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1 Pk. J. Biotehnol. Vol. 13 (3) (2016) ISSN Print: www. pjt.org ISSN Online: GRAIN YIELD, PHOSPHORUS CONTENT AND UPTAKE OF WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.) AS AFFECTED BY PHOSPHORUS FERTIGATION Mukhtir Khtoon Solngi* 1, SrdrKhtoon Solngi 2, Nusrt Khtoon Solngi 1 1 Deprtment of Soil Siene nd Plnt reeding genetis, Sindh Agriulture University Tndojm, Sindh, Pkistn, 2 Insititute Plnt Sienes, Sindh University Jmshoro Sindh Pkistn Emil*: mukhtir.khtoon@yhoo.om Artile reeived ; Revised ; Aepted ABSTRACT Most of the Pkistni soils re lkline nd lreous in nture; therefore the effiieny of P-uptke y whet is low. Among the gronomi prties tht influene the effiieny of pplied fertilizer, time nd method of pplition re ritilly importnt. Fertigtion is one of the tehniques whih enle the pplition of wter solule fertilizers nd other hemils long with irrigtion wter to the plnt, uniformly nd more effiiently. Two yers field studies on whet ws undertken to ompre the response of P pplied in the irrigtion wter with rodst method. The tretments inlude: ontrol (no P pplied), P pplied through rodst method (frmers prtie) nd P pplied with irrigtion wter (Fertigte P). The experiment ws onduted in four replitions using rndomized omplete lok design. Generlly, fertigted pplied P inrese grin yield, P ontent nd P-uptke in whet s ompred to rodst method. In whet, fertigted P inresed grin yield y 7-8%, P ontent y 8-16% nd P uptke y 15 to 23% during two ropping yers s ompred to rodst method. In onlusion, the use of P fertilizer through fertigtion ould e useful tehnique to inrese grin yield nd P uptke in erels. INTRODUCTION Whet is the most populr food rop of Pkistn. Whet eing the stple diet of most of the people of Pkistn, domintes ll other rops in terms of rege nd prodution. We use whet nd its produts in numer of wys. It ounts for over 70% of the gross erels nd over 36% of the ountry s rege is devoted to whet ultivtion. Despite of eing grown on lrger re, verge yield t frmers fields is still fr elow thn the potentil (Mnn et l., 2004). Whet prodution deresed to 25, 478 thousnd tonnes in s ompred to 25, 979 thousnd tonnes in showing derese of 1.9 perent (GOP, 2015). The redued yields n e ttriuted to numer of ftors i.e., lk of irrigtion wter nd promising ultivrs, delying plnting, poor lnd preprtion, inpproprite soil mngement nd imlned nd ineffetive nutrient utiliztion. Besides other ftors, low soil phosphorus (P) my e one of the resons for poor hrvest. Ninety perent soils of Pkistn re defiient in ville P nd suffer from moderte to severe P defiieny (Ahmd et l., 1992; Nisr et l., 1992). For optimum rop prodution, plnts require dequte P from the very erly stges of growth (Grnt et l., 2005). P fixtion is of gret signifine in the interprettion of soil tests nd fertilizer reommendtions. Therefore, site nd rop speifi P reommendtions on sientifi sis re needed (Nisr et l., 1992). Only soil solution ply the key role y whih whet roots sor P (Johnston et l., 1999); therefore, externl soil solution P requirement my e plnt hrteristi (Fox, 1981). Phosphorus fertiliztion is essentil for exploiting mximum yield potentils of different rop plnts (Rshid et l., 1994). The regulr reovery of P fertilizer y rops is very low nd vries from 15-20% on single rop sis (Rshid, 1994). This my e ttriuted to reversion of pplied phosphtes to less ville forms suh s otlium phosphtes, ronte ptite, hydroxy ptite nd flour ptite y reting with lys nd lium ompounds (Tisdle et l., 1985). Aording to Rshid & Din (1993), degree of P fixtion depends on the rtio of pplied P, the fixtion of rodsted P is muh greter thn the P pplied through nds. Fertigtion is method tht involves pplition of plnt nutrients through irrigtion. It is n opertive mens of plement of fertilizers nd improving fertilizer use effiieny (Ltif & Iql, 2001). Flood P-fertigtion (P fertilizer through irrigtion wter) seems to e n innovtive tehnique where nutrients in the form of solution re pplied through irrigtion wter to reh the rop roots rpidly. It is lso n effetive mens of ontrolling the time nd plement of fertilizers nd improving fertilizer use effiieny y reduing nutrient losses from lehing, nd fixtion in the soil to lessville forms (Zfr et l., 2013). Keeping in view the importne of fertigtion, the present study ws undertken to ssess the impt of fertigted P on yield, P ontent nd P- uptke y whet rop.

2 206 Solngi, M.K. et l., Pk. J. Biotehnol. MATERIAL AND METHODS Two-yer field experiments were lid out in rndomized omplete lok design (RCBD) with four replitions nd net plot size of 5 7m t the experimentl re of Whet Reserh Institute Skrnd, Pkistn. Nitrogen ws pplied t the rte of 120 kgh -1 s soure of ure to ll the tretments in two splits, hlf t sowing time nd the remining hlf t the time of first irrigtion. Phosphorus fertilizer ws pplied s tretments; ontrol, rodst nd fertigtion for method ssessment. The soure of P ws single superphosphte (SSP), whih ws pplied t the rte of 55 kg P h -1. SSP in rodst method ws spred over respetive plots nd inorported in soil t the time of sowing of whet. Fertigted-P ws pplied s single full dose t the time of 1 st irrigtion. The solution of fertilizer P ws prepred t 1:5 fertilizer to wter rtio in ontiner fitted with wter tp nd pled t inlet of irrigtion wter flowing from wter hnnel to the su plots. At the eginning of the irrigtion, stopper of the ontiner ws opened, relesing the phosphorus solution in suh wy tht the entire solution ws finished with the termintion of irrigtion wter from hnnel. Without P fertilizer plots were used s ontrol. Whet vriety TD-1 ws sown y drilling method t the seed rte of 120 kg h -1. For physiohemil properties of soil, ompost soil smple ws tken efore sowing of whet. Tle 1: Physil nd hemil properties of experimentl soil efore sowing Soil property Vlue Snd (%) 15.0 Silt (%) 44.8 Cly (%) 40.2 Texturl lss Silty ly EC ds m Ph 8.2 CCO 3 (%) Orgni mtter (%) 0.72 Olsen s P mg kg The experimentl soil ws silty ly in texture nd hving n EC of 0.32 ds m -1, ph of 8.2, CCO 3 ontent of 10.76, orgni mtter ontent of 0.72 nd Olsen s P 5.8 mg kg -1. The rop ws hrvested t mturity. Grin nd strw smples were tken nd dried in n oven t 70 o C, ground in Wiley s mill nd 1 g of ground mteril ws digested in HNO3: HClO4(1:5) mixture. The id digested mteril ws nlyzed for totl phosphorus y metvndte yellow olor method Jkson (1979). The dt were ssessed sttistilly using softwre MSTAT-C (Russel & Eisensmith, 1983). The phosphorus uptke ws lulted s P uptke (kg h -1 ) = Yield (kg h -1 ) x Plnt P (%) 100 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Grin yield: Fertigtion gve signifintly higher grin yield (p<0.05) s ompred to the yield otined with the sme dose of P pplied y rodst method during two ropping yers (Figure 3). Fertigted P yielded 5930 nd 5727 kgh -1 grin over the two ropping sesons while, orresponding grin yield y rodst method ws 5580 nd 5425 kg h -1 respetively (Figure 3). The grin yield of fertigted plots ws 7 to 8% greter thn rodst method nd 21 to 32% greter thn the ontrol tretment during two ropping yers (Tle 2). This indited the reltively higher performne of fertigted pplied P s ompred to rodst method. These findings re in lose onformity with those reported y Stewrt et l., 2005, who oserved tht fertigtion ws effetive in supplying P to the otton rop nd inresed lint yield. Fertigtion llowed lned nutrient lend in moist soil region where lrge perentge of plnt roots re loted nd proved to e the most onsistent method of inresing yield ross the three yers of study. Bnded preplnt pplition of P produed more otton thn the ontrol nd side-dress method. Grin P ontent of whet: P ontent y whet grin signifintly inresed over ontrol due to P pplition nd mximum ws with fertigted- P, however, P-uptke ws higher in 2 nd ropping yer (Figure 2). P ontent dt shows n inrese of 8 to 16% in P ontent y fertigtion over rodst method during the two ropping yers with the mximum (16%) in 2 nd ropping yer (Tle 2). Higher P ontent in 2 nd yer ould e sried to the higher grin yield in this yer. Improvement in grin P ontent seems due to redily ville P through fertigtion to the developing roots nd therey result in improved P use effiieny (Hussein, 2009).

Vol. 13 (3) 2016 Grin yield... 207 Grin yield (kg h -1 ) 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1st yer 2nd yer 1000 0 Control Brodst Fertigtion Figure 1.

3 Vol. 13 (3) 2016 Grin yield Grin yield (kg h -1 ) st yer 2nd yer Control Brodst Fertigtion Figure 1. Whet grin yield s ffeted y method of P pplition during two ropping yers Low reovery of rodst P is n indition of reltively high P fixtion nd onversion of pplied phosphtes to less ville form owing to lkline lreous nture of the soil (Memon et l., 2011). Similrly, Ltif et l., 1997 nd Hussein, 2009 reported tht mize plnt reeiving P in solution form t first irrigtion ontined signifintly higher P ontent s ompred to P pplied y rodst t sowing. Tle 2: Inrese in grin yield, P ontent nd uptke under whet y fertigtion over rodst method during two ropping seson Grin yield Grin P ontent P-uptke Cropping seson Perent inrese y fertigtion over rodst Yer Yer P ontent in grin (%) st yer 2nd yer 0.00 Control Brodst Fertigtion Figure -2: Whet P ontent in grin s ffeted y method of P pplition during two ropping yers Grin P uptke of whet: Fertigtion pplied P gve signifintly higher grin P uptke (Figure 3) s ompred to the P tken-up y rodst method during two ropping yers. With fertigted pplied P n inrese of 14 to 22% ws noted in men P-uptke over rodst method nd 15 to 23% over ontrol, ross the two ropping yers (Tle 2). Similrly Iql et l., (2003) reported tht P uptke ws signifintly higher where P ws pplied s fertigtion.

4 208 Solngi, M.K. et l., Pk. J. Biotehnol. Fertigted DAP nd SSP hd higher P fertilizer effiieny s ompred to their rodst pplition. Fertigtion of id fertilizers like SSP nd TSP perform profiiently in lreous soils (Shrm et l., 1990). Ltif et l. (2001) reported tht lower dose of nitrogen long with full dose of P when pplied through fertigtion gve equl P uptke to tht y full dose of N nd sme dose of P. It shows tht rop enefited mximum from lned P supply through fertigtion. Rushkol et l. (1976) studies were lso reported similr results. Figure -3: Whet P uptke in grin s ffeted y method of P pplition during two ropping yers CONCLUSION From this study, it ws onluded tht fertigted-p enhned the grin yield of whet nd improved P ontent s well s P uptke over rodst method. On overll sis fertigtion seemed more effiient method of P pplition nd ould sve onsiderle mount of P fertilizer nd net eonomi returns s ompred to rodst method of pplition. REFERENCES Fox, R.L., Externl phosphorus requirement of rops. In: Chemistry in the soil environ-ment. (Ed.): M. Shelly et l., Amerin So. of Agron.Mdison, WI,USA. Pp (1981). Eonomi Survey of Pkistn Ministry of Food, Agriulture nd Live stok, Federl Bureu of Sttistis, Government of Pkistn (2015). Grnt, C., S. Bittmn, M. Montrel, C. Plenhette nd C.Morel, Soil nd fertilizer phosphorus: Effet on plnt P supply nd myorrhizl development. Cn.J.Plnt Si. 85:3-14 (2005). Hussein, AH.A., Phosphorus use effiieny y two vrieties of orn t different phosphorus fertilizer pplition rtes. Res. J. Appl. Si. 4:85-93 (2009). Iql, Z, A. Ltif, S. Ali nd M.M. Iql, Effet offertigted phosphorus on P use effiieny nd yield ofwhet nd mize. Songklnkrin Journl of Sienend Tehnology 25(6): (2003) Johnston, A.M., S.S. Mlhi, J.J. Shoenu nd S. W.Exner, Nutrient nd iomss umultion of mjor rops. Res. Rept. Cndin. Fert. Inst., Ottw (1999) Ltif, A. nd M.M. Iql, Fertigtion tehniques. Proeedings of the Workshop on Tehnologies for Sustinle Agriulture. NIAB, Fisld, Pskistn, pp (2001). Ltif, A., S.M. Alm, A. Hmid nd Z. Iql, Reltive effiieny of phosphorus pplied through rodstinorportion, top dressing nd fertigtion to rops. Pk. J. Soil Si. 13: (1997). MnnR.A., W.A.Jehngir nd I.Msih, Improving rop nd wter produtivity of rie-whet system in Punj, Pkistn. In: Proeedings of the 4 th Interntionl Crop Siene Congress, Brisne (2004). Memon, M.S., J.A. Shh, P. Khn, M. Aslm nd N.Depr, Effet of phosphorus fertigtion in whet on different soils vrying in CCO 3 levels. Pk. J. Bot. 43(6): (2011). Nisr, A., M.T. Sleem nd I.T. Twyford, Phosphorus reserh in Pkistn: A review. In:

5 Vol. 13 (3) 2016 Grin yield Pro. Symp. on the Role of Phosphorus in Crop Prodution. (Ed.): A. Nisr et l., July 15-17, NFDC, Islmd, Pkistn Pp (1992). Rshid, A., Phosphorus use effiieny in soils of Pkistn. Proeedings 4 th Ntionl Congress of Soil Siene, Islmd, pp (1994). Rshid,A. nd J.Din, Phosphorus defiieny dignosis nd fertilizer plement for mungen grown in lkline soils. Journl of Agronomy nd Crop Sienes, West Germny (1993). Rshid, M.T., M. Yseen nd M.S. Zi, Phosphorus vilility to whet in three lreous soils of rie trt. Pro. 4 th Ntionl Congress of Soil Siene, Islmd. pp (1994). Rushkol, R.S., D.E. Rolston, R.J. Miller, A.B. Critonnd nd R.G.Buru, Phosphorus fertigtion with dripirrigtion. Soil Siene Soiety of Ameri Journl 40: (1976). Russel,D.F. nd S.P.Eisensmith, MSTAT-C. Crop nd Soil Siene Deprtment, Mihign Stte University, USA (1983). Shrm,B.D., S.Kr nd S.S.Cheem, Yield, wter use nd nitrogen uptke for different wter nd N levels in winter whet. Fertilizer Reserh 22: (1990). Stewrt, W.M., J.S. Reiter nd D.R. Krieg, Cotton response to multiple pplitions of phosphorus fertilizer. Better Crops 89(3): (2005). Tisdle, S.L., W.L. Nelson, J.D.Beton nd J.L. Hvlin, Soil Fertility nd Fertilizers. 5 th Ed. Prentie-Hll of Indi Privte Ltd. New Delhi (1985). Zfr, I., M. Yqu, M. Akrm nd R. Ahmed, Phosphorus fertigtion: A tehnique for enhning P fertilizer effiieny nd yield of whet nd mize. Soil Environ. 32(2): (2013)..

Crop Rotations, Reduced Tillage and N Fertilization Effects on Corn Yields And Aflatoxin Levels

Crop Rotations, Reduced Tillage and N Fertilization Effects on Corn Yields And Aflatoxin Levels Crop Rottions, Redued Tillge nd N Fertiliztion Effets on Corn Yields And Afltoxin Levels J.E. Mtoh nd M. Rihrdson Texs AgriLife Reserh nd Extension Center Stte Hwy Corpus Christi, TX 78- jmtoh@g.tmu.edu