Application of Bio-filteration Wastewater Treatment Using Iraqi Gypsum and Phosphate Bio-filters

Transcription

1 Journl of Wter Resoure nd Hydruli Engineering De. 13, Vol. Iss., PP pplition of io-filtertion Wstewter Tretment Using Irqi Gypsum nd Phosphte io-filters yd S. Mustuf 1, Sdeq O. Sulimn, Mrw Y. Khudir 3 University of nr, ollege of Engineering, Irq 1 yd_eng1@yhoo.om; sdiqeleiwi@yhoo.om; 3 Mrw.yss@yhoo.om strt-field experimentl work ws rried out t the ollege of griulture, University of nr, Irq, for the period from 15/1/1 to 15/5/1 using phosphte nd gypsum roks io-filters to determine the impt on the purifition of the sewge y nlyzing prmeters E, TDS, tions (Mg +, N +, K + ) nd nions (HO 3 nd l ). Two trenhes were designed with dimension of ( m long nd 6 m wide) nery wstewter tnk. Then smples were tken from the inlet nd outlet, the wter ws withdrwn from the io-filtertion system nd then repeted the filling nd emptying proess gin. Results showed signifint derese in the vlue of E, TDS tions (Mg +, N +, K + ) nd nions (HO 3 nd l ) onentrtions for phosphte io-filters ompred to gypsum io-filters. Keywords- Wstewter; iofiltertion; Phosphte; Gypsum; dsorption; TDS; E I. INTRODUTION With inresing glol popultion, the gp etween the supply nd demnd for wter is widening nd is rehing suh lrming levels tht in some prts of the world it is posing thret to humn existene. The disposl of wstewter is mjor prolem fed y muniiplities, prtiulrly in the se of lrge metropolitn res, with limited spe for lndsed tretment nd disposl. On the other hnd, wstewter is lso resoure tht n e pplied for produtive uses sine wstewter ontins nutrients tht hve the potentil for use in griulture, quulture, nd other tivities. The yerly estimted wstewter in Irq is 186*16 m3, 586*16 m3 of whih treted y tretment plnts [1], so there ws need to develop new types of mterils suh s phosphte nd Gypsum rushed roks in ddition to urrent methods for the purpose of wstewter tretment. dsorption is onsidered one of the most importnt hemil methods used in wstewter tretment y the dsorent sustne whih possesses the ility to withdrw some of the solule sustnes nd undesirle odors nd olors, in ddition to eing proess of orreltion moleules or toms or ions of gs or liquid to solid surfes []. The sustne tht hs the dsorption is known s the dsort. In this study, two mterils Phosphte nd Gypsum roks were used in order to test its effiieny in wstewter tretment for griulturl purposes. Nowdys, io-filtrtion system onsiders one solution proposed for the development nd rtionliztion of onsumption of fresh wter is the use of treted wstewter s resoure sustitute wter for griulturl uses, therefore, most r ountries hd expnded in the proesses of wstewter tretment for reuse in irrigtion where the r sttes use lrge quntities of wstewter (treted nd untreted) in griulture. The min ojetive of this study is to: 1. Investigte the ppliility of field sle system for improving the pollutnts removl effiieny y using new types of mteril suh s phosphte nd gypsum io-filters.. Improve the wstewter qulity fter treting nd reuse of irrigtion. 3. Determine the effiieny of two io-filtrtion wstewter tretment systems tht serve the smll res.. Design nd Opertion II. MTERILS ND METHODS Experimentl work site ws seleted lose to the min soure of wstewter, to minimize the ost nd other side effets of trnsporting the wstewter to the io-filter system for wstewter nlysis nd nery the lortory. field sle of m y 6 m ws seleted nery wstewter tnk loted t prt of re of the ollege of griulture, University of l-nr.. Gypsum & Phosphte io-filters 1) Gypsum io-filter: The gypsum io-filter with width of io-filter is 1 m nd length of this zone is set to e 1 m. This prt ws filled with grvel of dimeter vrying etween mm 5 mm nd thikness 5 mm, two plsti pipes were pled long the length of the io-filter, the length of these pipes 1 m with dimeter 5 m, the distne etween the effluent pipes ws 5 m linked y joint, lyer of the sme type of grvel ws pled gin with thikness of 1 m, then pled lyers of gypsum rushed rok, the first lyer with dimeter 15 m, the seond with dimeter 1 m, third lyer with dimeter of 5 m nd the fourth

2 Journl of Wter Resoure nd Hydruli Engineering De. 13, Vol. Iss., PP lyer whih ws loted on the surfe with dimeter vrying etween -3 m. Gypsum rok ws nlyzed using the sedimenttion method with n etone solution [3] s shown in Tle 1. TLE 1 HEMIL NLYSIS FOR THE GYPSUM ROK USED IN IO-FILTRTION SYSTEM omp. SiO Fe O 3 l O 3 SO O 3 % ) The Phosphte io-filter: The phosphte rushed rok is the sis mteril zone. The width of io-filter is 1 m, then length of this zone is set to e 1 m. This prt ws filled with grvel of dimeter vried etween mm nd 5mm nd thikness 5 mm. Two plsti PV pipes were pled long the length of the io-filter, the length of these pipes 1 m nd dimeter 5 m. The distne etween the PV plsti pipes ws 5 m linked y joint. lyer of the sme type of grvel ws pled gin with thikness of 1 m, nd lyer of snd with thikness 1 m hs een pled. The purpose of this lyer ws to prevent the pssge of phosphte rok (rushed) on the PV plsti pipes. lyer of phosphte rushed rok ws pled t the surfe of io-filter, thikness of this lyer m. Phosphte rushed rok ws nlyzed s shown in Tle to identify the hemil nd physil properties. TLE PHYSIL ND HEMIL PROPERTIES FOR THE PHOSPHTE ROK USED IN IO-FILTRTION SYSTEM Physil speifitions hemil speifitions Rok properties ompound Weighted verge% ompound Weighted verge% Rok type ptite P O F.88 hemil Formul 5(PO ) 3F O 5.98 l.15 nk density 1.8 ton/m 3 MgO.6 Zn 15 ppm Exported density 1. ton/m 3 O 17.6 Sr 8 ppm.p.l (one phospti limestone) 6% SiO. V 1 ppm PO5 1.% R O 3.67 U 7 ppm Moisture% Dry SO Y 8 ppm. Wstewter Supply The wstewter soure within the underground reservoir ( ) m ws used to supply one prllel retngle tnk with dimension ( 1 1) m y using sumerged pump. The network onsists of plsti pipe trnsporting the wstewter from the supply tnk to two hoses, with the sme dimeter, eh provided y flowmeter to ontrol the dishrge influents to the iofilter. The tnk ws pled on hill rising three meters, nd ws provided with flot nd sensor. ok ws used to ollet the smples of wter from the outlet of the io-filters. len leled glss ottles were used to sve the smples. ooling plsti ontiner ws used to sve the smples ottles when trnsported to the lortory, the ontiner ontins suffiient ie to keep the smples elow to retrd the teril proesses within the smples. D. Wstewter Qulity nlysis The physil, hemil, nd iologil wstewter qulity prmeters were nlyzed. The smples were nlyzed t entrl Lortory, ollege of griulture t the University of nr (L). Ions nd tions were estimted, the mount of lium + nd mgnesium Mg + were estimted with titrtion proess with Versnet (EDT) ording to [3] while sodium (N + ) nd potssium (k + ) were estimted using Flmephotometer devie ording to [3]. hloride (l - ) ws estimted y titrtion proess with nitrte of Silver [3]. ironte (HO - 3) ws estimted y titrtion proess with sulfuri id [3].. Physiohemil Prmeters 1) Eletril ondutivity (E): III. RESULTS ND DISUSSION The eletril ondutivity of wter estimtes the totl mount of slts dissolved in wter TDS, whih stnds for totl dissolved solids. TDS is mesured in ppm (prt per million) or in mg/l. From Fig. 1 it ws noted tht the signifint removl of E (P.5) in effluent ws ompred to its verge vlues in the influent. verge E vlue t first period ws 3.7 ds/m in influent while in iofilters effluent ws.87 ds/m nd.58 ds/m respetively, nd verge E vlue ws deresed out 6.5% in gypsum iofilter nd 16% in phosphte iofilter in the effluent. The signifint removl of E (P.5) in effluent ws ompred to its verge vlues in the influent. verge E vlue t seond period ws 3.6 ds/m in the influent while in iofilters effluent ws.88 ds/m nd.5 ds/m respetively, nd verge E vlue ws deresed out 5.88% in gypsum iofilter nd. % in phosphte iofilter in the effluent

3 TDS mg/l E ds/m Journl of Wter Resoure nd Hydruli Engineering De. 13, Vol. Iss., PP Rw Wstewter W 6-1 W 1-18 W Men Fig. 1 Effet of iofilter (1) (Gypsum iofilter) nd iofilter () (Phosphte iofilter) in the tretment of rw wstewter in the vlue of E ds/m The signifint removl of E (P.5) in effluent ws ompred to its verge vlues in the influent. verge E vlue t third period ws 3.5 ds/m in the influent onentrtion while in iofilters effluent ws.81 ds/m, 3. ds/m respetively, nd verge E vlue ws deresed out 7.86% in gypsum iofilter nd.37% in phosphte iofilter in the effluent. The study indited the low effiieny of the filter in the third period perhps due to the ging of the filter. The signifint deresing of E (P.5) in effluent ws ompred to its verge vlues in the influent. Men vlue of E during the study period ws 3.6 ds/m in influent while in iofilters effluent ws. ds/m nd.6 ds/m respetively, verge E vlue fter treted ws deresed out 13% in gypsum iofilter nd 13.7% in phosphte iofilter s ompred to its verge vlue for effluent. The deresing of E vlue n e oserved ompred to untreted wter nd this is due to the dsorption setion of the tion or deposited, leding to redution in the vlue of the treted wter (s redued s the mount of ions derese the vlue of the E) s desried in the following eqution: meq/l =E 1 The sum of nions equls the sum of tions nd meq/l equls the sum of nions or the sum of tions []. ) Totl Dissolved Solid (TDS): The Totl Dissolved Solid represents the solule slts whih omine the orrelted ions nd tions. In Fig. the signifint removl of TDS (P.5) in effluent ws oserved s ompred to its verge vlues in the influent. verge TDS vlue t first period ws mg/l in influent while in effluent (gypsum, phosphte) iofilter ws mg/l, 165. mg/l respetively, verge TDS vlue ws deresed out 5% whih ws oserved in gypsum iofilter nd 16.1% in phosphte iofilter in effluent W 6-1 W 1-18 W Men Rw Wstewter Fig. Effet of iofilter (1) (Gypsum iofilter) nd iofilter () (Phosphte iofilter) in the tretment of rw wstewter in the vlue of TDS mg/l The signifint removl of TDS (P.5) in effluent ws ompred to its verge vlues in the influent. verge TDS vlue t

4 Mg + mg/l Journl of Wter Resoure nd Hydruli Engineering De. 13, Vol. Iss., PP seond period ws mg/l in the influent while in effluent (gypsum, phosphte) iofilter ws 18.8 mg/l mg/l respetively; verge TDS vlue ws deresed out 7% whih ws oserved in gypsum iofilter nd 16.7% in phosphte iofilter in effluent. The signifint removl of TDS (P.5) in effluent ws ompred to its verge vlues in the influent. verge TDS vlue t third period ws mg/l in the influent while in iofilters effluent ws mg/l mg/l respetively. verge TDS vlue ws deresed out.6% in gypsum iofilter nd 7.87% in phosphte iofilter effluent. The signifint removl of TDS (P.5) in effluent ws ompred to its verge vlues in the influent. Men vlue of TDS during the study period ws 196.1mg/l in the influent while in iofilters effluent ws mg/l nd mg/l respetively. verge TDS vlue ws deresed out % whih ws oserved in gypsum iofilter nd 13.5% in phosphte iofilter effluent. From the results, it ws noted tht the differene is ler in the vlue of phosphte rushed rok whih ws the est tretments experiene. There is no explntion to the ehvior of the TDS vrition within the two iofiltertion systems. There my e other ftors tht should e tken suh s slts within the rw mteril of the iofiltertion [5].. Mjor tion onentrtions 1) Mgnesium onentrtion (Mg + ): Fig. 3 shows tht the mgnesium is usully removed from wter, euse of the role tht mgnesium plys in wter hrdness. The signifint removl of Mg + (P.5) in effluent ws ompred to its verge vlues in the influent. verge Mg + vlue t first period ws 5.11 mg/l in influent while in iofilters effluent ws 1.96 mg/l nd.7 mg/l respetively, verge Mg + vlue ws deresed out 61.6% in gypsum iofilter nd 86.3% in phosphte iofilter effluent W 6-1 W 1-18 W Men Rw Wstewter Fig. 3 Effet of iofilter (1) (Gypsum iofilter) nd iofilter () (Phosphte iofilter) in the tretment of rw wstewter in the vlue of Mg + mg/l The signifint removl of Mg + (P.5) in effluent ws ompred to its verge vlues in the influent. verge Mg + vlue t seond period ws 5.3 mg/l in influent while in iofilters effluent ws.6 mg/l nd.65 mg/l respetively, verge Mg + vlue ws deresed out 88% in gypsum iofilter nd 87.8% in phosphte iofilter in effluent. The signifint removl of Mg + (P.5) in effluent ws ompred to its verge vlues in the influent. verge Mg + vlue t third period ws 5.69 mg/l in influent while in iofilters effluent ws.97 mg/l nd.71 mg/l respetively, verge Mg + vlue ws deresed out 83% in gypsum iofilter nd 87.5% in phosphte iofilter in effluent. The low effiieny of the filter in the third period ws perhps due to the ging of the filter. Men vlue of Mg + during the study period ws 5.37 mg/l in influent while in iofilters effluent ws 1.19 mg/l nd.69 mg/l respetively, verge Mg + vlue ws deresed out 77.8% in gypsum iofilter nd 87.15% in phosphte iofilter in effluent s ompred to its verge vlue for effluent, it ws oserved deresing the vlue of Mg + in effluent wter ompred with influent my e due to dsorption nd preipittion proess [6]. It ws noted tht the differene ws ler in the vlue of phosphte rushed rok whih ws the est tretments experiene euse of the inresed surfe re (powder). ) Sodium onentrtion (N + ): Fig. shows the signifint removl of N + onentrtion (P.5) in effluent s ompred to its verge vlues in the influent. verge N + vlues t first period ws 11.5 mg/l in influent while in iofilters effluent ws 5.78 mg/l nd 5.56 mg/l respetively, verge N + vlue ws deresed out 5% in gypsum iofilter nd 51.7% in phosphte iofilter in effluent

5 Journl of Wter Resoure nd Hydruli Engineering De. 13, Vol. Iss., PP N + mg/l K + mg/l 8 6 Rw Wstewter 1-6 W 6-1 W 1-18 W Men Fig. Effet of iofilter (1) (Gypsum iofilter) nd iofilter () (Phosphte iofilter) in the tretment ofrw wstewter in the vlue of N + mg/l The signifint removl of N+ (P.5) in the effluent ws ompred to its verge vlues in the influent. verge N + vlue t the seond period ws 11.5 mg/l in influent while in iofilters effluent ws.5 mg/l nd 3.8 mg/l respetively, verge N + vlue ws deresed out 6.7% in gypsum iofilter nd 67% in the phosphte iofilter effluent. The signifint removl of N + (P.5) in effluent ws ompred to its verge vlues in the influent. verge N + vlue t third period ws 11.5 mg/l in influent while in iofilters effluent ws 6.37 mg/l nd 5.5 mg/l respetively, verge N + vlue ws deresed out.8% in gypsum iofilter nd 5.5% in phosphte iofilter in effluent, It ws oserved tht the low effiieny of the filter in the third period ws perhps due to the ging of the filter. The signifint removl of N + (P.5) in effluent s ompred to its verge vlues in the influent. Men vlue of N + during the study period ws mg/l in influent while in iofilters effluent ws 5.5 mg/l nd.87 mg/l, respetively, verge N + vlue ws deresed out 5% in gypsum iofilter nd % in phosphte iofilter in effluent s ompred to its verge vlue for effluent. It ws noted tht the deresing in the vlue of N + in the effluent wter ompred with the influent my e due to dsorption proess [6]. It ws oserved tht the differene ws ler in the vlue of phosphte rushed rok whih ws the est tretments experiene euse of the inresed surfe re (powder). 3) Potssium onentrtion (K + ): Fig. 5 shows the signifint removl of K + (P.5) in effluent s ompred to its verge vlues in the influent. verge K + vlue t first period ws.1 mg/l in influent while in iofilters effluent ws.3 mg/l nd.6 mg/l respetively, nd 17% dereses in verge K + vlue ws oserved in gypsum iofilter nd 36.58% in phosphte iofilter in effluent Rw Wstewter W 6-1 W 1-18 W Men Fig. 5 Effet of iofilter (1) (Gypsum iofilter) nd iofilter () (Phosphte iofilter) in the tretment of rw wstewter in the vlue of K + mg/l The signifint removl of K + (P.5) in effluent s ompred to its verge vlues in the influent. verge K + vlue t seond period ws.71 mg/l in influent while in iofilters effluent ws.1mg/l nd.8 mg/l respetively, verge K+ vlue

6 HO 3 mg/l Journl of Wter Resoure nd Hydruli Engineering De. 13, Vol. Iss., PP fter treted ws deresed out.% in gypsum iofilter nd 6.5% in phosphte iofilter s ompred to its verge vlues in effluent. The signifint removl of K + (P.5) in effluent ws ompred to its verge vlues in the influent. verge K + vlue t third period ws 1.1mg/l in influent while in iofilters effluent ws.95mg/l nd.63 mg/l respetively, nd verge K + vlue ws deresed out 6% in gypsum iofilter nd 37.6 % in phosphte iofilter in effluent. It ws noted the low effiieny of the filter in the third period ws perhps due to the ging of the iofilter. The signifint removl of K + (P.5) in effluent ws ompred to its verge vlues in the influent. Men vlue of K + onentrtion during the study period ws.71 mg/l in influent while in iofilters effluent ws.56 mg/l nd. mg/l respetively, nd verge K + vlue ws deresed out 1.1% in gypsum iofilter nd 3.6% in phosphte iofilter in effluent s ompred to its verge vlue for effluent. It ws noted the deresing the vlue of K + in effluent wter ompred with influent my e due to positive dsorption proess [7]. It ws noted tht the phosphte rushed rok ws the est tretments experiene euse of the inresed surfe re (powder).. Mjor nions 1) ironte onentrtion (HO 3 ): Fig. 6 shows the signifint removl of HO 3 (P.5) in effluent s ompred to its verge vlues in the influent. verge HO 3 vlue t first period ws 9.8 mg/l in the influent while in effluent (gypsum, phosphte) iofilter.18, 3. mg/l respetively, verge HO 3 vlue ws deresed out 57.3% in gypsum iofilter nd 6.9% in the phosphte iofilter effluent Rw Wstewter 1-6 W 6-1 W 1-18 W Men Fig. 6 Effet of iofilter (1) (Gypsum iofilter) nd iofilter () (Phosphte iofilter) in the tretment of rw wstewter in the vlue of HO 3 mg/l The signifint removl of HO 3 (P.5) in effluent ws ompred to its verge vlues in the influent. verge HO 3 vlue t seond period ws 1.11 mg/l in influent while in iofilters effluent ws 3.mg/l nd 3.1 mg/l respetively, nd verge HO 3 vlue ws deresed out 66.1% in gypsum iofilter nd 66.7% in phosphte iofilter in effluent. The signifint removl of HO 3 (P.5) in effluent ws ompred to its verge vlues in the influent. verge HO 3 vlue t third period ws 7.88 mg/l in influent while in iofilters effluent ws 3.68 mg/l nd 3.3 mg/l respetively, nd verge HO 3 vlue ws deresed out 53.3% in gypsum iofilter nd 56.5% in phosphte iofilter in effluent. It ws noted the low effiieny of the filter in the third period perhps due to the ging of the iofilter. The signifint removl of HO 3 (P.5) in effluent ws ompred to its verge vlues in the influent. Men vlue of HO 3 during the study period ws 9.6 mg/l in influent while in iofilters effluent ws 3.56 mg/l nd 3. mg/l respetively, nd verge HO 3 vlue ws deresed out 61.5% in gypsum iofilter nd 63% in phosphte iofilter in effluent s ompred to its verge vlue for effluent. It ws noted deresing in the vlue of HO 3 in the effluent wter ompred with influent my e due to negtive dsorption proess nd preipittion [8]. ) hloride onentrtion (l ): Fig. 7 shows the signifint removl of L (P.5) in effluent s ompred to its verge vlues in the influent. verge l vlue t first period ws 1.51 mg/l in influent while in effluent (gypsum, phosphte) iofilter 1.5, 1. mg/l respetively. verge l vlue ws deresed out 19.66% in gypsum iofilter nd 9. % in phosphte iofilter in effluent

7 l mg/l Journl of Wter Resoure nd Hydruli Engineering De. 13, Vol. Iss., PP Rw Wstewter 1-6 W 6-1 W 1-18 W Men Fig. 7 Effet of iofilter (1) (Gypsum iofilter) nd iofilter () (Phosphte iofilter) in the tretment of rw wstewter in the vlue of l mg/l The signifint removl of l (P.5) in effluent ws ompred to its verge vlues in the influent. verge l vlue t seond period ws 1.39 mg/l in influent while in iofilters effluent ws 6.93 mg/l nd 3.83 mg/l respetively, verge l vlue ws deresed out % in gypsum iofilter nd 69% in phosphte iofilter in effluent. The signifint removl of l (P.5) in effluent ws ompred to its verge vlues in the influent. verge l vlue t third period ws 1.66 mg/l in influent while in iofilters effluent ws 6.8 mg/l nd 3.51 mg/l respetively. verge l vlue ws deresed out 6.3% in gypsum iofilter nd 7.3% in phosphte iofilter in effluent. It ws noted the low effiieny of the filter in the third period perhps due to the ging of the filter. The signifint removl of l (P.5) in effluent ws ompred to its verge vlues in the influent. Men vlue of l during the study period ws 1.5 mg/l in influent while in iofilters effluent ws 7.9 mg/l nd.8 mg/l respetively, nd verge l vlue ws deresed out 36.7% in gypsum iofilter nd 77.3% in phosphte iofilter in effluent s ompred to its verge vlue for effluent. It ws oserved hevy derese in the vlue of hloride in the eginning of effluent wter ompred with influent wter result to negtive dsorption proess while lter we oserved grdul inrese my e due the exposition to the proess of preipittion nd dsorption in the iofilter espeilly in gypsum iofilter. It ws noted tht the differene ws ler in the vlue of phosphte rushed rok whih ws the est tretments experiene euse the Phosphte hs more ilities of dsorption [9]. IV. ONLUSIONS The results show tht iofiltrtion system ws signifint for deresing (Mg, N, k, HO 3 & l) onentrtions from (5.37), (11.53), (.71), (9.6) nd (1.5) to (1.19) mg/l, (5.5) mg/l, (.56) mg/l (5.1)mg/l nd (7.9) mg/l respetively in gypsum iofilter, nd (Mg, N, k, HO 3 & l) onentrtions from (.69) mg/l, (.87) mg/l, (.) mg/l nd (3.) mg/l nd (.8) mg/l respetively in phosphte iofilter. The lst period opertion of io-filtrtion system ws less effiient for removl of tions, nions, E nd TDS onentrtion my e ttriuted to the ging of io-filters, logged pores nd tempertures inresing. It ws noting tht the Phosphte io-filter ws etter for deresing of tions, nions, E nd TDS onentrtion thn the gypsum io-filter in ll the experimentl tests. V. REOMMENDTIONS The reommendtions were suggested for future studies tht mny seletive medi in Irq with low density, high internl porosity nd sed hemil omposition must e tested to investigte the hydruli ehvior of io-filtrtion wstewter systems suh s Dolomite. Through this study, we reommend using the rok phosphte s powder due to its ility of higher dsorption euse of the surfe re inresing. Sine the tretment proesses in io-filtrtion system re influened y mny prmeters, the following should e evluted in designing the system: lotion, wstewter hrteristis, tretment system size, detention time, nd io-filters size nd uniformity. Gypsum nd Phosphte io-filters re reommended to e used in smll ommunities in rurl re for treting wstewter

8 Journl of Wter Resoure nd Hydruli Engineering De. 13, Vol. Iss., PP REFERENES [1] L- Gelny.. J. Jesdn.., 7, Importne of using of treted wste wter in the ri griulture nd its environmentl impts. The r enter for the studies of rid zone nd dry lnd (SD). [] Shrm, K. K., L. K. Shrm text ook of physil hemistry, 8th ed. Vin Edutionl ook Indi. lk, Methods of soil nlysis. hemil nd miroiologil properties. m. So. Of gron. Mdison. Wisonsin. [3] Rihrds, Dignosis nd improvement of sline nd lkline soil. USD. Hnd ook 6. Wshington. [] Hill-lortories, 11. nion-tion lnes, wesite: www. nion-tion lnes. om. www. ehow. om/ out_ 5173_ iofiltrtion- wtertretment_. html. Demnd Medi, In. [5] Helth nd. 7. Guidelines for ndin Drinking Wter Qulity: hemil nd Physil Prmeters. reom/ hemil- himiques_e.html#. [6] Mshhot, Kzem., Priniples of soil hemistry, University of sr, the Ministry of Higher Edution nd Sientifi Reserh/Irq. [7] hintn Srisrd.. Removl of hevy metls from wstewter y dsorption using hitosn. Ms thesis, Surnree University of tehnology, ISN [8] Trf Hshim. 6. Effet of sludge nd irrigtion wter qulity in the ehvior of some elements in the soil nd holds mize. Deprtment of Soil nd Wter Sienes Fulty of griulture, University of ghdd. [9] Xinde o, Len Q. M, Den R. Rhue, hip S. ppe.. Mehnisms of led, opper, nd zin retention y phosphte rok. Journl of Environmentl Pollution , Florid, Ginesville, FL 3611, US