Impacts of fertilizer application rates on phosphorus dynamics in salt-affected soil

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1 Vol No. : Plnt Soil Environ. oi:.722/58/27-pse Impts of fertilizer pplition rtes on phosphorus ynmis in slt-ffete soil Ling-An NIU* Jin-min HAO College of Resoure n Environmentl Sienes Chin Agriulturl University Beijing P.R. Chin *Corresponing uthor: niulingn@63.om ABSTRACT Niu L.A. Ho J.M. (27): Impts of fertilizer pplition rtes on phosphorus ynmis in slt-ffete soil. Plnt Soil Environ. 63: As new reuiling griulturl soil on the North Chin plins the slt-ffete soil h short soil-forming proess of out 3 yers. This pper esries the effet of ifferent fertiliztion systems on phosphorus (P) ynmis in sline-lkli unultivte ln in the reserve nturl slt-vegettion k zone n in ifferent phses of fertiliztion for 24 yers on the North Chin plins. The tretments inlue ontrol (or hek CK). The ontents of totl phosphorus (TP) showe signifintly eresing tren from g P/kg to.4.96 g P/kg. The ontents of rpily ville P (RP) were low in the no-p fertilizer tretments n the RP onentrtions inrese with P fertilizer pplitions. Corn ws the rop tht use the most P espeilly in the no-p n P fertilizer-only tretments. The tretment with 27 kg N/h/yer n 59 kg P/h/yer represents the most eonomil fertilizer rtes for these slt-ffete soils on the North Chin plins. Keywors: griulturl mngement; mronutrient; long-term experiment; phosphorus lne; yiel Phosphorus (P) is one of the mro-elements essentil for plnt growth. In 957 J.E. Russell the fmous peologist in Engln esrie tht soil P is in non-wter-solule form it lwys stys in the surfe soil. As P fertilizers re usully pplie to the top lyer susoil lyers often hve low P onentrtions thus hving enormous pity to sor P. Therefore it is often elieve tht P is unlikely to leh through the plough lyer to susoil lyers n to leh through to grounwter (Gurek et l. 2). As onsequene fertilizer P pplitions hve inrese over the yers grully resulting in the umultion of P in the soil. The long-term pplition of fertilizers n however le to P umultion in surfe horizons greter thn tht require for optimum plnt growth thus inresing the potentil for P loss to surfe wters leing to eutrophition (MDowell et l. 2). Sline soils re wiely istriute n re n importnt ln resoure for griulture. Soil sliniztion is one of the ftors of soil egrtion in the worl (Qureshi et l. 28). In the erly 97 s lrge res of the slt-ffete soils on the lowlns of the North Chin plins were relime suessfully y using fresh wter from eep wells for irrigtion n y eepening the ringe ithes to lower the grounwter tle. However even fter the slt prolem ws remove rops still i not grow well euse of low orgni mtter n efiienies of nitrogen n phosphorus in these relime soils. Soil fertility mngement ws thus essentil for improving rop yiel. Niu et l. (25 2) foun tht the mounts of soil totl P (TP) n rpily ville P (RP) inrese signifintly with P fertilizer pplitions from 984 to 2 in the slt-ffete soils. There is lk of knowlege on P ynmis in these slt-ffete Supporte y the Ntionl Key Tehnology R&D Progrm of Chin Projet No. 25BAD6B. 468

2 Plnt Soil Environ. Vol No. : oi:.722/58/27-pse soils s ffete y ifferent rtes of nitrogen (N) n P fertilizers pplie over long-term. This knowlege is importnt for eveloping optimum fertilizer pplition rtes. This pper reports P ynmis in sline-lkli unultivte ln n isusses the influene of ifferent N n P fertilizer tretments n griulturl mngement prties on the umultion of soil P in new reuiling griulturl soil on the North Chin plins. Tle. Cultivrs of whet (Tritium estivum L.) n mize (Ze mys L.) use in the stuy Yer Whet Mize Tishn Yen Jimi 23 Yen Hn 4564 Xiyu Hn 672 Zhengn958 MATERIAL AND METHODS Stuy site. The experimentl plot is lote in the est of the Quzhou Experimentl Sttion in Quzhou ounty (5 'E 36 52'N 36 m.s.l.) Heei Chin. The limte t the site is wrm-temperte monsoonl limte with n nnul verge rinfll of mm n nnul topsoil temperture of 3. C. The soil is lssifie s Typi Ustohrepts. The topsoil ( 2 m) ws light lom n susoil (2 4 m) ws sny lom. Experimentl esign. The experiment ws strte in 983. The tretments were llote to plots ( 4 m) in rnomize omplete lok esign with 9 tretments n 3 replites. The tretments inlue ontrol (or hek CK) in whih mens 27 n 54 kg N/h/yer respetively; mens 29.5 n 59 kg P/h/yer respetively. The N fertilizer pplie ws ure (46% N) n P fertilizer ws triple superphosphte (8.79% P). Two rops were rotte eh yer: whet (Tritium L.) n mize (Ze mys L.). The whet n mize ultivrs use for this stuy re shown in Tle. Some soil properties re shown in Tle 2. Soil smples were ollete from 2 m n 2 4 m epths in June fter the hrvest of whet n in Otoer fter the hrvest of mize every yer. The smples were ir-rie n psse through.25 mm sieve for etermintion of TP. The soil ws psse through mm sieve for etermintion of RP. The TP ws mesure using molyte lue olorimetri metho fter the soil smples were igeste in HClO 4 + H 2 SO 4 is. RP in soil ws mesure using molyte lue olorimetri metho following the extrtion with.5 mol/l NHCO 3. Experimentl t were nlyse y ANOVA n the lest signifint ifferene (LSD) multiple rnge tests were performe. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION P ynmis in sline-lkli unultivte ln. During the initil stges of slinity remeition in 973 this region ws low-lying with poor ringe n the grounwter ws.5 m elow groun in the riny seson. The grounwter ws slt wter with slt onentrtions rnging etween 5 7 g/l n sometimes rehing 6 g/l. In this ri limte evpotrnspirtion (84.6 mm) is fr greter thn preipittion (63.8 mm in ) n this les to the umultion of slt in the soil forming slt-ffete soils leing to rren wste ln. The soil orgni mtter (SOM) ontent ws low with 2 5 g/kg n the RP ontent ws 2 3 mg/kg or zero (Xin n Li 99). Tle 2. Some properties of the soil use in the stuy (983) Lyer (m) ph H2 O Totl slts SOC TN TP (P) AN RP (P) RK (K) (g/kg) (mg/kg) SOC soil orgni ron; TN totl nitrogen; TP totl phosphorus; AN mmonium nitrogen; RP rpily vilgle phosphorus; RK ville potssium 469

3 Vol No. : Plnt Soil Environ. oi:.722/58/27-pse Tle 3. The hnges of totl phosphorus (TP) n rpily ville phosphorus (RP) in the sline-lkli unultivte ln m 2 m 2 4 m 2 m 2 4 m TP (g/kg) * *.5 + RP (mg/kg) 2 3; * * *mens the reserve sline-lkli unultivte ln the shru over ws 5% n hereous lyer ws 75%; + mens the reserve nturl slt-vegettion k zone the over of trees ws 75% % ws shru lyer n 35% ws hereous lyer. The investigtion time ws Otoer 9 29 In orer to overome the prolems of rought wterlogging lkliztion sliniztion n esertifition on the North Chin plins numer of engineering mesures were tken to improve the soil physiohemil properties. In 985 the TP n RP ontents were reore s.37 g/kg n 9.94 mg/kg in the 2 m lyer. Beuse of soil P removl y rinfll (Koopmns et l. 2 Elliott et l. 22) the ontents of TP n RP in the reserve slinelkli unultivte ln erese to.54 g/kg n 6.4 mg/kg in 2 m lyer in 27 (Tle 3). For omprison purposes the ontent of TP in the no-fertilizer plots ws.58 g/kg in the Rothmste experimentl sttion with ontinuous whet ropping for yers ( ) (Shen 984). The results from this stuy showe tht the ontents of TP in the soil hnge from.4 to.6 g/kg uner the long-term experimentl onitions for over 3 yers. From this it n e seen tht the soil TP n RP reue persistently in the nonfertilize plots (Xu et l. 25). The effet of nitrogen fertilizer on soil P ynmis Effet on soil totl P. Figure shows tht fter 24 yers TP erese signifintly. The ontent of TP in CK n tretments erese from g/kg in 985 to g/kg in 2 m lyer in 27. These results support the reports from other long-term stuies whih lso showe similr eresing trens in TP in no-fertilizer n N fertilizer-only tretments (Yng et l. 27). When P fertilizer ws pplie the TP ontents lso erese when N fertilizer ws pplie. For exmple the TP ontents in the n tretments oth erese y 57.7% n 6.5% (2 4 m lyer) respetively; the TP ontents in the n tretments erese y 56.9% n 5.8% (2 4 m lyer) respetively. The erese ws greter with higher N fertilizer pplition rtes initing higher P uptke n removl t higher N rtes the results inite TP (g/kg) CK N N2 NP N2P NP2 N2P2 e e m 2 4 m Figure. The effet of nitrogen (N) fertilizer on totl phosphorus (TP) ynmis in the soil. CK ontrol; kg N/h/yer; kg P/h/yer. Smll letters inite signifint ifferene t P <.5 47

4 Plnt Soil Environ. Vol No. : CK N N2 NP N2P NP2 N2P m 2 4 m Figure 2. The effet of nitrogen (N) fertilizer on rpily ville phosphorus (RP) ynmis in the soil. CK ontrol; kgn/h/yer; kg P/h/yer. Smll letters inite signifint ifferene t P <.5 RP (mg/kg) oi:.722/58/27-pse tht the erese of TP in the soil ws the result of synergism of NH 4 + n H 2 PO 4 in the oy of whet n orn whih sore P from the soil. Effet on rpily ville P. Figure 2 shows tht the ontent of RP in the soil hnge from 4.3 mg/kg in 983 to mg/kg in the 2 m lyer in 985 thus initing n upwr tren s result of improving the environmentl n soil onitions n ontinue P fertilizer inputs (Hung et l. 26 Qu et l. 29). The ontents of RP in the CK tretments hnge from out 5. mg/kg in 985 to mg/kg in the 2 m lyer n mg/kg in 2 4 m lyer in 27. The result inite tht the ontents of RP were kept in the lower level in the long-term experimentl plots. In ontrst the RP in the tretments inrese from mg/kg ( 2 m lyer) n mg/kg (2 4 m lyer) in 985 to mg/kg n mg/kg in 27 respetively. Oviously the RP in the tretments lso inrese from 985 to 27. These results show tht RP n e inrese y higher rtes of P fertilizer pplition in these soils. CK N N2 NP N2P NP2 N2P2 TP (g/kg) m 2 4 m Figure 3. The effet of phosphorus (P) fertilizer on totl phosphorus (TP) ynmis in the soil (g/kg). CK ontrol; kg N/h/yer; kg P/h/yer. Smll letters inite signifint ifferene t P <.5 47

5 Vol No. : Plnt Soil Environ. oi:.722/58/27-pse RP (mg/kg) CK N2 N2P N2P2 N NP NP m 2 4 m Figure 4. The effet of phosphorus (P) fertilizer on rpily ville phosphorus (RP) ynmis in the soil (mg/kg). CK ontrol; kg N/h/yer; kg P/h/yer. Smll letters inite signifint ifferene t P < The effet of P fertilizer on soil P ynmis Effet on TP ynmis (Figure 3). In 985 the TP in the tretment (.45 g/kg) ws higher thn in the other tretments in the 2 m lyer (P <.5). From June 987 the TP in every tretment erese hnging from.7 to.5 g/kg in the 2 m lyer in 2. TP in n ws higher thn in the other tretments (P <.5). In 27 TP in the soil erese further hnging from.55 to.96 g/kg. TP in the n tretments ws higher thn in the other tretments (P <.5). In the 2 4 m lyer TP hnge from.46 to.6 g/kg n TP in the tretment ws higher thn in the other tretments (P <.5) n TP in the tretment ws higher thn in the tretment (P <.5). These ereses in the n tretments were equivlent to 52.% n 62.3% in the 2 m lyer n 33.8% n 62.4% in the 2 4 m lyer respetively. In the n tretments the ereses were equivlent to % in the 2 m lyer n % in the 2 4 m lyer respetively. In the n tretments the ereses were equivlent to 52.9% n 29.6% n 6.5% n 5.2% respetively. These results showe tht the ontent of TP in the soil ws further influene y griulturl mngement in ition to P fertiliztion pplitions. The effet of P fertilizer on RP in the soil (Figure 4). The ontent of RP in ll tretments hnge from 4.3 mg/kg in the 2 m lyer in 983 to mg/kg in 985 where the ontent of RP in the tretment (2. mg/kg) ws higher thn in ll the other tretments (P <.5); it hnge to mg/kg in 2 4 m lyer n it ws higher in the tretment thn in the n tretments (P <.5). In 99 the ontent of RP hnge from 3.8 to 22.7 mg/kg in the 2 m lyer. The ontents of RP in the n tretments were higher thn in the other tretments (P <.5). In the 2 4 m lyer the ontent of RP ws higher in the tretment thn in the other tretments (P <.5) exept the CK tretment. In 2 the RP onentrtions in every tretment iffere signifintly rnging from 2. to 26. mg/kg in the 2 m lyer n the onentrtions in the CK n tretments further erese to ritil vlue similr to tht in the sline-lkli unultivte ln. RP onentrtions in the n tretments inrese. In the 2 4 m lyer RP onentrtions in ll the tretments were the lowest. In yers fter the experiment egun the RP onentrtions inrese from 5.56 to mg/kg in the 2 m lyer n from 5.35 to 5.3 mg/kg in the 2 4 m lyer with P fertilizer pplition. The onentrtions of RP in the n tretments were higher thn in the other tretments (P <.5) exept the tretment in the 2 4 m lyer. This inites tht the mount of P fertilizer pplie ws in exess of tht require y plnts. In onlusion the results emonstrte tht the RP onentrtions were inrese with P ferti- 472

6 Plnt Soil Environ. Vol No. : Tle 4. The verge yiel of rops n the phosphorus (P) lne in the soil (kg/h/yer) Tretment Averge yiel Totl Amount of P tken wy whet orn yiel whet orn totl oi:.722/58/27-pse Applie P fertilizer P lne CK Asore.25 kg n.2 kg P to proue kg grin in the whet n orn respetively. These vlues were the verges for whet n orn yiels from 985 to 27. CK ontrol; kg N/h/yer; kg P/h/yer lizer pplitions. Fertiliztion mngements hve signifintly influene soil TP n RP ontents (Zhn et l. 25 Lošák et l. 26). Crop yiel. The P lne in the soil ws result of the ifferent fertilizer pplition prties n rop output (Tle 4). The P lne vlue ws negtive in the CK n tretments where the mounts of P remove from the soil were kg P/h/yer in the CK tretments respetively. This result ws similr to the stuy results of Liu et l. (23). However the surplus P in the n tretments inrese rehing 2.43 n 3.83 kg P/h/yer whih ws similr to the stuy results of M et l. (25). The yiels of whet n orn lso inrese in the n tretments however the P lne vlue ws negtive in these three tretments ue to the lrge removls of P from the soil. Soil P in the tretment ws in lne stte with 27 kg N/h/yer eing pplie n 59 kg P/h/ yer eing use for rop growth; t the sme time it i not result in lrge umultions in the soil. Hene these re the most eonomil rtes of N n P fertilizers in this system. Furthermore the proportion of P tken up y the rops iffere in the ifferent tretments in whih the vlues hnge etween : in the no-p tretments : in P-only tretments n : in the N n P fertilizer tretments. Therefore orn ws the rop tht use the most P (Zhng n Zhng 2) espeilly in the no-p n P fertilizer-only tretments. REFERENCES Elliott H.A. O Connor G.A. Brinton S. (22): Phosphorus lehing from iosolis-mene sny soils. Journl of Environmentl Qulity 3: Gurek W.J. Shrpley A.N. Hethwite L. Folmr G.J. (2): Phosphorus mngement t the wtershe sle: A moifition of the phosphorus inex. Journl of Environmentl Qulity 29: Hung S.M. Bo D.J. Hungfu X.D. Xu M.G. Jie X.L. (26): Effet of long-term fertiliztion on utiliztion n umultion of phosphte nutrient in fluvo-qui soil. Sienti Agriultur Sini 39: 2 8. Koopmns G.F. vn er Zeeuw M.E. Chron W.J. Dolfing J. (2): Seletive extrtion of lile phosphorus using ilysis memrne tues fille with hyrous iron hyroxie. Soil Siene 66: Liu H. Wng J.L. Tn X.X. Zhng X.L. Zho B.Q. Zhng F.D. (23): The effet of long-term fertiliztion on phosphor effiieny n molity in grey esert soil. Xinjing Agriulturl Sienes 4: 5. Lošák T. Hlušek J. Lmprtová I. Ell J. Mühlhová G. Čermák P. Antonkiewiz J. (26): Chnges in the ontent of soil phosphorus fter its pplition into Chernozem n Hpli Luvisol n the effet on yiels of rley iomss. At Universittis Agriulture et Silviulture Meneline Brunensis 64: M B.G. Yng T.X. Guo F.T. Hn J.J. (25): Blne of phosphorus in rottion system with winter-whet n rie. Journl of Agrio-Environment Siene 24: (In Chinese) MDowell R. Sinj S. Shrpley A. Frossr E. (2): The use of isotopi exhnge kinetis to ssess phosphorus vilility 473

7 Vol No. : Plnt Soil Environ. oi:.722/58/27-pse in overln flow n susurfe ringe wters. Soil Siene 66: Niu L.-A. Ho J.-M. Ding Z.-Y. Li X.-B. Niu X.-S. Zhng B.-Z. (25): Long-term fertiliztion effet on fertility of slt-ffete soils. Peosphere 5: Niu L.-A. Ho J.-M. Zhng B.-Z. Niu X.-S. (2): Influenes of long-term fertilizer n tillge mngement on soil fertility of the North Chin plin. Peosphere 2: Qu J.F. Di J.J. Xu M.G. Li J.M. (29): Avnes on effets of long-term fertiliztion on soil phosphorus. Chinese Journl of Tropil Agriulture 29: Qureshi A.S. MCornik P.G. Qir M. Aslm Z. (28): Mnging slinity n wterlogging in the Inus Bsin of Pkistn. Agriulturl Wter Mngement 95:. Shen S.M. (984): Long-term fertilizer experiment in ro. Chinese Journl of Soil Siene 5: (In Chinese) Xin D.H. Li W.J. (99): Comprehensive Control of Slt-Affete Ln n Rurl Development in the North Chin Plin. Beijing Beijing Agriulturl University Press. (In Chinese) Xu M.G. Zhng W.J. Hung S.M. (25): Evolution of Chinese Soil Fertility. 2 n Eition. Beijing Chin Agriulturl Siene n Tehnology Press. (In Chinese) Yng X.Y. Sun B.H. Gu Q.Z. Li S.X. Ho X.S. (27): Phosphorus lnes n its effets on soil phosphorus sttus uner 2-yer long-term fertiliztion. At Agriulture Borelioientlis Sini 6: (In Chinese) Zhn X.Y. Zhng L. Zhou B.K. Zhu P. Zhng S.X. Xu M.G. (25): Chnges in Olsen phosphorus onentrtion n its response to phosphorus lne in lk soils uner ifferent long-term fertiliztion ptterns. PLoS ONE(7): e373. Zhng A.J. Zhng M.P. (2): Rtionl pplition of P fertilizer in long-term rottion ropping in yellow ho soil in Huiei. Journl of Anhui Agriulturl University 27: (In Chinese) Reeive on Septemer 27 Aepte on Otoer 6 27 Pulishe online on Otoer

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