Responses of rice yield and the fate of fertilizer nitrogen to soil organic carbon

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1 Vol. 63, 2017, No. 9: Plnt Soil Environ. Responses of rie yield nd the fte of fertilizer nitrogen to soil orgni ron Weifu PENG, Yongjun ZENG, Qinghu SHI, Shn HUANG* Ministry of Edution nd Jingxi Key Lortory of Crop Physiology, Eology nd Geneti Breeding, Jingxi Agriulturl University, Nnhng, P.R. Chin *Corresponding uthor: ABSTRACT Peng W.F., Zeng Y.J., Shi Q.H., Hung S. (2017): Responses of rie yield nd the fte of fertilizer nitrogen to soil orgni ron. Plnt Soil Environ., 63: Soil orgni ron (SOC) plys ritil role in rie prodution, ut its feedk to the fte of fertilizer nitrogen (N) is not ler. In this study, pot experiment ws onduted to investigte the responses of rie yield nd the fte of fertilizer N to different SOC levels using 15 N-lelled ure. The results showed tht rie iomss, yield nd the totl N uptke inresed signifintly with inresing SOC ontent. Both rie N uptke from soil nd ure inresed signifintly with inresing SOC ontent. The reovery rte nd residul rte of fertilizer N improved signifintly with inresing SOC ontent, leding to redued rte of not-speified fertilizer N. Therefore, it ws onluded tht high SOC ould not only improve rie yield nd fertilizer N reovery, ut lso ould inrese the retention of fertilizer N nd derese the not-speified N in the pddy soil. Keywords: Oryz stiv; isotope tring; soil fertility; fertiliztion; flooded rie system; mronutrient Rie is the stple food rop for more thn 50% of the world s popultion (Nhimuthu et l. 2015); therefore, inresed rie prodution is needed to meet the food demnds of the rpidly expnding popultion (Liu et l. 2016). However, the rie yield is stgnting in mjor rie-ropping systems, espeilly in Chin (Ry et l. 2012). Delining soil fertility my e one of the most importnt resons for this yield stgntion (Bennett et l. 2012). Therefore, improving soil fertility, espeilly soil orgni ron (SOC) ontent (Pospíšilová et l. 2011), hs n importnt role in mintining sustinle inrese in rie yield (Liu et l. 2014, Espe et l. 2015, Murphy 2015, Zho et l. 2016). Although lrge ody of reserh hs doumented tht inreses in SOC ontent minly through orgni mendments (e.g., green mnure, mnure nd rop residues) ould improve soil fertility nd rop yield (Liu et l. 2014, Tin et l. 2015, Zhng et l. 2016), reltively few studies hve foused on the feedk of SOC ontent to the fte of fertilizer nitrogen (N) (i.e., N uptke y rops, residue in soil, or loss to the environment) (Ling et l. 2013, Oelofse et l. 2015, Plošek et l. 2017). To inrese rie yield, exessive N fertilizer is pplied in Chinese pddy fields, whih hs resulted in dverse impts on environmentl nd humn helth (Gu et l. 2015, Zhng et l. 2015). The fte of fertilizer N plys entrl role in rop prodution nd environmentl sustinility (Ju et l. 2009). Although severl studies investigted the effets of SOC on the fte of fertilizer N, mixed results hve een reported. Previous studies showed tht inreses in SOC my inrese, derese, or hve no effet on the reovery effiieny of fertilizer N (Glendining et l. 1997, Ling et l. 2013, Oelofse Supported y the Ntionl Key R&D Progrm of Chin, Projets No. 2016YFD nd 2017YFD , nd y the Ntionl Nturl Siene Foundtion of Chin, Grnts No nd

2 Plnt Soil Environ. Vol. 63, 2017, No. 9: et l. 2015). Furthermore, most of these studies were onduted in uplnd soils, while only few foused on the feedk of SOC to the fte of fertilizer N in flooded rie systems. Beuse ron (C) nd N yling is losely oupled in soil, it ws hypothesized tht higher SOC ontent ould inrese rie yield, N reovery effiieny nd the retention of fertilizer N, therey deresing the loss of fertilizer N. Thus, pot experiment ws onduted using the 15 N-isotopi trer method to determine the differenes in rie yield nd the fte of fertilizer N in soils with different orgni C ontent. MATERIAL AND METHODS Soils. The soils used in this study were sreened from 60 different fields in the Poyng County ( 'N, 'E), Jingxi provine, Chin, whih hve een used for rie ultivtion for mny dedes. Three fields with different SOC ontents were seleted nd soils were olleted to depth of 0 15 m, ir-dried nd then sieved (2 mm mesh) for further tretment. The soils were silty ly nd lssified s Eutri Fluvisol. Their properties re listed in Tle 1. Experimentl design. A pot experiment ws onduted in the greenhouse of the Jingxi Agriulturl University in Nnhng, Jingxi provine, Chin from April to Septemer Three different orgni C soils (low, medium nd high) with nd without N fertiliztion (N nd ontrol) were omined into six tretments. Eh tretment ws replited five times. Eh pot (29 m dimeter nd 21 m height) ontined four kg ir-dried soil. Clium-mgnesium phosphte ws thoroughly mixed with soil nd ure nd potssium hloride were dissolved in wter nd then dded to the pots. All fertilizers were pplied t sl t rte of 150 mg N, 26.4 mg P nd 83 mg K/kg dry soil. The 15 N-lelled ure (20.16% isotopi undne) ws provided y the Shnghi Institute of Chemil Industry, Chin. A hyrid rie ultivr, Y Lingyou 5867, ws sown on April 21, The uniform seedlings were trnsplnted with two hills per pot nd one seedling per hill on My 18. All pots were rndomly rrnged nd kept flooded with wter depth of pproximtely 5 m. Smpling. All plnts in eh pot were hrvested nd seprted into roots, strw nd pniles t mturity in Septemer The roots nd strw were desited t 105 C for 30 min nd then dried t 70 C to onstnt weight. All rie plnts were weighed to determine the iomss, fter whih they were ground to determine the totl N onentrtion nd 15 N undne. Soil smples were olleted from four rndomly seleted points in eh pot with 0.9 m inner dimeter uger. Smples were ir-dried nd sieved (0.149 mm) to determine the N onentrtion nd 15 N undne. Anlytil methods. The N in plnts nd soils ws determined y the miro-kjeldhl digestion. The 15 N undne ws determined using Finnign-MAT-251 mss spetrometer. The 15 N undne of soils nd plnts in the ontrol tretment ws lso determined nd used s the 15 N kground undne. Clultions nd sttistil nlysis. Yield response to fertilizer N nd the ontriution of soil to yield were lulted s follows: Yield response to fertilizer N = 100 (Y N Y ontrol ) Y ontrol Contriution rte of soil to yield = 100 Y ontrol Y N Where: Y N rie yield in the N-pplied; Y ontrol ontrol tretment. Plnt N uptke derived from fertilizer (N dff ) nd from soil (N dfs ) ws lulted s follows (Zheng et l. 2016): (1) (2) Tle 1. Properties of seleted soils with different orgni ron (C) ontent Soil Orgni C Totl N Alkline N Aville K Olsen P CEC (g/kg) (mg/kg) (mol + /kg) ph (1:2.5 H 2 O) Low Medium High Low, medium nd high soils with low, medium, nd high orgni C ontent; CEC tion exhnge pity 417

3 Vol. 63, 2017, No. 9: Plnt Soil Environ. N dff (mg/pot) = N uptke y plnt 15 N tom% exess in plnt ure 15 N tom% exess Ndfs (mg/pot) = totl N uptke y plnt Ndff (3) Fertilizer N residul rte in soil, N reovery rte nd rte of not-speified N were lulted s follows: N residul rte in soil = 100 totl soil N 15 N tom% exess in soil ure 15 N tom% exess N pplition rte 100 N dff N reovery rte = N pplition rte 100 (N pplition rte Ndff Ndfs) Rte of N not-speified = N pplition rte One-wy ANOVA ws onduted using the SAS 8.01 softwre pkge (SAS Institute In., Cry, USA). Signifint differenes of the mesured vriles etween tretments were ssessed y the lest signifint differene test t P < All dt shown re the verges of five replitions. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Rie yield nd its omponents. Both high SOC nd N fertilizer pplition ould signifintly inrese rie yield nd iomss (Tle 2), ut there ws no signifint intertion etween SOC nd N fertiliztion. Improving SOC signifintly inresed the pnile numer nd the grin numer per pnile, (4) (5) (6) (7) ut deresed the grin weight. N fertiliztion only signifintly inresed the grin numer per pnile with no signifint effet on other ftors of yield omponents. Neither SOC ontent nor N fertiliztion hd signifint effet on filled grin rte; however, there ws n intertive effet etween SOC ontent nd N fertiliztion on the pnile numer nd the grin numer per pnile. The yield response to N fertiliztion delined with inresing SOC ontent, while the ontriution rte of soil to yield enhned with inresing SOC ontent (Figure 1). High SOC ould improve soil physil struture nd inrese the supply of soil indigenous N (Ll 2006, Xu et l. 2016, Zho et l. 2016). Hene, inresing SOC enhned soil produtivity while offsetting the effets of N fertiliztion on rie prodution (Zho et l. 2016). Nitrogen uptke. Both high SOC nd N fertiliztion signifintly inresed the totl N uptke of rie (Tle 3). Both rie N uptke from soil (N dfs ) nd ure (N dff ) inresed signifintly with inresing SOC ontent (Tle 3). In the present pot experiment, most of the N uptke in rie ws derived from soil. As the SOC ontent inresed, the perentge of N dfs to the totl N uptke inresed, while the opposite ws true for the perentge of N dff to the totl N uptke. Nitrogen fertiliztion hs een shown to stimulte inresed N uptke from soil (Pn et l. 2012). When ompred with the ontrol, N fertiliztion inresed N dfs y 12.7, 4.5, nd 4.6% in soils with Tle 2. Effets of soil orgni ron (SOC) ontent nd nitrogen (N) fertiliztion on rie yield nd its omponents SOC Low Medium High Fertiliztion Grin yield (g/pot) Pniles No. of grins/ numer/pot pnile Filled grin rte 1000-grin weight (g/pot) Biomss ontrol 37.3 f 13 d e N 48.8 e 14 d d ontrol 53.9 d N ontrol N SOC ** ** * ns ** ** ANOVA N ** ns ** ns ns ** SOC N ns * * ns ns ns Low, medium nd high soils with low, medium, nd high orgni ron ontent; N nd ontrol fertiliztion tretments with nd without N fertilizer. The lowerse letters in the sme olumn represent sttistil signifine t P < 0.05 (*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ns no signifine) 418

4 Plnt Soil Environ. Vol. 63, 2017, No. 9: Yield response to fertilizer N Contriution rte of soil to yield low, medium, nd high SOC ontent, respetively (Tle 3). Beuse N fertiliztion ould improve rie growth nd root development, the inrese in root exudtes ould stimulte the growth nd prolifertion of soil miroes, therey elerting deomposition of SOC nd minerliztion of soil orgni N (Ge et l. 2015). Fte of 15 N-ure. The SOC ontent hd signifint effet on the fte of 15 N-ure (Figure 2). The reovery rte nd residul rte of fertilizer N inresed signifintly with inresing SOC ontent, thus resulting in signifint derese in the rte of not-speified fertilizer N. Low Medium High Figure 1. Yield response to fertilizer nitrogen (N) nd the ontriution rte of soil to yield s ffeted y soil orgni ron (SOC) ontent. Low, medium nd high soils with low, medium, nd high orgni ron ontent. Error rs indite the stndrd devition of five replitions. Different lowerse letters represent sttistil signifine mong tretments t P < The N reovery rte in the present study ws muh lower (16 25%) thn tht in previous results, while the perentge of not-speified N ws muh greter (Zheng et l. 2016). Severl resons my e given for the high perentge of not-speified N nd low N reovery rte in this study. First, the environment in the pots used in our study my vry muh greter thn tht in field experiments (Ling et l. 2013). Seond, ll of the N fertilizer ws rodsted s sl efore trnsplnting, whih my redue the N uptke nd inrese N losses (Zhu et l. 1997). Third, the reltively high SOC ontent in the soil used for the present experiment inherently improves N supply from soil nd thus leds to redued N uptke from fertilizer (Peng et l. 2006). Lst, the ontinuous flooding ondition during the whole rie-growing period my intensify the N losses (MSwiney et l. 2010). The present results demonstrted tht high SOC improved the uptke nd retention of fertilizer N nd thus deresed the perentge of not-speified N, whih supports the hypothesis of this study (Figure 2). First, higher SOC ould improve soil struture nd other physil properties, whih supports greter root volumes nd iomss for pturing fertilizer N (Ll 2006). Seond, soils with high SOC hve gret tion exhnge pity nd nutrient retention pity (Ll 2006). Third, higher SOC supports inresed numers of miroes, whih t s nutrient sink for improving N retention (Ling et l. 2013). The ssimilted fertilizer N in soil miroil iomss ould e reused y plnts fter deth, therey improving the synhrony etween N supply nd demnd (Ling et l. 2013). Tle 3. Effets of soil orgni ron (SOC) ontent nd nitrogen (N) fertiliztion on N uptke nd its soure SOC Fertiliztion Totl N uptke N dff N dff /totl N uptke (mg/pot) N dfs (mg/pot) N dfs /totl N uptke Low Medium High ontrol 919 f 919 f N 1135 e e 91.3 ontrol 1463 d 1463 d N ontrol N Low, medium nd high soils with low, medium, nd high orgni ron ontent; ontrol nd N fertiliztion tretments without nd with N fertilizer; N dff nd N dfs N uptke derived from fertilizer nd soil. The lowerse letters in the sme olumn represent signifine t P < 0.05 ( mens no dt re ville) 419

5 Vol. 63, 2017, No. 9: Plnt Soil Environ In short, our results support the hypothesis tht re-oupling of the C nd N yle through inresing SOC ontent ould improve fertilizer N retention in the pddy soil nd derese the unspeified fertilizer N to the environment (Grdner nd Drinkwter 2009, Ling et l. 2013). However, further reserh should e onduted to lrify the mehnism underlying the gret retention pity of fertilizer N in soils with high SOC suh s seprting different frtions of residul fertilizer 15 N nd monitoring vrious pthwys of N losses. REFERENCES Bennett A.J., Bending G.D., Chndler D., Hilton S., Mills P. (2012): Meeting the demnd for rop prodution: The hllenge of yield deline in rops grown in short rottions. Biologil Reviews of Cmridge Philosophil Soiety, 87: Espe M.B., Kirk E., vn Kessel C., Horwth W.H., Linquist B.A. (2015): Indigenous nitrogen supply of rie is predited y soil orgni ron. Soil Siene Soiety of Ameri Journl, 79: N reovery rte N not speified Grdner J.B., Drinkwter L.E. (2009): The fte of nitrogen in grin ropping systems: A met-nlysis of 15 N field experiments. Eologil Applitions A Pulition of the Eologil Soiety of Ameri, 19: Ge T.D., Liu C., Yun H.Z., Zho Z.W., Wu X.H., Zhu Z.K., Brookes P., Wu J.S. (2015): Trking the photosynthesized ron input into soil orgni ron pools in rie soil fertilized with nitrogen. Plnt nd Soil, 392: Low Medium High N residul rte Figure 2. Effets of soil orgni ron (SOC) ontent on the fte of 15 N-ure. Low, medium nd high soils with low, medium, high orgni ron ontent. The error rs in eh olumn indite the stndrd devition of five replitions. Different lowerse letters on the error r represent sttistil signifine mong tretments t P < 0.05 Glendining M.J., Poulton P.R., Powlson D.S., Jenkinson D.S. (1997): Fte of 15 N-lelled fertilizer pplied to spring rley grown on soils of ontrsting nutrient sttus. Plnt nd Soil, 195: Gu B.J., Ju X.T., Chng J., Ge Y., Vitousek P.M. (2015): Integrted retive nitrogen udgets nd future trends in Chin. Proeedings of the Ntionl Ademy of Sienes of the United Sttes of Ameri, 112: Ju X.-T., Xing G.-X., Chen X.-P., Zhng S.-L., Zhng L.-J., Liu X.-J., Cui Z.-L., Yin B., Christie P., Zhu Z.-L., Zhng F.-S. (2009): Reduing environmentl risk y improving N mngement in intensive Chinese griulturl systems. Proeedings of the Ntionl Ademy of Sienes of the United Sttes of Ameri, 106: Ll R. (2006): Enhning rop yields in the developing ountries through restortion of the soil orgni ron pool in griulturl lnds. Lnd Degrdtion nd Development, 17: Ling B., Yng X.Y., Murphy D.V., He X.H., Zhou J.B. (2013): Fte of 15 N-leled fertilizer in soils under drylnd griulture fter 19 yers of different fertiliztions. Biology nd Fertility of Soils, 49: Liu S.L., Hung D.Y., Chen A.L., Wei W.X., Brookes P.C., Li Y., Wu J.S. (2014): Differentil responses of rop yields nd soil orgni ron stok to fertiliztion nd rie strw inorportion in three ropping systems in the sutropis. Agriulture, Eosystems nd Environment, 184: Liu X.W., Wng H.Y., Zhou J.M., Hu F.Q., Zhu D.J., Chen Z.M., Liu Y.Z. (2016): Effet of N fertiliztion pttern on rie yield, N use effiieny nd fertilizer-n fte in the Yngtze river sin, Chin. PLoS One, 11: e MSwiney C.P., Snpp S.S., Gentry L.E. (2010): Use of N immoiliztion to tighten the N yle in onventionl groeosystems. Eologil Applitions A Pulition of the Eologil Soiety of Ameri, 20: Murphy B.W. (2015): Impt of soil orgni mtter on soil properties A review with emphsis on Austrlin soils. Soil Reserh, 53: Nhimuthu V.V., Muthurjn R., Durilgurj S., Sivkmi R., Pndin B.A., Ponnih G., Gunsekrn K., Swminthn M.K.K.S., Srippn R. (2015): Anlysis of popultion struture nd geneti diversity in rie germplsm using SSR mrkers: An inititive towrds ssoition mpping of gronomi trits in Oryz stiv. Rie, 8: 30. Oelofse M., Bo M., Knudsen L., Shelde K., Olesen J.E., Jensen L.S., Bruun S. (2015): Do soil orgni ron levels ffet potentil yields nd nitrogen use effiieny? An nlysis of winter whet nd spring rley field trils. Europen Journl of Agronomy, 66: Pn S.-G., Hung S.-Q., Zhi J., Wng J.-P., Co C.-G. (2012): Effets of N mngement on yield nd N uptke of rie in entrl Chin. Journl of Integrtive Agriulture, 11: Peng S.B., Buresh R.J., Hung J.L., Yng J.C., Zou Y.B., Zhong X.H., Wng G.H., Zhng F.S. (2006): Strtegies for overoming low 420

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