Chemical Analysis of Honey and Major Honey Production Challenges in and Around Gondar, Ethiopia

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1 Ademi Journl of Nutrition 3 (1): 06-14, 2014 ISSN IDOSI Pulitions, 2014 DOI: /idosi.jn Chemil Anlysis of Honey nd Mjor Honey Prodution Chllenges in nd Around Gondr, Ethiopi Addis Getu nd Mlede Birhn Deprtment of Animl Prodution nd Extension, Fulty of Veterinry Mediine, University of Gondr, Ethiopi Astrt: The study ws rried out in North Western prts of Amhr region to hrterize honey prodution systems, mjor hllenges, opportunities nd honey qulity in the study re. Six rndomly seleted distrits 120 ( totl of 720) respondents were employed using semi-strutured questionnires. A totl of 42 tle honey smples eh weighing 0.5 kg (21kg of honey) from different eekeepers nd 40 kg honey ws olleted from lol mrkets on rndomly for physiohemil evlution like (moisture ontent, ph, free idity, sh ontent, eletril ondutivity, wter insolule solids, distse tivity nd hydroxymethyl furfurl (HMF) nd orgnolepti ttriutes (tste nd olor). Honey yield/ prodution/ households were 77.55kg, 81.84kg nd kg for trditionl, trnsitionl nd frme hive respetively. The three honey prodution systems were hd vried honey yield pity. Trditionl eekeeping systems with n verge honey yield of (7.20 ±0.23kg/yer), Trnsitionl eekeeping systems (MCTB) with n verge yield of (14.70 ±0.62kg/yer) nd frme hive with verge prodution of 23.38±0.73kg per yer. Almost ll smples of honey exmined (moisture =18.52%, Ash= 0.23%, sugr reduing = 67.83%, SU=7.55%, Free idity=28.24milli.equiv.id/kg, HMF= 6.32mg/kg ph= 3.81 nd Wter insolule mteril = 3.2) were within the eptle rnge of world nd ntionl stndrd, exept for wter insolule mteril whih is poor minly due to lk of pproprite hndling during hrvesting nd storge of the produt. Due to this high honey prodution potentil of the study re for piulture nd good qulity stndrd of honey, it is dvised to exploit the potentil for export mrket with etter intervention. More study is lso required to hrterize the honeyees of the re nd mjor pests nd diseses of eonomi importne. Key words: Chemil Evlution Honey Qulity Chllenges INTRODUCTION Aording to CSA, [4], the totl nnul honey nd eeswx prodution is more thn 53,680 tons nd 4,700 Afri is lessed with numerous types of wild th tons, respetively. This mkes Ethiopi the 4 lrgest honeyee [1]. Ethiopi is one of the ountries of the th eeswx nd 10 lrgest honey produing ountry in the ontinent whih own ig honey prodution potentil. world. Ethiopin honey prodution ounts for Owing to its vried eologil nd limti onditions, pproximtely 2.5 % of world prodution nd 21.7 % of Ethiopi is home to some of the most diverse flor nd Afrin honey prodution [3]. Despite the ountry s fun in Afri. Its forests nd woodlnds ontin diverse immense potentil for honey nd eeswx prodution, plnt speies tht provide surplus netr nd pollen to the ntionl nnul honey nd eeswx yield is very low forging ees [2]. Beekeeping is n inherited trdition in s ompred to the potentil of the ountry [5]. Ethiopi nd estimted 1 frmer in 10 smllholders keep Composition nd qulity of honey re gretly ees [3]. Currently trditionl eekeeping ounts influened y geogrphil nd environmentl ftors % of the honey prodution nd lmost ll the eeswx [6-8]. Aording to CSA, [4], Amhr Ntionl Regionl produed in the ountry. The remining 1.63 nd 2.8 % stte ws produed 86, quintls of honey from inludes trnsitionl nd modern eekeeping, respetively 965,293 numers of hives whih ounts out 25 % of [4]. the totl honey prodution of the ountry. Therefore; Corresponding Author: Mlede Birhn, University of Gondr, Fulty of Veterinry Mediine, Deprtment of Animl Prodution nd Extension, Ethiopi. 6

2 prodution system study is importnt to identify prolems nd ome up with pproprite development pln for n re [9]. Hene, the speifi ojetives of this reserh; Ad. J. Nutr., 3 (1): 06-14, 2014 Rnking Trils: Beekeepers were sked to rnk their st nd rd th mjor prolems like 1, 2, 3 nd 4 onstrints of gro-hemil nd prodution systems relted with urrent honey ee onsequenes. To evlute the hemil omposition of honey produed from the three eekeeping systems in the Fous Group Disussion: One fous group disussion ountry one per distrit ws inhled to generte informtion. To identify the mjor hllenges nd onstrints of The fous group memers were ommunlly known to honey prodution nd qulity in North west re of hve deep rooted knowledge out soio-eonomi Ethiopi sttus of the distrit nd well known, story teller nd ommunity leders. From the fous group disussion MATERIALS AND METHODS the PA s of griulturl offie experts were prtiipted. This multiple pprohes were used to generte dt like Desription of the Study Are: The study ws onduted trends of eekeeping tivities in the distrit, potentil in six distrits of Amhr Ntionl Regionl Stte, in the re in eekeeping, mjor onstrints nd opportunities of Northwestern prts of the ountry. The distrits get honey prodution systems. uni-modl nnul rinfll of whih, the rin fll extends etween June nd August. The dry seson extends from Lortory Dt Types: During primry dt Deemer to Mrh nd nnul verge temperture of olletion totl of 42 honey smples were the study re is out 20.4 C. onsidered from purposively seleted six potentil Shllow nd sndy soils re the two dominte soils eekeeping distrits. Honey smples were olleted types of the distrit whih re hrterized y low t frm gtes from the three hive types orgni mtter nd soil fertility. Wheres, the distrit (12 lol, 12 top r nd 12 frme hives) nd 6 smples griulturl offie reported tht the verge lnd is out from lol mrket. Fresh honey smples were olleted 37, hetres whih is suitle for ploughing, during the pek honey hrvesting seson 13, hetres of lnd used for grzing, 4,429.5 hetre (Novemer to Deemer). is for forest lnd nd 39, hetres re for other uses [10]. However, the vegettion overge in the re Physiohemil Proedures: Physiohemil hs een gretly destroyed y oth in nturl nd ompositions (moisture ontent, wter-insolule solids, nthropogeni ftors. ph, idity, distse tivity, eletril ondutivity, HMF nd minerl ontent) of honey smples were Smpling Tehniques nd Frme-Works: Reonsensus determined ording to the (HMIHC) Hrmonized survey nd informl dt olletion from distrits of Methods of the Interntionl Honey Commission [11]. griulturl offie nd key informnts disussion were The physiohemil properties of the olleted honey employed efore the tul dt olletion work ws smples were nlyzed t Bhir Dr University, Shool of strted. Agro eologil zones of the distrits were Chemil nd Food Engineering in Food Chemistry nd purposively seleted sed on honey ee olonies Anlysis lortory. potentil followed y 6 distrits (2 from high lnd, 2 from mid-highlnd nd 2 from lowlnd) were identified. Moisture Content: The moisture ontent of honey For semi-strutured questionnire ws used on 120 smple ws estimted y determining the refrtive eekeepers per distrit totl of 720 respondents on index of the smple with the use of digitl refrtometer rndomly seleted distrits. (Ae refrtometer) tht n e thermostted t 20 C, regulrly lirted with distilled wter from the refrtive Types of Dt Colletion Methods: Performne dt like index of the honey y referene to stndrd tle. produtivity, honeyee olony mnge the tivities, The smple ws diretly smered on the surfe of the soio-eonomi hrteristis, suh s fmily size nd prism evenly; fter two minutes the reding of refrtive lnd holding size of the respondents were doumented index were reorded. Eh smple ws mesured triplite through semi-strutured questionnires. Rnking tril ws nd verges of three redings were reorded nd used to prioritize the mjor onstrints of honey orresponding vlue for moisture ontent ws prodution systems. reorded. 7

3 Ad. J. Nutr., 3 (1): 06-14, 2014 PH: The ph of honey ws determined y using digitl ph Crrez Solution II: 30 g of Zin Aette, Zn (CH 3.COO) 2 meter (Inol, Germny). Ten grms of honey smple 3H2O ws dissolved in distilled wter nd volume ws ws dissolved in 75 ml of distilled wter in 250 ml eker. mde to 100 ml. The solution ws stirred nd ph eletrode ws immersed Sodium Bisulphte solution 0.20 g /100 g (0.2 %):-0.20 in the solution nd ph ws reorded. g of solid Sodium Bisulphte (NHSO 3) ws dissolved in distilled wter nd volume mde to 100 ml. Five grm of Free Aidity: Ten grms of honey ws weighed with the honey smple ws tken pproximtely nd diluted in 25 help of eletroni lne nd poured in onil flsk nd ml wter nd then poured in to volumetri flsk. Then ml of distilled wter ws dded y rinsing the utensil. ml of Crrez solution I ws mixed with 0.5 ml of Crrez The solution is titrted ginst 0.1M NOH solutions in solution II nd mde up the volume. Then the solution urette using phenolphthlein s inditor. The titrtion ws filtered through the filter pper nd the first 10 ml of ws rried out till the solution turns to pink from filtrte ws rejeted. Five ml of smple ws pipette out in olorless. Free idity is expressed s mill equivlents or two test tues nd 5 ml of wter ws dded to the first test mill moles of id/kg honey = ml of 0.1M NOH x 10 nd tue nd mixed well. Five ml of 0.2 % Sodium Bisulphte the result ws expressed to one ple of deimls. solution ws dded to the seond test tue nd mixed well for referene solution (Tle 1). Minerl (sh): Ash ontent ws determined fter the The sorne of the smple ws determined smple ws urnt in n eletri muffle furne ginst the referene solution with UV Spetrophotometer (Lenton Therml Designs, Englnd). First the sh dish t wvelength 284 nd 336 nm y using 1m-qurtz ells ws heted in the eletril furne t shing temperture, within one hour. Smple nd referene solution ws susequently ool in desitor to room temperture diluted with wter nd sodium isulphte, if the nd weigh to 0.001g (M 2). Then, 10 grms of honey sorne exeeds 0.6 t 284 nm. smple ws weighed to the nerest g (M 0) nd put in the prepred sh dish nd two drops of olive oil ws Finl volume of Smple Solution Dilution D = dded to prevent frothing. Then wter ws removed nd 10 ommene shing without loss (y foming nd overflowing) t low het rising to C y using HMF expressed s mg/kg = (A284-A 336) x x 5 x D/W. eletril devie. Hot plte ws used to hr the smple A 284 = Asorne t 284 nm. efore inserting into the furne. After the preliminry shing with hot plte, the dish ws pled in the preheted muffle furne (t 550 C) nd heted for 1 hour. The sh dish ws ooled in the desitor nd weighted. The shing proedure ws ontinued until onstnt weight is rehed (M ). Perent sh in g/100g 1 honey is lulted using the following formul. M - M 1 2 Ash % = x 100 M 0 Where M = weight of honey tken, M = weight of dish sh nd M = weight of dish. 2 A = Asorne t 336 nm = 126 x 1000 x 1000/16830 x 10 x = Moleulr weight of HMF = Molr sorptive nd HMF t 284 nm. 10 = Conversion of g into mg = Conversion of g into kg. 5 = Theoretil nominl smple weight. D = Dilution ftor (in se dilution is required). W = Weight in g of honey smple. Wter Insolule Solids Content: Twenty grms of honey ws weighed to the nerest 0.01g nd dissolved in suitle quntity of distilled wter t 80 C nd mixed well. The test smple ws filtered through previously dried Estimtion of Hydroxyl Methyl Furfurl (HMF): The regents enlisted elow, required to estimte the HMF ontent in honey smples were prepred s follows: Crrez Solution I: 15 g of Potssium Hexynoferrte K2 Fe (CN) 6 3H2O ws dissolved in distilled wter nd volume ws mde to 100 ml. Tle 1: Dilution of smple nd referene solutions rried for estimtion of HMF Smple Referene Addition to test-tues solution (in ml) solution (in ml) Initil solution Wter solution Sodium isulphte (0.3%)

4 Ad. J. Nutr., 3 (1): 06-14, 2014 nd weighed fine sintered glss ruile nd wshed volumetri flsk whih lredy hd 30 ml uffer solution thoroughly with hot wter (80 C) until free from sugr. II nd 5 ml iodine solution. After good mixing the solution The ruile ws dried for one hour t 130 C, ooled nd of eh volumetri flsk, the flsk ws heted in wter weighed to the nerest 0.1 mg. Finlly the result ws th y 20ºC for some time nd mesured the sorption expressed s perent wter-insolule solids. y 565 nm in the presene of lnk whih ontins 50 ml volumetri flsk (30 ml uffer solution II, 5 ml iodine (M 1- M 2) solution, 0.5 ml honey solution) filled with distilled wter. Insolule solids % y mss = x 100 The mesured sorption (As.) ws plotted ginst the W retion time (t). The Intersetion of the line with Where:- sorption xis t time (t) = 0 nd t time (t) = 30 min. M 1 = Mss of the residue nd the ruile The distse tivity (DN) whih is equl to the degrded M 2 = Mss of the ruile mount of strh in g/h nd 100 g honey ws lulted W = Mss of the test portion y using the following formul: Distse Ativity: The regents enlisted elow, required 500 (E0- E 30) to estimte the Distse Ativity in honey smples were DN = prepred s follows: E.30 Sodium Chloride Solution: 4 g NCl ws dissolved in 100 Where:- ml mesuring flsk with fresh distilled wter Ftor of 1h nd 100g honey E0 - Asorption t time = 0 Buffer Solution I (ph = 5.4): 40 g Di-sodium Hydrogen E 30 - Asorption t time t = 30 Phosphte nd 9.29 g Citri id ws dissolved in 1000 ml 30 - Retion time mesuring flsk with fresh distilled wter. Eletril Condutivity (EC): Twenty grms of nhydrous Buffer Solution II (ph = 7.0): 58.9 g Di-sodium Hydrogen honey ws dissolved in distilled wter nd trnsferred the Phosphte nd 3.7 g Citri id ws dissolved in 1000 ml solution quntittively in to 100 ml volumetri flsk. mesuring flsk with fresh distilled wter. Forty ml of the solution were poured into eker nd it ws pled in the thermostted wter th t 20 C. Then Iodine Solution (0.001 mol/l): 5 ml Iodine-solution (0.05 ondutivity ell ws rinsed thoroughly with the mol/l) nd 10 g Potssium Iodide ws dissolved in 250 ml remining prt of the solution. Immersed the ondutivity mesuring flsk with fresh distilled wter. ell in the smple solution nd red the ondutne in ms fter temperture equilirium hs een rehed. Strh Solution: 0.5 g wter free Strh ws dissolved with 20 ml distilled wter. A mixture of 5 ml uffer solution Color nd Tste: Determintion of olor nd tste of the I nd 50 ml hot wter ws dded in to the ove solution honey smples were performed y nine hedoni sles nd rought in to oiling y string frequently. [12], y fifth yer Food Tehnology nd Proess After ooling the solution ws poured in to 100 ml Engineering students of Bhir Dr University in Shool of volumetri flsk. Chemil nd Food Engineering, Food Chemistry nd One grm of honey ws dissolved in 50 ml volumetri Anlysis lortory of Bhir Dr University. flsk with 25 ml uffer solution I nd 1.5 ml of sodium hloride solution ws dded in to the ove honey Dt Mngement nd Sttistil Tehnique: Dt ws solution nd filled the flsk to the mrk with uffer mnged oth in hrd nd softopies. All olleted dtum solution I. From the ove honey solution 20 ml ws were entered nd mnged using Mirosoft Exel pipette in 50 ml flt ottom flsk nd lso 20 ml strh omputer progrmme. Dt from fous group disussion solution in to nother 50 ml flt ottom flsk. Both flt nd personl oservtions were riefly summrized nd ottom flsks ws heted for 15 min. t temperture of simple desriptive sttistis on, performnes nd 40ºC nd mixed refully oth liquots. After extly fixing soio-eonomi hrteristis were nlyzed y using the time differene (stopwth) 2, 6, 12, 20, 30 min. 1 ml of SAS Soft wre progrm [13]. Indexes were used to the mixed retion solution ws pipette in to 50 ml lulte for fifth rnked dt olleted from rnkings with 0 9

5 Ad. J. Nutr., 3 (1): 06-14, 2014 the formul: Index = sum of (5 for rnk for rnk tivities the indigenous knowledge of eekeeping differs for rnk for rnk 4+ 1 for rnk 5) given for n from re to re nd from frmer to frmer s well. When individul reson divided y the sum of (5 for rnk the eekeepers were sked to explin how they strted for rnk for rnk for rnk 4+ 1 for rnk 5) for eekeeping, it is nerly hlf of them (49.2 %) replied tht overll resons dopted. Dt of eight importnt honey they hve strted eekeeping y thing swrms. physiohemil prmeters nd two orgnolepti Similr study y Tesseg, [17], shows in Burie distrit of ttriutes ws nlyzed nd oserved vritions for eh Amhr region 34.2 % of the eekeepers estlishing experimentl prmeter y using SAS Softwre progrm olonies y thing swrms, 25.0 % uying, 22.5 % gift, [13]. Tukey omprison test ws used to ompre su 10 % trining nd Agriulturl offie (8.3 %). From this ftor mens seprtely tht ws rought signifint result, one n onluded tht thing swrm is the min differene. soures of honeyee olonies in the study res. The prie of one estlished olony in Lio Kemkem RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS distrit rnges from 30 to 600 ETB (the verge eing 371 ETB), ut there is no s muh extended ee olony Soio-Eonomi Chrteristis of Households: From the mrketing in the study re (Tle 2). The eekeeper who totl 720 smple respondents, only (2.5%) were femle wnts to sell his ee olony rodst informtion to the eekeepers while the rest 117 (97.5%) were mle others during offee or funerl eremony, Equ nd eekeepers. This is in line with the reports of Hrtmnn Seneetie. The other eekeeper who wnts to strengthen [14], who noted tht eekeeping is the mn s jo in his eekeeping tivities or the one who wnts to Ethiopi. Similr result lso indited tht eekeeping is estlish the new eekeeping tivity pprohes him nd minly the tivity of mle in Ble highlnds of southest sk the prie of the olony nd purhse it fter long Ethiopi [15]. The men ge of the eekeepers in the time rgining nd trnsport it during night time in order distrits were with stndrd devition of nd to redue the iting ehvior of the ees. rnged from 26 to 75 yers. The eekeepers hd n verge experiene of (rnges from 3 to 37 yers) of Honey Qulity of the Lio Kemkem Distrit: eekeeping for distrits. Bsed on this study the verge the present investigtion the qulity vriles nlyzed fmily size of the eekeepers were 6.12 persons using (moisture ontent, HMF, distse tivity, eletril verge lnd holding per household of 1.22 h nd this is ondutivity, ph, sh/minerl ontent, free idity nd within the rnge of the Ntionl verge household lnd wter insolule solids) re well summrized. The moisture holding of h. ontent of the Lio Kemkem distrit honey smples Regrding to level of edution, 38.3 % of those rnged from %, (n = 72). Bsed on the results interviewed eekeepers hd not reeived ny forml or of this study none of the honey smples exeeding the informl edution. The rest were t different stges of limit llowed y the Codex nd Counil of the Europen litery rnging from reding nd writing skills to Union (EU) of < 21%. Moisture ontent is the riterion ompletion of seondry shool. The role of edution is tht determines the pility of honey to remin stle ovious in ffeting household inome, dopting new nd resist spoilge y yest fermenttion. High moisture tehnologies, demogrphy, helth nd s whole the ontent inreses the proility/risk tht the honey will soio-eonomi sttus of the fmily s well [16]. Soures ferment upon storge. The finl wter ontent of honey of honeyee olonies to strt eekeeping: Bsed on the smple depends on numer of environmentl ftors eekeepers experienes nd exposure in eekeeping during prodution suh s wether, humidity mounts Tle 2: Soio-eonomi inditors of the respondents (n = 120) in the study re Soio-eonomi Inditors of Respondents Minimum Mximum Averge SD Age of households hed Beekeeping Experiene ( yrs) Household Fmily size (person) Lnd holding ( hetre) Honeyee olony holding size n = numer of respondent SD = Stndrd devition 10

6 Ad. J. Nutr., 3 (1): 06-14, 2014 Tle 3: Physiohemil omponent vlues of honey smples y hive types Hive Type Trditionl (n=12) Trnsitionl (n=12) Modern (n=12) Highlnd (n=6) Mid highlnd (n=6) Highlnd (n=6) Mid highlnd (6) Highlnd (n=6) Mid highlnd (n=6) Overll men (36) Pr meters Men ± SE Men ± SE Men ± SE Men ± SE Men ± SE Men ±SE Men ± SE EC 0.41± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.20 ASH 0.15± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.01 ph 4.20± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.02 MC 14.70± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.13 TA 38.8± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.91 WIS 1.33± ± ± ±0.04 d 0.25± ± ±0.09 HMF 28.89± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.56 DA e 7.00±0.65 d 9.78± ± ± ± ± ±0.62 N = Numer of ses, SE = Stndrd error of men, meq = Mill equivlent, S = Signifint, NS = Non signifint (p > 0.05) Within olumn mens followed y the different letter(s) differ signifintly (p < 0.05) inside the hive, netr onditions nd tretment of honey ontent of honey depends on vrious ftors suh s the during storge nd extrtion. All the honey smples of hrvesting seson, the degree of mturity tht honey the 42 nlyzed for moisture hd higher moisture ontent rehed in the hive, type of hive used nd environmentl thn the eptle minimum limit, n indition tht most temperture. The moisture ontent of honey smples frmers hrvest ripened pped honey nd tht generlly otined from modern hives ws signifintly (p<0.001) honey is stored under suitle onditions. higher thn honey olleted from trditionl hives. The vrition oserved in moisture ontent mong honey Moisture Content: The minimum, mximum nd verge smples otined from the two hive types my e due to moisture ontents of the honey on different hive type nd the differene in ee-hive hndling prtied y the honey soure nlyzed in the present study re indited eekeepers. The low moisture ontent of honey otined in (Tle 3). Honey moisture is the qulity riterion tht from trditionl hives my e ssoited with hive type determines the pility of honey to remin stle nd to tht llowed loss of moisture from honey y evportion. resist spoilge y yest fermenttion: the higher the No signifint moisture ontent differenes (p>0.05) were moisture, the higher the proility tht honey will oserved etween honey smples otined from the ferment upon storge. Lower moisture limits (e.g. 19%), different lotions (Tle 3). ensuring etter shelf-life of honey whih would e met y lrge mjority of the ommeril honeys, hve een Ash (Minerl) Content: The sh ontent of the honey proposed y some ountries for the revision of the Codex smples otined from the study re rnged from Alimenttions. The overll men moisture ontent of the g with men vlue of The minerl ontent study re s honey ws lower thn the ountry s verge of lossom honey rnges from 0.1 to 0.3% [11]. (20.6%) for moisture ontent of honey reported y The verge sh ontent of honey olleted from Adg [18]. Aording to honey stndrds set y the trditionl hives ws numerilly lower thn the verge Ethiopin Qulity nd Stndrds Authority, the moisture sh ontent of honey smples olleted from modern ontent of the study re s honey flls under the Grde hives (Tle 2); however, no signifint differene A tegory [19]. The mximum eptle limit for (p>0.05) in sh ontent ws oserved etween honey moisture ontent of Ethiopin honey is 23% [18], while the smples otined from the two type of hives or mong mximum eptle moisture ontent of honey reported honey smples otined from the different lotions. y the Interntionl Honey Commission is 20% [11]. The sh ontent of ll the nlyzed honey smples fell The low moisture ontent of the exmined honey smples within the % rnge reported y the Ethiopin is importnt nd ffets qulity. Moulds nd yests use Qulity nd Stndrds Authority [19] nd 0.6% mximum deteriortion of the qulity of honey when the moisture limit reported y the Interntionl Honey Commission ontent is high, espeilly if it is > 19%. The moisture [11], for minerl ontent of honey. The minerl ontent of 11

7 Ad. J. Nutr., 3 (1): 06-14, 2014 Tle 4: Physiohemil omponent vlues of honey smples y honey soures Honey soure Prmeters Overll men Men ± SE Beekeepers (n=36) Men ± SE Retilers (n=6) Men ± SE EC 0.29± ± ±0.03 ASH 0.22± ± ±0.01 ph 4.22± ± MC 14.2± ± ±0.13 TA 39.6± ± ±0. 82 WIS 9.30± ± ±0.51 HMF 25.33± ± ±1.0 DA 7.33± ± ±0.65 honey is relted to the geogrphil nd otnil origin [11], there is no signifint differenes (p>0.05) in ph were of the honey. The suggestion stted tht sh ontent of oserved etween honey smples otined from honey depends on the mteril ontined in the pollen trditionl nd modern hives nd lso etween honey olleted y the ees during forging on the flor. smples otined from the different lotions. The sh perentge found in honey expresses its rihness in minerl ontent nd onstitutes qulity prmeter ws HMF: The hydroxymethylfurfurl (HMF) ontent of the seen tht honey from ll the studied regions showed men honey smples nlyzed in this study rnged from 0.5 to shes perentges elow the llowle mximum nd thus 3.2 mg/kg with men vlue of 1.8 mg/kg. The verge onform to the interntionl regultory stndrds for HMF ontent of honey olleted from trditionl hives qulity honey [11]. The sh ontent is qulity riterion ws signifintly higher (p<0.05) thn tht from modern for honey origin, the lossom honeys hving lower sh hives (Tle 2). The mount of HMF in honey is one of ontent thn the honeydew ones. The RSDR vlues of the importnt inditors of honey qulity. In fresh honey, one ring tril vried from 4 to 11% over the whole HMF is present only in tre mounts nd its determintion rnge. onentrtion inreses with storge nd prolonged heting of honey [11]. Nonetheless, no signifint Free Aidity: The free idity level of honey smples differene in HMF ontent ws oserved etween nlyzed in the present study, rnged from to honey smples otined from different lotions (Tle 3). meq/kg with men vlue of 23.9 meq/kg) (Tle 1). The overll men HMF ontent of honey from the study The idity of honey smples otined from the two hive re is y fr lower thn the ntionl verge (32.4 mg/kg) types nd from the different lotions (Tle 3) did not [18]. The low HMF ontent of honey produed in the show signifint differenes (p>0.05). None of the study re indites its freshness nd the good honey smples exeeded the honey idity limit suggested y hndling prtie of the re. ntionl (40 meq/kg) [18] nd interntionl stndrds (50 meq/kg) [11]. Suh results indite the freshness of Wter-Insolule Solids: The wter-insolule solids the honey smples nd sene of unwnted fermenttion ontent of honey smples nlyzed in the present study in the nlyzed honey smples. The idity of honey is rnged from 0.01 to 0.46 g/kg with men vlue of importnt for tste [11]. The min orgni id found in The men wter insolule solids ontent of honey honey is gluoni id. Honey lso ontins minor otined from trditionl hives ws signifintly higher omponents suh s formi, eti, itri, lti, mlei, (p<0.05) thn tht otined from modern hives. mli, oxli, pyroglutmi nd suini ids [11]. This vrition my e due to differene in hrvesting prties nd the storge ondition of honey from the two ph: Most honeys re idi nd hve low ph vlues. types of hives. The mount of wter insolule solids The ph vlues of honey smples nlyzed in the urrent ontent of honey smples otined from different study rnged from 3.52 to 4.46 with men vlue of lotions did not show signifint differenes (p>0.05). The men ph vlue of the honey from the study re is in Honey s wter-insolule mtter (solids) inludes wx, line with ph vlues reported erlier. The ph of honey pollen, honey-om nd prtiles of deris. should e etween 3.2 nd 4.5 ording to Bogdnov Wter-insolule mtter of honey is used s riterion of 12

8 Ad. J. Nutr., 3 (1): 06-14, 2014 honey s lenliness. The mximum eptle mount of re for piulture nd good qulity stndrd of the wter-insolule mtter in honey is 0.1% s reported y honey, it is dvised to exploit the potentil for export [19]. Aording to Bogdnov [20], even 0.1% of mrket with etter intervention. More study is lso wter-insolule mtter in honey is onsidered high. required to hrterize the honeyees of the re nd The high wter-insolule solids ontent of honey mjor pests nd diseses of eonomi importne. otined from trditionl hives suggests the poor hygieni nd hrvesting onditions of honey from REFERENCES trditionl hives in the study re. 1. Adjre, S.O., Beekeeping in Afri. Eletril Condutivity: The ondutivity is good Agriulturl Servies Bulletin 68/6 Food nd riterion of the otnil origin of honey nd thus is very Agriulture Orgnistion of the United Ntions often used in routine honey ontrol. A lower limit Rome1990http:// hs een proposed for lossom thn for honeydew t0104e00.htm. honeys. Exeptions hve to e mde for some lossom 2. Girm Deffr, Non-Wood Forest Prodution in honeys, e.g., Tili, Eri, Cllun, Arutus, Gossipium, Ethiopi. Addis A, Ethiopi Lvender nd Eulyptus, in whih the ondutivity org/docrep/003/x6690e/x6690e00.htm. shows onsiderle nturl vrition. 3. MoARD, Livestok Development Mster Pln Study. Phse I Report-Dt Colletion nd Anlysis, Distse Ativity: Distse tivity is qulity ftor Volume N-Apiulture. Addis A, Ethiopi: influened y honey storge nd heting. Although there Ministry of Agriulture nd Rurl Development. is lrge nturl vrition of this prmeter in honey, 4. CSA., Centrl Sttistil Authority, stndrd of minimum vlue of 8 on the Gothe sle, Agriulturl Smple Survey: Report on Livestok, hs proven to e useful [11]. From this point of view the Poultry nd Beehives Popultion, Vol. II, No 132, nlyzed smples were fresh with men vlue of CSA, Addis A, Ethiopi, pp: 28. Gothe units. Thirty-eight perent of the smples from the 5. Trekegn Groms, Lenesil Asfw nd Fekdu region of senguerr. River presented distse tivity lower Adugn, Reserhing Women s Colletive thn 6 ut greter thn 3 Gothe units, with very low or no Ation (RWCA) Qulittive reserh phse-iii detetle vlues of HMF, so the honey smples were in Syntheti report-ethiopi, Sumitted to: Oxfm Gret line with interntionl stndrds. Further studies ould e Britin (Oxfm GB). neessry to determine whether the differenes in 6. Jones, S.L., H.R. Jones nd A. Thrsyvoulou, distse tivity of these honeys were minly due to the Disseminting reserh out ee produts. otnil origin. A review of rtiles pulished in the Journl of Comprison: Wheres the physiohemil omponent Apiulturl Reserh over the pst fifty yers. Journl of Api Produt nd Api Medil Siene, vlues of the honey qulity in the different soures were 3(3): otined signifint vritions. 7. Persno, O.L. nd R. Piro, Min Europen uniflorl honeys: desriptive sheets. Apidologie, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 35: Szzêsn, T., H. Ryk-Chmielewsk, E. Wœ, The prodution system in the re is mostly K. Khniuk nd D. Teper, hrterized y Trditionl eekeeping systems with n Chrteristis of Polish uniflorl honeys. I. Rpe verge honey, Trnsitionl eekeeping systems nd honey (Brssi npus L. vr. Oleifer Metzger). frme eekeeping systems. Almost ll smples of honey J. Api. Si., 55(1): exmined in Moisture, Ash, Sugr reduing, free idity, 9. Edess Neger, Survey on honey prodution HMF, ph nd wter insolule mteril were within the system in West Sho Zone (unpulished). Holet eptle rnge of world nd ntionl stndrd, Bee Reserh Center (HBRC), Ethiopi, pp: 15. exept for wter insolule mteril whih is poor minly 10. LKDAO., Lio Kemkem Distrit Agriulturl due to lk of pproprite hndling during hrvesting nd Offie, Types of lnds nd their Coverge in Lio storge of the produt. Due to high potentil of the study Kemkem Distrit, Addis Zemen, Ethiopi. 13

9 Ad. J. Nutr., 3 (1): 06-14, Bogdnov, S., Hrmonised Methods of the 18. Tesseg Belie, Honeyee Prodution nd Interntionl Honey Commission [online] Mrketing Systems, Constrints nd Opportunities in Burie Distrit of Amhr Region, A Thesis 12. Dvid, R.P., The Nine-point Hedoni sles, Sumitted to the Deprtment of Animl Siene nd Perym nd Kroll Reserh Corportion; Chigo, Tehnology, Shool of Grdute Studies Bhir Dr Illinois. University, Ethiopi. 13. Adg, N., Atls of Polen Grins of mjor 19. Adg, N. nd A. Admsu, Effet of honeyee honeyee flor of Ethiopi. Hollet, Ethiop: Hollot pollintion on seed yield nd oil ontent of Niger Bee Reserh Centre. (Guizoti yssini): Proeedings of the first 14. SAS., Sttistil Anlysis System (SAS), Ntionl Conferene of Ethiopin Beekeepers SAS Users? Guide, Version 9.1, (SAS Institute In, Assoition, June 7-8, 1999, Addis A, Ethiopi, North Crolin). pp: Hrtmnn, I., The mngement of resoures nd 20. QSAE., Qulity nd Stndrds Authority mrginliztion in eekeeping Soieties of South of Ethiopi (QSAE), Honey speifition: West Ethiopi. Pper sumitted to the onferene: Ethiopin stndrd, ES 1202: Addis A, Bridge Sles nd Epistemologies. Alexndri. Ethiopi, pp: Solomon Bogle, Indigenous knowledge nd its 21. Bogdnov, S., Determintion of honey relevne for sustinle eekeeping development: otnil origin: prolems nd issues, Apidologie, se study in the Highlnds of Southest Ethiopi. 35: Kerelem Ejigu, Honeyee Prodution Systems, Opportunities And Chllenges In Enese Sr Midir Wered (Amhr Region) And Amro Speil Wered (Southern Ntions, Ntionlities And Peoples Region), A Thesis Sumitted to the Deprtment of Animl Siene, Shool of Grdute Studies Alemy University, Ethiopi. 14