Effects of Biological and Chemical Fertilizers Nitrogen on Yield Quality and Quantity in Cumin (Cuminum Cyminum L.)

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "Effects of Biological and Chemical Fertilizers Nitrogen on Yield Quality and Quantity in Cumin (Cuminum Cyminum L.)"

Claire Wheeler
6 years ago
Views:

1 Journl of Chemil Helth Risks Journl of Chemil Helth Risks (4) 4(), ORIGINAL ARTICLE Effets of Biologil nd Chemil Fertilizers Nitrogen on Yield Qulity nd Quntity in Cumin (Cuminum Cyminum L.) Ghsem Hosein Tlei *, Shoofeh Gholmi, Zeynb Kobr Pishv 3, Mjid Amini Dehghi 4 Young Reserhers nd Elite Club, Khorrmbd Brnh, Islmi Azd University, Khorrmbd, Irn. MS of student of Agronomy Deprtment, Fulty of Agriulture Sienes, Shhed University, Tehrn, Irn. 3 MS of student of seed siene nd tehnology, Fulty of Agriulture Sienes, Shhed University, Tehrn, Irn. 4 Deprtment of Agronomy nd Plnt Breeding, Fulty of Agriulture, Shhed University, Tehrn, Irn. KEYWORDS Cumin Essentil oil Mediinl plnt Yield (Reeived: 3 Februry 4 Aepted: 6 April 4) ABSTRACT: Considering the importne of mediinl plnts growth nd biologil pplition of fertilizers with sustinble griulturl prodution in order to eliminte or redue hemil input to hieve desirble nd sustinble qulity, n experimentl reserh ws onduted bsed on rndomized omplete blok design with two ftors of hemil nitrogen (46% ure nitrogen) t two levels (Zero, 5 nd 5 kg/h - ), biologil nitrogen (Azotobter) with trde nme Nitroxin t levels inoulted nd non-inoulted in. The results of nlysis of vrine showed tht the effets of biologil fertilizers (Azotobter) Nitroxin of hemil (ure 46%) nitrogen in different tretments on plnt height, umbel number per plnt, grin number per umbel, biologil yield, grin yield, hrvest index (HI) nd essentil oil yield were signifint t P.. The results showed tht the gretest plnt highest (8.8 m), biologil yield (.87 g.m ), grin yield (75.6 g.m ) nd essentil oil yield (.5 g.m ) were obtined by tretment of Nitroxin + hemil nitrogen (5 kg/h - ). In generl, the results of the present study reveled tht the pplition of biologil fertilizers plys remrkble role in improving yield qulity nd quntity in Cumin nd n be viewed s suitble replement for hemil fertilizers. INTRODUCTION Mediinl plnts re used to ure mny ilments tht re either non-urble or seldomly ured Corresponding uthor: Ghsem.tlei@gmil.om (Gh.Tlei).

2 Gh. Tlei et l. / Journl of Chemil Helth Risks 4() (4) through modern systems of mediine. Approximtely 8% of the world popultion depends on mediinl plnts for their helth nd heling [3]. Soietl motivtions to use herbs re inresing due to onern bout the side effets of syntheti drugs. Mny botnils nd some dietry supplements re good soures of ntioxidnts nd nti-inflmmtory ompounds [6]. Cumin (Cuminum yminum L.) is romti plnt within the Apiee fmily tht use in foods, frgrnes, nd medil preprtions (liqueurs, mouthwshes, toothpstes, sops, nd perfumes). They re used s ntispsmodi, rmintive, nd ppetite stimulting gents [5, ]. Cumin is regulrly used s flvoring gent in number of ethni uisines. Cumin seeds hve been found to possess signifint biologil tivities, suh s ntibteril [], ntifungl, nti-rinogeni [3], nti-dibeti, nti-thromboti [], nd ntioxidnt properties [, 33]. Nitrogen fertiliztion mngement is importnt to optimize rop prodution. Nitrogen is one of the most importnt nutrients in rop prodution, beuse it ffets photosyntheti effiieny nd lef development, whih leds to dry mtter prodution [9]. There re some supporting studies tht nitrogen fertiliztion ffets yield, ontent, nd omposition of essentil oils of mediinl plnts [4]. However, nitrogen pplition presents onfliting results in regrds to growth, essentil oil yield nd ontents of mediinl plnts Eonomkis nd ollegues [] showed tht nitrogen fertiliztion hd no effet on essentil oil ontent of Orignum ditmnus. Biologil fertilizers (Azotobter) bsorbed nd inresed the onentrtion of essentil elements suh s nitrogen, phosphorus, potssium, zin, mgnesium, iron, nd protein in rops [4]. Reserh hs shown tht the performne nd the bility of Azotobter in nitrogen fixtion nd blne in the soil depend on the soil properties 56 nd plnt [6]. Despite the signifint positive effets of Azotobter on plnts, the ext funtion in the development of plnt growth is still unknown. Pereir nd ollegues [4] in their studies on inoulted perl millet nnouned the inresed performne by more thn 33%. Reserh hs shown tht the effet of biologil Aztobter fertilizer ws signifint on pepper, nd the highest pepper yield ws reported 3.34 ton/h - []. Nitrogen improved the performne of more thn 3% of Gernium (Pelrgonium) nd other mediinl plnts [5]. Applition of kg/h - of nitrogen inresed the prodution of seondry metbolites (Cisque Terpin) nd perentge hmomile (Mtriri hmomill) inresed dry mtter from 3 to 6% [7]. Also, the effet of nitrogen on dry weight nd perent Thymus Kotshynus speies ws signifint but left no signifint impt on the mount nd perentge of oil nd rvrol [4]. Reserh showed tht the mount of nitrogen up to kg/h - produed more thymol yield in thyme oil but there ws no signifint effet on the mount of seed oil []. Nitrogen inresed thymus vulgris oil yield nd perent thymol nd the best tretment ws kg N/h - [7]. Reserh showed tht by inresing nitrogen pplition from 5 to kg/h -, the essene yield nd thymol inresed signifintly but there ws no signifint effet on the mount of seed oil []. MATERIALS AND METHODES The experiment ws rried out in t the griulturl reserh frm of fulty of griulture nd nturl resoures t Shhed University, Tehrn, Irn (48' 53 E nd 3' 36 N of 5 meters bove se level). The limte of the lotions ws semi-rid region; 59 mm (men nnul preipittion). The physil nd hemil properties of the experimentl soil shown in Tble

3 Gh. Tlei et l. / Journl of Chemil Helth Risks 4() (4) The field ws prepred in utumn nd in Mrh, the rop ws plnted. The experiment ws ftoril with two ftors rrnged in rndomized omplete blok design with three replitions. The first ftor ws three levels of hemil nitrogen (46% ure nitrogen) zero, 5 nd 5 kg/h nd seond ftor ws biologil nitrogen fertilizer (ombintion of Azotobter spp. nd Azospirillum spp.) t two levels; inoulted nd non-inoulted. Eh experimentl plot ws three meters long nd two meters wide with the sping of 3 m between the rows. There ws spe of one meter between the plots nd two meters between replitions. The Cumin seeds were plnted distne were one entimeter prt, overed with wet snd nd bout entimeter thik nd fter emerging from the soil, thinning opertion to set the desired density ws performed. Biologil nitrogen fertilizer (Nitroxin) solution ws pplied s sprinkling system. Three-qurters of fertilizer ws pplied t plnting seeds nd the rest ws pplied to plnt t shooting. Cumin seeds were diretly sown by hnd. There ws no inidene of pest or disese on umin during the experiment. Bsin irrigtion until hrvest ws done depending on wether onditions nd weeds were ontrolled. In order to mesurement of hrteristis of effetive on yield omponents nd substne effetive, plnts from eh plot were hrvested rndomly fter removing the mrginl effets of eh plot. Tble. physil nd hemil properties of the experimentl soil Soil T ph O.C )%( EC ds/m K ppm P ppm N ppm lom- sndy RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Plnt height The results of the nlysis vrine showed tht the plnt height ws signifintly ffeted by ll tretments (P.) in this experiment (Tble ). Men omprison tble showed tht the highest (8. m) nd lowest (5.6 m) plnt height were obtined by tretment of Nitroxin + hemil nitrogen (5kg/h - ) nd ontrol, respetively (Figure ). Aording to the present nlysis, Nitroxin inresed plnt height by enhning the nitrogen ontent nd the rte of photosynthesis []. The urrent results were derived from the ulturl prties nd plnt protetion mesures were followed uniformly for ll the plots during the entire period of experimenttion. Dried seeds (5 gr) of eh plot were seprted nd powdered. The powder subjeted to hydro distilltion (4 ml 57 distilled wter), using Clevenger-type pprtus for.5 hours nd its essentil oil ws seprted. Colleted essentil oil vlue ws expressed regrding seed weight s essentil oil yield. Dt nlysis ws done by using softwre SPSS nd MSTAT-C. The ANOVA test ws used to determine signifint (p. or p.5) tretment effet nd Dunn Multiple Rnge Test to determine signifint differene between individul mens. In this experiment plnt height, umbel number per plnt, grin number per plnt, grin number per umbel, weight of grins, biologil yield, grin yield, hrvest index (HI), essentil oil perentge nd essentil oil yield were studied. Fifteen plnts were rndomly seleted from eh plot nd the observtions were reorded. Improvement of nitrogen fixing bteri tivities

Grin number per plnt Gh. Tlei et l. / Journl of Chemil Helth Risks 4() (4) 55 64 in soil, whih orreltes to the previous studies rried out on the fennel, erely, blk umin nd hyssop [6,, 9 nd 3].

4 Grin number per plnt Gh. Tlei et l. / Journl of Chemil Helth Risks 4() (4) in soil, whih orreltes to the previous studies rried out on the fennel, erely, blk umin nd hyssop [6,, 9 nd 3]. Umbel number per plnt The results indited tht umbel number per plnt ws signifintly ffeted by ll tretments (P.) in this experiment (Tble ). Men omprison tble showed tht the highest (.) nd lowest (4.7) umbel number per plnt were obtined by tretment of Nitroxin + hemil nitrogen (5 kg/h - ) nd ontrol, respetively (Figure ). Nitroxin hs signifintly influened the umbel number per plnt. On the other hnd, nitrogen fixing bteri pplition through the improvement of biologil tivities of soil nd minerl element bsorption used more biomss prodution nd umbel number per plnt. These findings re in ordne with the observtions by Tehln nd ollegues [3] on Foeniulum vulgre, Mighed nd ollegues [] on Apium grveolens, Shln [9] on Nigell stiv nd Drzi et l. [8] on Corindrum stivum. Grin number per plnt The results of ANOVA showed tht the effet of tretments on grin number per plnt ws not signifint (Tble ). The men omprison of dt in different tretments (Figure 3) showed tht the highest grin number per plnt (3.) ws determined by Nitroxin + hemil nitrogen (5kg/h - ). The lowest grin number per plnt (.7) ws obtined in ontrol plnts. This result showed the positive effet of biologil fertilizer on grin number per plnt. Similr results were observed in some plnts suh s Ammi visng nd Slvi offiinlis [, 9] Figure 3. Effets of biologil nd hemil fertilizers nitrogen on grin number per plnt in Cumin Grin number per umbel Anlysis of vrine (ANOVA) of dt showed tht the effet of by ll tretments were signifint t % probbility level (Tble ). Men 58

5 Biologil yield (gr.m) Grin number per umbel weight of grins (gr) Gh. Tlei et l. / Journl of Chemil Helth Risks 4() (4) omprison tble showed tht the highest (8.4) nd lowest (6.6) grin number per umbel were obtined by tretment of Nitroxin + hemil nitrogen (5kg/h - ) nd ontrol, respetively (Figure 4). Effet of Nitroxin on the grin number per umbel of plnt ws due to inresed nitrogen uptke nd growth rte improvement [35]. The results of this experiment re similr to the reports of Youssef nd ollegues [36] on Slvi offiinlis nd Vldbdi nd Frhni [34] on Nigell stiv Weight of grins d Figure 4. Effets of biologil nd hemil fertilizers nitrogen on grin number per umbel in Cumin The results showed tht ll tretments did not hve signifint effet on weight of grins (Tble ). Men omprison tble showed tht the highest (5.9 g) nd lowest (5.3g) weight of grins were obtined by tretment of Nitroxin + hemil nitrogen (5kg/h - ) nd ontrol, respetively (Figure 5). Nitroxin inresed the weight of seeds by the biomss prodution improvement [8]. The result is similr to the report of Drzi nd ollegues [8] on fennel. b bd d Biologil yield The results of the nlysis vrine showed tht the biologil yield ws signifintly ffeted by ll tretments (P.) in this experiment (Tble ). Men omprison tble showed tht the highest (. g.m ) nd lowest (48.7 g.m ) biologil yield were obtined by tretment of Nitroxin + hemil nitrogen (5 kg/h - ) nd ontrol, respetively (Figure 6). Effet of Nitroxin on the biologil yield of plnt ws due to inresed nitrogen uptke nd the growth rte improvement [35]. The result of this study is similr to the reports of Youssef nd ollegues [36] on Slvi offiinlis, Kumr nd ollegues [8] on Artemisi pllens nd Vldbdi nd Frhni [34] on Nigell stiv. Figure 5. Effets of biologil nd hemil fertilizers nitrogen on weight of grins (gr) in Cumin Figure 6. Effets of biologil nd hemil fertilizers nitrogen on biologil yield (gr.m) in Cumin d b b 59

6 Grin yield (gr.m) Hrvest index (HI) (gr.m) Gh. Tlei et l. / Journl of Chemil Helth Risks 4() (4) Grin yield The results presented in Tble indite tht different levels of tretments hd signifint effets on the grin yield (P.). Men omprison tble showed tht the mximum (75.6 g.m ) nd minimum (4.8 g.m ) grin yield were obtined by tretment of Nitroxin + hemil nitrogen (5 kg/h - ) nd ontrol, respetively (Figure 7). Inresed seed yield in Nitroxin tretments my be due to the improvement of yield omponents suh s; umbel number per plnt, grin number per plnt nd grin number per umbel of plnt. These results orrelte to the investigtion of Kumr nd ollegues [8] nd Drzi nd ollegues [8] on Corindrum stivum, Mighed nd ollegues [] on Apium grveolens, Tehln nd ollegues [3], Shln [9] nd Vldbdi nd Frhni [34] on Nigell stiv Hrvest index (HI) Figure 7. Effets of biologil nd hemil fertilizers nitrogen on grin yield (gr.m) in Cumin The results of the nlysis vrine showed tht the hrvest index ws signifintly ffeted by ll tretments (P.) in this experiment (Tble ). Men omprison tble showed tht the highest (37. %) nd lowest (7.9 %) hrvest index were obtined by tretment of Nitroxin + hemil nitrogen (5kg/h - ) nd ontrol, respetively (Figure 8). The sme result ws observed in d e b study on the effets of pplition of biologil fertilizer on biologil yield nd growth indies of blk umin in 8 [7]. Results showed.8% prtitioning of photosyntheti ws pproprited for grin nd the rest for strw. The grin nd the vegettive plnt nd improvements in hrvest index emphsized the importne of rbon llotion in grin prodution. However, inresing grin yield nd rop hrvest index with high nitrogen grin requires onomitnt inrese in rop nitrogen umultion [3] Essentil oil perentge The results showed tht ll tretments did not signifintly ffet the essentil oil perentge (Tble ). Men omprison tble showed tht the highest (3. %) nd lowest (.9) essentil oil perentge were obtined by tretment of Nitroxin + hemil nitrogen (5 kg/h - ) nd ontrol, respetively (Figure 9). Plnt eotype differenes in regionl environmentl, soil, nd limti onditions, growing tehniques, irrigtion, s well s fertiliztion ffeted the ontent nd omposition of seondry metbolites in mediinl nd romti plnts. There re studies tht support the notion tht nitrogen fertiliztion ffets ontent nd omposition of seondry metbolites in mediinl plnts [4, 3]. Figure 8. Effets of biologil nd hemil fertilizers nitrogen on hrvest index (HI) (gr.m) in Cumin d d b 6

7 Essentil oil yield (gr.m) Essentil oil perentge (%) Gh. Tlei et l. / Journl of Chemil Helth Risks 4() (4) Essentil oil yield The results of the nlysis vrine showed tht the essentil oil yield ws signifintly ffeted by ll tretments (P.) in this experiment (Tble ). Men omprison tble showed tht the highest (. g.m ) nd lowest (. g.m ) essentil oil yield were obtined by tretment of Nitroxin + hemil nitrogen (5 kg/h - ) nd ontrol, respetively (Figure ). Although the effetive elements of plnts re produed by geneti proesses, their prodution is ffeted by different ftors suh s: yield loss, wrong mngement nd prtiulrly nutrients defiit [9]. The results of this study onfirm the results of Azizi [5] on the effet of nitrogen on the essene yield in nis plnt. Shlby nd Rzin [3] reported tht pplition of 5 kg/h - essene nd thymul in Thymus plnt. Figure 9. Effets of biologil nd hemil fertilizers nitrogen on essentil oil perentge (%) in Cumin of nitrogen inresed CONCLUSION Biologil fertilizers re widely pplied in rop prodution nd they re proper substitutions for hemil fertilizers. The pplition of biologil fertilizer signifintly improved the qulity nd quntity fetures in umin. Mximum of plnt height, umbel number per plnt, grin number per umbel, biologil yield, grin yield, hrvest index (HI) nd essentil oil yield ws obtined in the tretment of Nitroxin + hemil nitrogen (5 kg/h - ). The obtined results reveled tht using biologil fertilizer ombined with hemil fertilizer signifintly improved the quntity nd qulity hrters ompred to the ontrol group Figure. Effets of biologil nd hemil fertilizers nitrogen on essentil oil yield (gr.m) in Cumin 6

8 df umbel number per plnt grin number per umbel plnt height grin number per plnt weight of grins biologil yield grin yield hrvest index (HI) essentil oil perentge essentil oil yield Gh. Tlei et l. / Journl of Chemil Helth Risks 4() (4) Tble. Anlysis of vrine for effets of biologil nd hemil fertilizers nitrogen on yield qulity nd quntity in Cumin Resoure hnges Repetitio n Nitroxin Nitrogen 8.4 ns ns ns ns.683 ns.38 ns 3.8 ns.44 ns.93 ns ns ns ns ns.3 ns.53 ns``.89 ns Nitroxin Nitrogen.648 ns ns.46 ns Error CV (%) **: Signifint= %, ns: Not signifint t 6

9 Gh. Tlei et l. / Journl of Chemil Helth Risks 4() (4) REFERENCES. Abd El-Ltif E.S., 6. Effet of hemil, orgni nd sprying with tive dry yest on growth, oil prodution nd plnt onstituents of sge (Slvi offiinlis L.) plnts. M.S. Thesis. Fulty of Agriulture. Ciro University. Egypt.. Akbri nie A., ghlhvnhi A., Sfidkon F., Rezei M.B., Shrif Ashour Abdi A., 4. Reserh nd onstrution. 6, Aliyu L., 3. Effet of mnure type nd rte on growth, yield nd yield omponents of pepper. Journl of Sustinble Agriulture nd the Environment. 5, Ashrf M., Qsim A., Zfr I., 6. Effet of nitrogen pplition rte on the ontent nd omposition of oil, essentil oil nd minerl in blk umin (Nigell stiv L.) seeds. Journl of the Siene of Food nd Agriulture. 86, Azizi. S.J.,. Effet of nitrogen on the essene yield in nis plnt. Agriulturl Sienes. 3 (3), Blsubrmnin P., Plnippn, S.P.,. Priniples nd prties of gronomy; Tt MGrw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd.: New Delhi, Indi. 7. Bullok J., 999. Proposl for gining informtion on produing tnetum (fever few) s high dollr perennil rop, North Crolin stte university publition, Pp:. 8. Drzi M.T., Khodbndeh N., Hj Seyed Hdi M.R., Ys N.,. Effets of sowing dte nd plnt density on seed yield nd quntity nd qulity of tive substne of fennel (Foeniulumvulgre). Ntionl Congress of Mediinl Plnts. Pp: Dords C.A., Siouls C., 8. Sfflower yield, hlorophyll ontent, photosynthesis, nd wter use effiieny response to nitrogen fertiliztion under rinfed onditions. Industril Crops nd Produtss. 7, Eonomkis C., Demetzos C., Anstsski T., Ppzoglou V., Gzouli M., Loukis A., Thnos C.A., Hrvl C., 999. Voltile onstituents of brts nd leves of wild nd ultivted Orignumditmnus L. Plnt Med. 65, Ftm E.M., El-Zmik I., Tomder T., El- Hdidy H.I., Abd El-Ftth L., Sehm Slem H., 6. Effiieny of biofertilizers, orgni nd in orgni mendments pplition on growth nd essentil oil of mrjorm (Mjorn hortensis L.) plnts grown in sndy nd lreous. Agri. Mirobiology Dept., Fulty of Agri., Zgzig University, Desert Reserh Center, Ciro, Egypt.. Ferrie M., Bethune T., Argnos G., Wterer D.,. Field evlution of doubled hploid plnts in the Apiee: dill (Anethumgrveolens L.), rwy (Crumrvi L.), nd fennel (Foeniulumvulgre Mill.). Plnt Cell Tissue nd Orgn Culture. 4, Ggndeep S., Dhnlkshi E., Mendiz A., Ro R. Kle R., 3. Chemopreventive effets of Cuminumyminum L. in hemilly indued forestomh nd uterine ervix tumors in mrine model system. Nutrition nd Cner. 7, Hbibi R., Frhni A., Hbibi H., 4. Messge Reserh - Sientifi Clendr - Applied Reserh Center, Agriulture nd Nturl Resoures of Tehrn. Pp: Iobellis N., Cntore P., Cpsso F., Sentores F., 5. Antibteril Ativity of Cuminumyminum L. nd Crumrvi L. Essentil Oils. Journl of Agriulturl nd Food Chemistry. 53, Kooheki A., Tbrizi L., Ghorbni R., 9. Effet of biofertilizers on gronomi nd qulity riteri of Hyssop (Hyssopus offiinlis). Irnin Journl of Agriulturl Reserh. 6(): Khorm S., Koheki A., Mhlti M.N., Ghorbni R., 8. Applition effets of biofertilizers on the growth indies of blk umin (Nigell stiv L.). Irnin Journl of Fieled Crops Reserh. 6(): Kumr S., Choudhry G.R., Chudhri A.C., 63

10 Gh. Tlei et l. / Journl of Chemil Helth Risks 4() (4) Effets of nitrogen nd biofertilizers on the yield nd qulity of orinder (Corindrum stivum L.). Annls of Agriulturl Reserh. 3(4): Mlkouti M., Motshrihzeh J., 9. Role in inresing the quntittive nd qulittive improvement of griulturl, publition Agriulturl Edution, Krj. Pp: 3.. Mndel J., Ghnti P., Mhto B., Mondl A.R., Thp, U., 3. Journl of Environment nd Eology. (3): Mighed H.A., Ahmed A.E., Abdel Ghny B.F., 4. Effet of different bteril strins s biofertilizer gents on growth, prodution nd oil of Apium grveolens under lreous soil. Arb Universities. Journl of Agriulturl Siene. (): Morton J.F., 976. Herbs nd Spies. New York: Golden Press. 3. Ozguven M., Aynglu F., Ozel A., 6. Effet of nitrogen rtes nd utting times on the essentil oil yield nd omponents of Orignumsyrium L. vr. bevnii. Journl of Agronomy nd Crop Siene. 5, Pereir P.A.R., Cvlnte V., ABldni J.I., Dobereiner J., 998. Interntionl Journl of Plnt & Soil Siene., Ro E.V.S.P., Singh M., Gnesh Ro R.S., 998. Interntionl Journl of Tropil Agriulturl. 6, Requen N., B T.M., Azon R., 997. Biology nd Fertility of Soils. 4, Rezei Nejd H., Omid-Beigi R., Khdemi K.,. Effet of N-fertilizer nd hrvest time on the produtivity of thyme (Thymus vulgris L.). Agriulturl Reserh. (): Roy D.K., Singh B.P., 6. Effet of level nd time of nitrogen pplition with nd without vermiompost on yield, yield ttributes nd qulity of mlt brley (Hordeum vulgre). Indin Journl of Agronomy. 5, Shln M.N., 5. Influene of biofertilizers nd hiken mnure on growth, yield nd seeds qulity of (Nigell stiv L.) plnts. Egyptin Journl of Agriulturl Reserh. 83, Shlby A.S., Rzin A.M., 99. Dense ultivtion nd fertiliztion for higher yield of Thyme (Thymus vulgris L.). Journl of Agronomy nd Crop Siene. 68, Sinlir T.R., 998. Historil hnges in hrvest index nd rop nitrogen umultion. Crop Sienes. 38(3): Tehln S.K., Thkrl K.K., Nndl J.K., 4. Effet of Azotobter on plnt growth nd seed yield of fennel (Foeniulum vulgre Mill.). Hryn Journl of Hortiulturl Siene. 33(3/4): Thippeswmy N., Akhilender K., 5. Antioxidnt poteny of umin vrieties-umin, blk umin nd bitter umin on ntioxidnt systems. Europen Food Reserh nd Tehnology., Vldbdi S.A., Frhni H.A.,. Investigtion of biofertilizers influene on quntity nd qulity hrteristis in Nigell stiv L.J. Journl of Hortiulture nd Forestry. 3(3): Vnde Broek A., 999. Auxins upregulte expression of the indol-3-pyruvte derboxylse gene in Azospirillum brsilense. Journl of Bteriology. 8, Youssef A.A., Edris A.E., Gom A.M., 4. A omprtive study between some plnt growth regultors nd ertin growth hormones produing miroorgnisms on growth nd essentil oil omposition of Slvi offiinlis L. Plnt Annls of Agriulture Siene. 49,

Effect of weed competition on growth characteristics of sunflower at different levels of nitrogen fertilizer

Effect of weed competition on growth characteristics of sunflower at different levels of nitrogen fertilizer Aville online t www.sholrsreserhlibrry.om Sholrs Reserh Librry Annls of Biologil Reserh, 212, 3 (11):5162-5168 (http://sholrsreserhlibrry.om/rhive.html) ISSN 976-1233 CODEN (USA): ABRNBW Effet of weed