2.5 m n epth 3 m were smple from eh experimentl plot from the sme ple s the plnts were tken. After tht, the soils were ir-rie n sieve t 2 mm efore nlysis. Lortory nlysis. Exhngele nutrient ontents were etermine y NH 4 -ette metho (Mtul 27). NH 4 -ette metho ws hosen ue to its vntges, mong them there is usully goo reltionship etween reily ville elements n plnt uptke n the possiility to etermine mny elements in one extrt. Briefly, 5 g of soil ws extrte in 1 ml of.5 mol/l mmonium ette n.5 mol/l mmonium fluorie, ph = 7. The soils with.5 mol/l mmonium ette were left for 16 h, therefter they were shken mnully 4 times efore filtrtion. Totl ioville nutrients were evlute y Mehlih 3 metho (.2 mol/l CH 3 COOH, Tle 1. Bsi hrteristis of soils t experimentl sites Lukve u Pov Ivnovie n Hné Altitue (m.s.l.) Soil type misol egre hernozem Soil texture lomy-sny lomy Averge preipittion (mm) Averge temperture ( C) ph CCl 2 Aville nutrients Mehlih 3 (mg/kg) P K Mg C

3 Vol. 62, 216, No. 12: Plnt Soil Environ. oi: /534/216-PSE.15 mol/l NH 4 F,.13 mol/l HNO 3,.25 mol/l NH 4 NO 3,.1 mol/l EDTA) in rtio w:v 1:1 (1 g of soil n 1 ml of extrtnt), 1 min shking n susequent filtrtion (Mehlih 1984). Conentrtions of K n P in the strw n grin of winter whet were etermine fter igestion in on. HNO 3, 3% H 2 O 2 using the mirowve Milestone 12 system (Connetiut, USA). Therefter, ll soil n plnt extrts were etermine y the ICP-OES Thermo Jrrel Ash (Ners, USA). The overll uptke of nutrients ws lulte from the otine yiels n the P n K ontents in the strw n grin. ph etermintion. The soil ph ws etermine in the istille wter extrt of 1 mol/l KCl using the rtio 1:2.5 w:v (2 g soil/5 g wter). The soil smples were shken on n overhe shker for 1 h n then left to equilirte for 2 h. The suspension ws then gitte for 1 min n the ph ws mesure immeitely using ph meter WTW 315i/SET (Weilheim, Germny). Sttistil nlysis. The results from the fiveyer oservtions (21 214) were sttistilly nlyse using the Sttisti 12. softwre (Tuls, USA). The one-wy ANOVA n Tukey s tests were use to etermine signifint ifferenes mong the t. The sme hrters over histogrms in the figures represent sttistilly ientil vlues of the exmine tretments. RESULTS Winter whet yiels. The verge yiels of winter whet were higher t Ivnovie then t Lukve site. The meium winter whet yiels t Lukve oring to ANOVA test inrese signifintly (P.1) in the following orer: ontrol = PK < FYM-PK = FYM < NPK < FYM-NPK (Figure 1). The meium winter whet yiels t Ivnovie inrese signifintly (P <.1) s follows: ontrol = PK FYM = FYM-PK FYM-NPK = NPK (Figure 1). At Lukve, the highest yiels were otine for FYM-NPK tretment. At Ivnovie the highest winter whet yiels were otine using minerl N fertiliztion without signifint ifferene etween NPK n FYM-NPK tretments (Figure 1). Winter whet nutrient uptke. The overll winter whet uptke of K n P iffere mong tretments signifintly t Lukve (P.1). The winter whet uptke of K n P in soils from Ivnovie ws less sttistilly signifint (P.5). The lowest uptke of nutrients ws oserve in the ontrol n PK tretments in oth soils n the highest uptke ws otine for FYM-NPK n NPK tretments (t Ivnovie soils, this ws not sttistilly signifint) (Tle 2). K in soils. The verge onentrtions of potssium in soils etermine y Mehlih 3 n NH 4 -ette methos iffere signifintly mong tretments t oth experimentl sites (P.1) (Figure 2). The verge K onentrtions etermine y oth methos Mehlih 3 (K M3 ) n NH 4 -ette (K NH4- ) in the soils from Ivnovie were higher in omprison with the soils from Lukve. The orgni fertiliztion inrese K ontents t Ivnovie soils lmost twie in omprison with the minerl fertiliztion. Signifintly lower K onentrtions were foun for ontrol n NPK tretments in the soils from Lukve, while the Yiel (t/h) Lukve u Pov Yiel (t/h) Ivnovie n Hné Figure 1. Averge winter whet grin yiels (21 214). C ontrol; PK minerl fertiliztion P n K; NPK minerl fertiliztion NPK; FYM frmyr mnure; FYM-PK frmyr mnure + PK; FYM-NPK frmyr mnure + NPK. The sme hrters represent sttistilly ientil vlues of the exmine tretments 56

4 Plnt Soil Environ. Vol. 62, 216, No. 12: Tle 2. Annul ose of orgni n minerl fertilizers (kg/h), export of phosphorus (P) n potssium (K) y grin n strw of winter whet in the fiel experiment Tretment oi: /534/216-PSE Dose of fertilizers Lukve u Pov Ivnovie n Hné K P K P K P Control PK NPK FYM FYM-PK FYM-NPK C ontrol; PK minerl fertiliztion P n K; NPK minerl fertiliztion NPK; FYM frmyr mnure; FYM-PK frmyr mnure + PK; FYM-NPK frmyr mnure + NPK. The sme hrters represent sttistilly ientil vlues of the exmine tretments highest K onentrtions were foun for FYM-PK tretment. K onentrtions in the soils using FYM- NPK tretment were lower in omprison with FYM-PK, however no ler sttistil signifine ws note. The rtio etween the exhngele n the totl ioville potssium K NH4- /K M3 ws not signifintly ffete y tretment in soils from ny site (Figure 4). P in soils. The phosphorus onentrtions using Mehlih 3 (P M3 ) n NH 4 -ette (P NH4- ) methos in the soils of oth experimentl sites were signifintly ffete y the tretment NH 4 -ette K (mg/kg) Lukve u Pov Mehlih 3 K (mg/kg) 45 Lukve u Pov NH 4 -ette K (mg/kg) Ivnovie n Hné Mehlih 3 K (mg/kg) 8 Ivnovie n Hné Figure 2. Averge NH 4 -ette n Mehlih 3 onentrtions of potssium (K) in soils (21 214). C ontrol; PK minerl fertiliztion P n K; NPK minerl fertiliztion NPK; FYM frmyr mnure; FYM-PK frmyr mnure + PK; FYM-NPK frmyr mnure + NPK. The sme hrters represent sttistilly ientil vlues of the exmine tretments 561

5 Vol. 62, 216, No. 12: Plnt Soil Environ. oi: /534/216-PSE 5 Lukve u Pov 3 Lukve u Pov NH NH 4 -ette-p 4 -P (mg/kg) NH NH 4 -ette-p 4 P (mg/kg) (mg/kg) Ivnovie n Hné Mehlih 3 - P (mg/kg) Mehlih 3 - P (mg/kg) Mehlih 3 P (mg/kg) Ivnovie n Hné Figure 3. Averge NH 4 -ette n Mehlih 3 onentrtions of phosphorus (P) in soils (21 214). C ontrol; PK minerl fertiliztion P n K; NPK minerl fertiliztion NPK; FYM frmyr mnure; FYM-PK frmyr mnure + PK; FYM-NPK frmyr mnure + NPK. The sme hrters represent sttistilly ientil vlues of the exmine tretments (P.1) (Figure 3). The lowest P onentrtions were foun for ontrol soils t oth sites n y oth methos. The inrese in P onentrtions ws note using FYM tretments, the FYM-PK n FYM-NPK tretments rehe the highest P onentrtions. The rtio P NH4- ws signifintly ffete y tretment t oth sites (P.1). The lowest P NH4- for soils from Lukve ws note using NPK tretment n the highest P NH4- ws note in PK n FYM-PK tretments. There ws n inresing tren in rtio P NH4- from ontrol to NPK n from FYM to FYM-NPK tretments in soils t Ivnovie (Figure 4). Soil ph. The soil ph etermine in H 2 O n 1 mol/l KCl ws higher in the Ivnovie soils (egre hernozem) in omprison with the soils from Lukve (Tle 3). The soil ph in soils of oth sites ws ffete y soil tretment (P.1). The highest ph vlues were foun in ontrol tretments, the lowest ph ws foun in tretments reeiving minerl nitrogen without ny signifint ifferene etween minerl or orgni fertiliztion. Positive orreltions (P.5; r =.41) were otine etween K onentrtions n ph in the soils from Lukve, negtive orreltion (P.5, r =.37) ws foun etween P n ph in soils from Ivnovie. DISCUSSION The soils t Lukve hving lower nutrients ontent thn egre hernozem t Ivnovie rehe on verge lower yiels. A signifint inrese (P.1) of winter whet yiels following orgni n minerl fertiliztion ws note t oth experimentl fiels (Figure 1). The otine results showe tht minerl nitrogen s esrie y Černý et l. (21) ws the min inorgni fertilizer ffeting the winter whet yiels t oth sites. Benefits of orgni fertiliztion 562

6 Plnt Soil Environ. Vol. 62, 216, No. 12: oi: /534/216-PSE K NH4- /K M3 (%) Lukve u Pov K /K (%) K NH4- /K M3 (%) Ivnovie n Hné P H4- (%) Lukve u Pov P H4- (%) Ivnovie n Hné 17 Figure 4. Averge KNH 4 -/K M3 n PNH 4 - rtio in soils (21 214). C ontrol; PK minerl fertiliztion P n K; NPK minerl fertiliztion NPK; FYM frmyr mnure; FYM-PK frmyr mnure + PK; FYM-NPK frmyr mnure + NPK. The sme hrters represent sttistilly ientil vlues of the exmine tretments re evient in quntity n qulity of whet yiels (Káš et l. 21, Kismányoky n Duni 215). Our Tle 3. Soil ph in the fiel experiment Tretment Lukve u Pov Ivnovie n Hné ph H2O ph KCl ph H2O ph KCl C PK NPK FYM FYM-PK FYM-NPK C ontrol; PK minerl fertiliztion P n K; NPK minerl fertiliztion NPK; FYM frmyr mnure; FYM-PK frmyr mnure + PK; FYM-NPK frmyr mnure + NPK. The sme hrters represent sttistilly ientil vlues of the exmine tretments results re onsistent with Jing et l. (26) who showe, in 2-yer fiel experiment, tht the highest winter whet yiels were otine following omine tretments with minerl fertilizers n FYM. Minerl N fertiliztion use signifint inrese of overll P n K uptke in experimentl plots y winter whet (Tle 2). The uptke of P n K y winter whet trete with minerl NPK fertilizers exeee the supply of P n K from this fertiliztion in egre hernozem t Ivnovie (Tle 2). This le to negtive lne of potssium n phosphorus in the plnt-soil system uner minerl nitrogen fertiliztion t Ivnovie. As result, higher winter whet uptke ffete ville n potentilly ville nutrient ontents in the soils. However, no sttistilly signifint orreltion etween K n P uptke y rops n their ontents in soils ws oserve t ny site. Our finings re onsistent with Vnen Nest et l. (214) n Zör et l. (214). The fertiliztion system ffete nutrient vilility in soils. The fertiliztion with P n K n 563

7 Vol. 62, 216, No. 12: Plnt Soil Environ. oi: /534/216-PSE omintion of P n K with FYM inrese the ontents of nutrients oring to oth methos: Mehlih 3 n NH 4 -ette metho. The K ontents in the Ivnovie soils were signifintly higher fter FYM tretments ompre with minerl fertilizers only n with ontrol soils. A ifferent sitution ws note in the less fertile soils from Lukve where the K onentrtions iffere signifintly only for FYM-PK tretments. Liu et l. (21) in 3-yer fiel experiment foun rpi erese of K without strw or mnure itions. In our experiments signifintly lower soil K n P ontents were foun using NPK n FYM-NPK tretments ompre with relevnt PK tretments without N fertiliztion. The rtio etween exhngele n totl ioville nutrients K NH4- /K M3 n P NH4- vrie for K etween 85 94% t oth sites n for P the rtio ws in the soils from Ivnovie etween 11 15% n 19 24% in the soils from Lukve. The soil tretments with minerl N fertilizers use erese of K n P ontents in soils not only in the mesure onentrtions ut lso in reltive vlues given y this rtio. Despite the ft tht no signifint ifferene mong tretments ws foun, eresing tren of K NH4- /K M3 in soils reeiving minerl nitrogen ws evient. Blke et l. (1999) showe tht reoveries of K from frmyr mnure (FYM) vrie from % (vlues of > 1% initing susoil uptke or the relese of reserves). Cong et l. (216) showe tht efiienies of N, P n Mg erese the effetiveness of pplie K n my hve use inrese lehing of K from the plough lyer. Our results re onsistent with these finings s n inrese of the Mg NH4- /Mg M3 rtio fter FYM-NPK tretments ws lso oserve (t not shown). This inrese oul ffet K onentrtions in soils ue to ntgonism tht oul our etween K n Mg (Cong et l. 216). The intertion etween N n P is the single most importnt nutrient intertion. It ffets sorption n esorption phosphorus pities in the soils (Bhtthryy et l. 215). The lower rtio of P NH4- in the ontrol soils n lso in the soils from Lukve reeiving minerl N inites the erese of reily ville phosphorus frtions in omprison to totl ioville P frtions (Mehlih 3 metho). This oul e possily ue to P uptke y rops. An inrese of uffering pity of soils with lower phosphorus ontent (for instne ontrol soils) s showe in Kulhánek et l. (28) n e the possile onsequene of eventul new P itions to soils. The rtio P NH4- foun in the soils from Ivnovie showe n opposite tren n n inrese of this rtio ws note. The soil ph in the Ivnovie ontrol soils ws 7.2 (ph H2 O ) n 6.9 (ph KCl ). The PK tretments erese the soil ph to 7 (ph H2 O ) n 6.6 (ph ) wheres the KCl NPK tretments to 6.8 (ph H2 O ) n 6.4 (ph KCl ) (Tle 3). Most minerl P in lreous soils is present in vrious C-oun forms n there re gret ifferenes in P vilility (Bhtthryy et l. 215). At Ivnovie, s showe y the rtio P NH4-, the reltive phosphorus vilility in the soils trete with minerl N-fertilizers n in omintion with FYM inrese orresponing with slightly erese ph. This is possily ue to the P esorption whih oul our s result of n intertion etween orgni moleule-p omplexes with FYM (Bhtthryy et l. 215) on one sie n ph hnges on the other sie. In onlusion, the long-term fertiliztion with minerl n orgni fertilizers ffete the yiels n overll export of nutrients from the fiel. This omintion with minerl N fertiliztion n le to erese of nutrient reserve in the soils. The reily ville P n K frtions extrte y NH 4 -ette erese uner minerl N tretments more thn totl ioville frtions extrte y Mehlih 3. The N fertiliztion of lkline soils n use ph erese, whih les to relese of P reserve. More pronoune effets of long-term fertiliztion on nutrient ontents were oserve in the less fertile sny-lom soils of Lukve. REFERENCES Bhtthryy P., Nyk A.K., Shhi M., Tripthi R., Mohnty S., Kumr A., Rj R., Pn B.B., Ll B., Gutm P., Swin C.K., Roy K.S., Dsh P.K. (215): Effets of 42-yer long-term fertilizer mngement on soil phosphorus vilility, frtiontion, sorption-esorption isotherm n plnt uptke in flooe tropil rie. The Crop Journl, 3: Bishoff R. (1995): Interntionl permnent orgni nitrogen experiment (IOSDV) Speyer. Arhives of Agronomy n Soil Siene, 39: (In Germn) Blke L., Merik S., Koershens M., Gouling K.W.T., Stempen S., Weigel A., Poulton P.R., Powlson D.S. (1999): Potssium ontent in soil, uptke in plnts n the potssium lne in 564

8 Plnt Soil Environ. Vol. 62, 216, No. 12: oi: /534/216-PSE three Europen long-term fiel experiments. Plnt n Soil, 216: Brennn R.F., Bolln M.D.A. (27): Compring the potssium requirements of nol n whet. Austrlin Journl of Agriulturl Reserh, 58: Cong R.H., Li H., Zhng Z., Ren T., Li X.K., Lu J.W. (216): Evlute regionl potssium fertiliztion strtegy of winter oilsee rpe uner intensive ropping systems: Lrge-sle fiel experiment nlysis. Fiel Crops Reserh, 193: Černý J., Blík J., Kulhánek M., Čásová K., Nevě V. (21): Minerl n orgni fertiliztion effiieny in long-term sttionry experiments. Plnt, Soil n Environment, 56: Hohenmeier B., Behle-Shlk L., Zimny L., Sniy R., Mlk D. (21): Yiel responses of sugr eet in the interntionl permnent orgni nitrogen experiment (IOSDV) in Ruishholzhusen n Wrolw-Swoje. Arhives of Agronomy n Soil Siene, 47: (In Germn) Holfor I.C.R. (1997): Soil phosphorus: Its mesurement, n its uptke y plnts. Austrlin Journl of Soil Reserh, 35: Jing D., Hengsijk H., Di T.-B., e Boer W., Jing Q., Co W.-X. (26): Long-term effets of mnure n inorgni fertilizers on yiel n soil fertility for winter whet-mize system in Jingsu, Chin. Peosphere, 16: Káš M., Herle J., Mtějková Š. (21): Crop proutivity uner inresing nitrogen rtes n ifferent orgni fertiliztion systems in long-term IOSDV experiment in the Czeh Repuli. Arhives of Agronomy n Soil Siene, 56: Kismánoyoky T., Duni A. (215): Effet of the ropping yers on the yiel of winter whet in long-term fiel experiment (IOSDV ). In: Proeeings of the Interntionl Conferene. Prgue, Crop Reserh Institute, Kulhánek M., Blík J., Černý J., Shweitzer K., Vněk V., Prášilová M. (28): Evluting of phosphorus quntity/intensity prmeters in soil with ifferent systems of orgni fertilising. Plnt, Soil n Environment, 54: Kulhánek M., Blík J., Černý J., Vněk V. (29): Evlution of phosphorus moility in soil using ifferent extrtion methos. Plnt, Soil n Environment, 55: Kulhánek M., Blík J., Černý J., Všák F., Shejlová G. (214): Influene of long-term fertilizer pplition on hnges of the ontent of Mehlih-3 estimte soil mronutrients. Plnt, Soil n Environment, 6: Lin Z., Chng X.H., Wng D.M., Zho G.C., Zho B.Q. (215): Long-term fertiliztion effets on proessing qulity of whet grin in the North Chin Plin. Fiel Crops Reserh, 174: Liu E.K., Yn C.R., Mei X.R., He W.Q., Bing S.H., Ding L.P., Liu Q., Liu S.A., Fn T.L. (21): Long-term effet of hemil fertilizer, strw, n mnure on soil hemil n iologil properties in northwest Chin. Geoerm, 158: Mtul J. (27): Optimiztion of Nutrient Sttus of Soils y KVK- UF Soil Test. Methoology for Prxis. Prgue, Crop Reserh Institute, 48. (In Czeh) Mehlih A. (1984): Mehlih 3 soil test extrtnt: A moifition of Mehlih 2 extrtnt. Communitions in Soil Siene n Plnt Anlysis, 15: Mooy P.W., Bell M.J. (26): Avilility of soil potssium n ignosti soil tests. Austrlin Journl of Soil Reserh, 44: Rsmussen P.E., Dougls C.L. jr., Collins H.P., Alreht S.L. (1998): Long-term ropping system effets on minerlizle nitrogen in soil. Soil Biology n Biohemistry, 3: Tkhshi S., Anwr M.R. (27): Whet grin yiel, phosphorus uptke n soil phosphorus frtion fter 23 yers of nnul fertilizer pplition to n Anosol. Fiel Crops Reserh, 11: Vnen Nest T., Vnesteele B., Ruysshert G., Cougnon M., Merkx R., Reheul D. (214): Effet of orgni n minerl fertilizers on soil P n C levels, rop yiel n P lehing in long term tril on silt lom soil. Agriulture, Eosystems n Environment, 197: Vnen Nest T., Ruysshert G., Vnesteele B., Cougnon M., Merkx R., Reheul D. (215): P vilility n P lehing fter reuing the minerl P fertiliztion n the use of igestte prouts s new orgni fertilizers in 4-yer fiel tril with high P sttus. Agriulture, Eosystems n Environment, 22: Zör C., Senyrm M., Peiter E. (214): Potssium in griulture Sttus n perspetives. Journl of Plnt Physiology, 171: Reeive on August 18, 216 Aepte on Novemer 3, 216 Corresponing uthor: Ing. Griel Mühlhová, Ph.D., Výzkumný ústv rostlinné výroy, v.v.i., Drnovská 57, Prh 6 Ruzyně, Česká repulik; e-mil: muhlhov@vurv.z 565

2014 Southeast Hay Convention

2014 Southeast Hay Convention 214 Southest Hy Convention Effet of Polymer-Cote Ure on Bermugrss Forge Proution Effet of Polymer-Cote Ure on Bermugrss Forge Proution Introution Without A, users of fe risky lterntives. - H 3 voltiliztion