Impact of Plastic Enriched Composting on Soil Structure, Fertility and Growth of Maize Plants

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Dorothy Merritt
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1 uropen Journl of pplied Sienes 4 (3): , 2012 ISSN IOSI Pulitions, 2012 OI: /idosi.ejs Impt of Plsti nrihed omposting on Soil Struture, Fertility nd Grow of Mize Plnts I. tuny, W.T. orisde nd N.. Nwogu 1 eprtment of Miroiology, University of enin, P.M. 1154, enin ity, do Stte, Nigeri 2 eprtment of iologil Sienes, Iginedion University, Okd, do Stte, Nigeri 3 Nigerin Institute for Oenogrphy nd Mrine Reserh, P.M , Spele, elt Stte, Nigeri strt: The impt of plsti enrihed omposting on soil struture, fertility nd grow of mize (Ze mys L.) ws exmined in is study. ompletely rndomized loked design (R) onsisting of five tretments viz., (ontrol, untreted soil), (0.83% tretment level), (1.67% tretment level), (2.50% tretment level) nd (3.33% tretment level) wi ree replites eh ws used. The result of e physio-hemil prmeters of e soil reveled t e ddition of plsti grnules to e soil resulted to inrese in e totl orgni ron ontent nd ulk density of e soil. However, oer nutrient elements of e soil were not ffeted. mong e tretments, ere ws no signifint differene (P<0.05) on e germintion of Ze mys seedlings. The result of impt of plsti on e grow showed t e higher e plsti grnules e more its negtive impt on Ze mys grow. (36.51 ± 1.30 m) hd e highest grow while e lest grow ws oserved in (28.50 ± 0.74 m) nd ( ± 1.64 m) tretments fter eight weeks of plnting. Key words: Plstis iodegrdtion Soil fertility Ze mys INTROUTION popultion grow rte, inresing urniztion, industriliztion nd eonomi grow hs rought out Over e pst dedes ere hs een stedy e phenomenl inrese in e volume of wstes inrese in e use of plsti produts resulting in generted dily in e ountry [5]. Polyeylene re proportionte rise in plsti wste in e environment. urrently eing used in ll forms nd shdes in Nigeri s Plstis hve gined widespred use in food, loing, wrppers rnging from isuit, ie-rem, tle wter, slt, shelter, trnsport, onstrution, medil nd reretion red nd tpes (udio nd video) to mention ut industries [1]. The widely use of plstis, n e few [6]. Polyeylene gs re used virtully in ll ttriuted to eir properties whih inludes low ost, shopping enters, homes mrkets, resturnts nd frms lightweight, extremely durle, reltively unrekle nd in Nigeri [7]. eseti vlues. Plstis re omposed of petroleum- In Nigeri, drinking wter is sold in plsti ottles nd sed mterils lled resins (e.g. polyeylene nd shets. The puli hs developed strong tste for suh polypropylene)-mterils t re resistnt to wter sine ey re portle nd n esily e rried iodegrdtion [2]. euse of is resistne, plstis from one ple to noer. There is lso pereption t t re relesed into e environment or disposed in suh ottled nd shet wter re lener nd more lndfills tend to persist t stedy stte in e soil nd minerlized n tp wter. fter gulping down e liquid use signifint eologil prolems [3]. ontent, ese gs re disrded indisrimintely erey In trditionl frin soiety, wi lower popultion littering e whole environment. They en ollet round figures, e ntive leves were used in wrpping most of e ity, hoking gutters, retening smll nimls, e needed mterils [4]. ut e hllenges of ever polluting ehes nd dmging e soil. When e inresing popultion hve mde Nigerins to lern plsti solid wste is present in soil for long periods, it how to use firly improved mens of wrppers suh s redues soil fertility nd prevents e grow of plnt life polyeylene gs. lso oer ftors inluding nd us, poses environmentl prolems [8]. orresponding uor: N.. Nwogu, Nigerin Institute for Oenogrphy nd Mrine Reserh, P.M , Spele, elt Stte, Nigeri. 105

2 urop. J. ppl. Si., 4 (3): , 2012 Soil struture hs n importnt influene on soil xperimentl esign: The experiments were rried erosion, wter intke nd rop grow. dispersed or out from July to Novemer, rndomized ompt soil hs low infiltrtion rte. stle omplete lok design (R) wi ree replites grnulted soil will permit rpid wter intke, dringe, ws used to ssess e impt of plsti enrihed ertion nd enefiil miroil tivity, rops grown in omposting on soil struture, fertility nd grow of mize it will respond well to fvourle moisture, fertility nd plnt. good ulturl prties [9]. The different groups of soil The plsti type used ws polyeylene (P) iot ply n importnt role in estlishing stle grnules (resins). The polyeylene grnules were struture, espeilly in soils, whih re poor in stilizing otined from leme Petrohemil ompny, Port medi of physio-hemil nture [10]. mong e ftors Hrourt, Nigeri. The plsti were furer grounded t n severely limit e iologil tivity nd influene to redue e prtile size. The experiment ws onsisted on struture re shortge of sustrte supply nd of five (5) tretments nd replited rie, mounting to unfvourle environmentl onditions. The ddition of n ggregte of 15 experimentl ukets. h uket hs redily deomposle sustrte uses rpid stimultion 10 liters pity nd perforted t e se nd set out of soil miroflor nd is is ompnied y signifint on e field. inrese in ggregte stility [11, 12, 13]. The tretments were: Soil fertility my e defined s e pity of e soil to support e grow of plnts on sustined sis under = ontrol (untreted soil) given onditions of limte nd oer relevnt properties = 0.83% tretment level, (50 g of plsti grnules to of lnd. Low soil fertility inevitly leds to low 6 kg of soil smple) griulturl produtivity [14]. Soil orgni mtter is mjor = 1.67% tretment level (100 g of plsti grnules to soure of plnt nutrients, improves physil properties of 6 kg of soil smple) soil, suh s soil porosity, struture nd wter-holding = 2.50% tretment level (150 g of plsti grnules to pity [15, 16]. The extent to whih orgni mtter 6 kg of soil smple) ontriutes to soil qulity depends on ftors suh s = 3.33% tretment level (200 g of plsti grnule to orgni mteril omposition, soil fun tivities nd 6 kg of soil smple) environmentl onditions [17-19]. lot of reserh works hve foused mjorly on The mize seeds used for is study were olleted solid wste genertion nd disposl in Nigeri ities [20, from eprtment of rop Siene, Fulty of griulture, 6]. Likewise muh work hs een done on vrious mode University of enin, do Stte, Nigeri. Seed viility test of iodegrdtion of plstis inluding isoltion of plsti ws rried out prior to plnting of e mize seed y degrding miroorgnisms [2, 21-23]. However, very little flottion meod s desried y [25]. hs een done in e re of impt of plsti on soil Ten hely nd uniformly sized mize seeds were properties nd produtivities. Reserhers worked on plnted in eh experimentl unit nd germintion ws impt of xenoiotis on soil iologil tivity 3]. The rd monitored t 3, 4, 5 nd 6 dys fter plnting. Three present study exmined e impt of plsti enrihed mize seedlings per eh experimentl unit were used to omposting on soil struture, fertility nd grow of mize monitor e grow prmeters of mize, whih inlude plnts. perentge germintion, plnt height nd stem gir. The dt for grow prmeter were olleted every two weeks MTRILS N MTHOS for eight weeks. The Study re: The study ws onduted t Iginedion Soil nlysis: ll e soil smples were prepred s University Okd, do Stte, Nigeri. The study re is desried y [24]. The soil smples were olleted in ' ' loted t ltitude N nd longitude The plsti gs nd tgged efore trnsferred to e men minimum nd mximum tempertures of e re re Lortory. In e Lortory, soil smples were spred 27 nd 31, respetively. The re experienes imodl out on plsti try nd kept on e Lortory enh to ptterns of rinfll (pril-july) nd (Septemer-Novemer) ir dry. The ir-dried smples were en ground wi wi short spell in ugust. The totl nnul men rinfll mortr nd pestle nd pssed rough 2mm sieve efore rnges etween 1700 to 2000 mm. nlysis. 106

3 Physio-hemil hrteristis of soil smples were nlyzed efore nd fter e experiment. The prmeters determined inludes, ph, totl orgni ron (TO), snd, silt nd ly omposition, ulk density; totl porosity, nitrogen nd phosphorus ontent, tion exhnge pity (). t nlysis: The dt generted were sujeted to nlysis of vrine (NOV) nd unn s Multiple Rnge (MR) test ws used to estlish signifint differene mong e tretments t 5% onfidene unit using SPSS (version 17.0) omputer sttistil pkge. RSULTS N ISUSSION Soil nlysis: The result of soil nlysis efore nd fter e experimentl period is presented in Tle 1. The prtile size nlysis of e soil showed t e soil is lomy snd wi 74.57% snd, 3.69% silt nd 21.74% ly prtiles. The vlues of orgni ron (0.58%), N (0.056%), P (26.36 ppm), K (0.20 mol/kg) nd oer exhngele ses (N, nd Mg ) were low. These vlues showed t e experimentl soil is low in fertility. The ph vlue (5.20) showed t e soil is idi wi se sturtion of 20.19%. urop. J. ppl. Si., 4 (3): , 2012 e tretments (Tle 2). The nlysis of e results showed t ere ws no signifint differene mong e tretments roughout e germintion period. Ze mys Height: The effet of plsti enrihed omposting on plnt height is presented in Tle 3. t 2 nd weeks fter plnting, tretment hd highest height vlue (14.33m). This ws followed y tretment, whih shows no signifint differene (P=0.05) from tretment. Tretment, nd were signifintly ffeted (P 0.5). t 4 weeks fter plnting, tretment hd e highest vlue (24.78m) whih ws not signifintly different (P=0.05) from tretment ut signifintly etter n tretment. t 6 weeks fter plnting tretment (29.34) ws signifint etter n tretment, while ere ws no signifint differene etween it nd tretment (27.03). t 8 weeks fter plnting, tretment (36.51m) ws not signifintly different from tretment (35.50) nd tretment (34.28), while tretment (28.50) nd tretment (28.78 m) re signifintly ffeted (P 0.5). Stem Gir: Tretment plnts hd e widest dimeter vlue (3.22 m) while Ze mys in tretment hd e lest stem gir dimeter vlue (2.82 m) 8 weeks fter plnting. The results of e soil prtile size shown in Tle 1 Perentge Germintion of Ze mys: Perentge seed rd germintion of Ze mys ws monitored fter e 3, 4, 5 reveled t e soil smple used in is experiment ws lomy soil. The low se sturtion of 20.19% reveled nd 6 dy fter plnting (Tle 2). fter 4 dy of t e soil is n ultisol. The soil is idi s plnting, seed germintion ws oserved in ll refleted y its ph vlue efore e experimentl period. Tle 1: Physio-hemil hrteristis of soil Prmeters Tretments (% ph Org. P Mg se ulk Totl + K N on./6kg of soil) (in H2O) (%) N (%) (ppm) (mol/kg) Sturtion (%) density (%) porosity (%) Snd (%) Silt (%) ly (%) (mol/kg) (mol/kg) (mol/kg) (mol/kg) efore tril fter tril Tle 2: ffets of plsti enrihed omposting on Ze mys germintion Germintion (%) Tretments rd ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 3.33 Vlues wi e sme letter in e olumn re not signifintly different from one noer t 5% level of proility. ± Stndrd error, n =

4 urop. J. ppl. Si., 4 (3): , 2012 Tle 3: ffes of plsti enrhed omposting on Ze mys height (m) Weeks fter Plnting nd Tretments ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 1.64 Vlues wi e sme letter in e olumn re not signifintly different from one noer t 5% level of proility. ± Stndrd error, n = 9. Tle 4: ffet of plsti enrihed omposting on stem gir (m) of Ze mys. Weeks fter Plnting Tretments nd ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.06 d 1.53 ± ± ± ± 0.06 Vlues wi e sme letter in e olumn re not signifintly different from one noer t 5% level of proility. ± Stndrd error, n = 9. The ddition of plsti grnules resulted to inrese in e negtive effet on e nutrient intke y e root of plnt. totl orgni ron ontent of e soil reltive to e [31] Reported t e mendment of soil wi nturl ontrol. However, oer nutrient elements of e soil were polymer (Wool nd hir wste) signifintly improved soil not ffeted y e ddition of plsti grnules. This fertility. Polyene eing syneti polymer is not ould e euse of e inert property of plsti in soil. essile to iodegrdtive enzyme of soil miroflor lough, plsti is n orgni mteril, it tend to persist [32]. in e soil use signifint eologil prolems [26]. Furermore, e ulk density of e soil ws inresed RFRNS while e totl porosity ws redued. This is in ordne to e findings of [3] who reported t e 1. Kiresn, K., Polyeylene nd plstis ddition of grnulr polyene redued e soil pore size. degrding miroes from e mngrove soil. [27] lso reported t high ulk density uses redution Interntionl Journl of Tropil iology nd in wter infiltrtion into e soil, redued ertion nd onservtion, 51(3): poor penetrtion whih dversely ffet e rop yield. 2. Kumr, S.,..M. H nd K.S. hristi, The result on seed germintion (Tle 1) showed t iversity nd effetiveness of tropil mngrove soil ere ws no signifint differene in perentge seed miroflor on e degrdtion of polyene rry germintion mong e tretments. ontrrily to e report gs. Interntionl Journl of Tropil iology, of [28], no germintion ws oserved in ll tretments 55(4): fter 3 dys of plnting. This ould e ttriuted to 3. Jvorekov, S., T. Stevlikov, R. Lud nd vrious ftors t might inlude environmentl P. Ondrisik, Influene of xenoiotis on e ondition, physio-hemil properties of soil nd vriety iologil soil tivity. Journl of entrl uropen of mize used for e study. The results presented in griulture, 2(3): Tle 3 nd 4 indite t e higher e level of e 4. Jimoh,.K., Indigenous tehniques of food plsti grnule in e soil, e more its negtive impt on preservtion in Nigeri soiety. Soiety nd ulture, e plnt grow. The grow nd yield of plnt hd een 7(1): reported to e ftor of nutrient vilility in e soil 6. ziege, F.I., Sesonlity nd nvironmentl [29]. [30] Pointed out t prt from nutrient vilility, Impt sttus of polyene (ellophne) genertion ddition of orgni mnure lso inresed porosity nd nd disposl in enin ity, Nigeri. Journl of Humn moisture ontent of soil t enhnes root grow nd ology, 22(2): wter intke of e plnt. However, ddition of polyene 7. Ogunn, N.O., Wste disposl systems in grnules redued soil pores size, whih my hve tropil ity. Times New ulletin, 14(2):

5 urop. J. ppl. Si., 4 (3): , Vijy,. nd R.M. Reddy, Impt of soil 23. tuny,.i., N.. Nwogu nd.o. kpj, omposting using muniipl solid wste on iodegredtion of polyeylene film y e white-rot iodegrdtion of plstis. Indin Journl of fungus-pleurotus tuer-regium. Nigerin journl of iotehnology, 7: pplied Siene, 29: Mll, T.M., Miroorgnisms nd soil 24. Ryn, J. nd G. stetn, Soil nd plnt nlysis. struture. Knss demy of Siene, 53(1): nd Lortory Mnul, 2 dition, Interntionl entre 10. Odes, J.M., The role of iology in e for griulturl Reserh, Syri, pp: 172. formtion, stiliztion nd degrdtion of soil 25. Vwioko,.. nd M.U. Longe, uxin nd struture. Geoderm, 56: gierellins effets on grow nd fruit size in 11. Rolnd,., F. Gri-Orenes nd. lx, n Lgenri (molin) Stnley. iosiene Reserh inution experiment to determine ftors involving ommunitions, 21(6): ggregtion hnges in n rid soil reeiving urn 26. lertsson,..h. nd S. Krlsson, refuse. Soil iology nd iohemistry, 26: iodegrdtion of syneti polymers (IV). The O2 12. Shleht-Pietsh, S., U. Wgner nd T.H. nderson, meod pplied to liner polyeylene ontining hnges in omposition of soil iodegrdle dditive. Journl of pplied Polymer polyshrides nd ggregte stility fter ron Siene, 35: mendments to different textured soils. pplied Soil 27. Mh,.N., J.S.. Mgwu, V.M. Ony nd ology, 1: M..N. nikwe, ffet of pplition of 13. Kiem, R. nd. Kndelr, Stility of ggregte iofertilizers on soil densifition, totl porosity, y e miroil iomss s ffeted y soil texture ggregte stility nd mize grin yield in ystri nd type. pplied Soil ology, 5: leptoso t kiliki, Nigeri. Journl of Siene nd 15. Odes, J.M., Soil orgni mtter nd struture Tehnology, 10: stility: mehnisms nd implitions for 28. Ngo,.T.T. nd T.R. Preston, Soil iotest to mngement. Plnt nd Soil, 76: evlute omprtive fertility of soils nd effets of 16. Lvelle, P., rworms tivities nd soil dding erworm ompost. Livestok reserh for systems. iology nd Fertility Soils, 6: Rurl evelopment, 18(3): Sheu, S. nd V. Wolters, Infleune of 29. delekn,.., F.I. Oluwtoyino nd frgmenttion nd ioturtion on e.i. mgoye, omprtive effets of 14 deomposition of -lelled eeh lef litter. Soil undigested nd neroilly digested poultry iology nd iohemistry, 23: mnure on grow nd yield of mize (Ze mys). 18. Tin, G.,.T. Kng nd L. russrd, Mulhing frin Journl of nvironmentl Siene nd effet of plnt residues wi hemilly ontrsting Tehnology, 4(2): ompositions on mize grow nd nutrient 30. gede, T.M., S.O. Ojeniyi nd.j. deyemo, umultion. Plnt nd soil, 153: ffet of poultry mnure on soil physil nd 19. Mndo,. nd L. russrd, ontriution of hemil properties, grow nd grin yield of termites in e rekdown of strw under Shelin sorghum in Sou West Nigeri. merin ursin onditions. iology nd Fertility of Soil, 28: Journl of Sustinle griulture, 2(1): ede,.., Urn solid wste genertion, 31. Zheljzkov, V.., ssessment of wool disposl system nd pttern. Journl of urn wste nd hir wste s soil mendment nd evelopment, 5(1): nutrient soure. Journl of nvironmentl Qulity, 21. eguhi, T., Y. Kiitok, M. Kkzw nd T. Nishid, 34: Nylon iodegrdtion y lignin degrding 32. Nwhukwu, S., O. Oidi nd. Odoh, fungi. pplied nd nvironmentl Miroiology, Ourrene nd relitrne of polyene g wste 63(1): in Nigeri soils. frin Journl of iotehnology, 22. Tokiw, Y.,.P. li, U.. Ugwu nd S. i, 9(37): iodegrdility of plstis. Interntionl Journl of Moleulr Sienes, 10:

Broken rice facts. Physical and Functional Characteristics of Broken Rice Kernels. Parboiling Process. May 23, Production of broken rice 14-10%

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