Converting Waste Agricultural Biomass into Energy Source

Transcription

1 Institute of Environmental Engineering & Management Mehran University of Engineering & Technology Jamshoro, Pakistan United Nations Environmental Programme International Environmental Technology Centre Osaka/Shiga, Japan Converting Waste Agricultural Biomass into Energy Source Baseline Report on Assessment of Current Waste Management System, Characterization and Quantification of Waste Agricultural Biomass (WAB) In District Sanghar, Pakistan By: Prof. Dr. Rasool Bux Mahar

2 PREFACE Rapid increase in demand and consumption of fossil fuels and its consequent impact on climate change and environment has put greater emphasis on development of alternative and renewable sources of energy. Waste biomass, as a renewable energy source, presents a viable solution for meeting our energy demands. It addresses the climate change issues as well as reduces our dependence on fossil fuels. In developing countries this could be developed as a versatile source of energy for domestic as well as industrial/commercial purposes. Biomass is a broad term, which generally refers to any plant or animal matter. The main categories of biomass are; agriculture residues (referred to hereafter as waste agricultural biomass), forestry residues, wood (both from forests and firewood plantations), animal residues, organic wastes from cities and dwellings. The discussions in this guideline pertain only to waste agricultural biomass. In this Report district Sanghar, which is one of the largest districts of province Sindh, Pakistan was selected as the study area for the assessment of the current management system, characterization, quantification and energy potential of waste agricultural biomass. Sanghar district is parted into six taluka; these are Sanghar, Sinjhoro, Shahdadpur, Tando Adam, Jam Nawaz Ali, and Khipro. The assessment of waste agricultural biomass was done by considering each taulka. For characterization seven field residues (Cotton Stalks, Canola, Banana Plant, Maize Cob, Wheat Straw, Rice Straw, and Sugarcane Tops) and four process residues (Rice Husk, Baggase, Saw Dust and Cotton Ginning Waste,) were collected from district Sanghar and after processing as per standard methods they were analyzed for density, volatile and organic matters and calorific values. On the basis of field survey total nine residues were identified for energy conversion stand point and their total quantity and energy potential were estimated. This report is divided into five parts. Part- I is introduction, Part- II is assessment of current waste management system of WAB in district Sanghar, Part- III is characterization of WAB in district Sanghar, Part- IV is quantification of WAB in district Sanghar and Part- V is energy potential of WAB in district Sanghar. 2

3 Description TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Part- I Part- II Part- III Preface 2 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Biomass Biomass Energy Waste Agricultural Biomass (WAB) Field residue Process residue Why To Use Waste Agricultural Biomass? Study Area Objectives of the Study Road Map of Study 10 ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF WAB IN SANGHAR 2.1 Designing the Questionnaires Questionnaire for field residue Questionnaire for rice mills Questionnaire for wood mills Questionnaire for poultry farms Questionnaire for brick kilns Field Survey Critical Analysis of Data Results of the Field Residue Wheat & wheat straw Cotton and cotton stalks Sugarcane and sugarcane tops Rice and rice straw Canola and canola straw Banana plant Onion Tops Chillies Groundnuts and Vegetables Fodder Crops Results of the Process Residue Rice husk Wood saw dust Poultry farms waste Baggase Cotton gin waste Use of Animal Dung Energy Used for Cooking and Lighting Energy Used in Rice & Wood Mills and in Poultry Farms Energy Used in Brick Kilns Summary of current waste management system 34 CHARACTERIZATION OF WAB IN DISTRICT SANGHAR 3.1 Selection of Samples for Analysis 37 3

4 3.2 Preparation of the Samples for Analysis WAB air drying Roll crusher Hammer mill Brown crusher Sieving Bagging Preparation of cotton gin waste for analysis Density of WAB Procedure for density analysis Results and discussion of density of WAB Moisture, Ash, Organic and Volatile Matters of WAB Preparing WAB samples for TGA analysis Specifying test procedure for WAB Analyzing output of TGA Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) results and discussion of WAB Calorific Value of WAB Procedure for bomb calorimetric analysis for WAB Results and discussion of calorific values of WAB CHNS analysis of WAB Summary of Characterization of WAB 57 Part- IV QUANTITY OF WAB IN DISTRICT SANGHAR 4.1 Crop Production in District Sanghar Taulka-Wise Quantification of Waste Agricultural Biomass Quantity of WAB in taluka Sanghar Quantity of WAB in taluka Sinjhoro Quantity of WAB in taluka Shahdadpur Quantity of WAB in taluka Tando Adam Quantity of WAB in taluka Jam Nawaz Ali Quantity of WAB in taluka Khipro Summary of quantification of WAB in district Sanghar 67 Part- V ENERGY POTENTIAL OF WAB IN DISTRICT SANGHAR 5.1 Taulka-Wise Energy Potential of WAB Energy Potential of WAB in District Sanghar Energy from Disposed Off WAB in District Sanghar Saving Energy from Disposed Off WAB Saving Environment by Using Disposed Off WAB Summary of Energy Potential of WAB in District Sangher 78 References 80 Appendix-A Results of TGA Analysis (Graphs) 82 4

5 PART- I INTRODUCTION 5

6 PART- I INTRODUCTION 1.1 BIOMASS The word biomass is the combination of two Bio, which is the prefix indicating the action of living organisms and the Mass, which is the matter in the body. Biomass is the mass of living organisms and recently dead matter like wood, leaves, stalks, straw and other organic matter. It is accessible on a renewable basis, and also includes agricultural crops and their residues, animal wastes (dung), wood and wood residues, aquatic plants and organic portion of the municipal solid waste (garbage). The basic step in the constitution of the biomass is photosynthesis, which can be symbolized as Eq. (1.1) [Gilbert M. Masters (2007)]. chlorophyll 6 CO + 12H O kJ C H O + 6O + H O (1.1) Photosynthesis is the chemical process, in which the small portion of the sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll of green plant cells, which is consumed by it to generate carbohydrates (sugars) from water and carbon dioxide. Fig. 1.1 indicates the interaction of the solar energy and the biomass. Only green plants are capable of photosynthesis, where as other living organisms either consumes green plants or their by-products and generate biomass. Fig. 1.1: Interaction of sun and biomass during photosynthesis 1.2 BIOMASS ENERGY The energy obtained from the floras and their residues and fauna s waste is known as biomass energy. In other words biomass energy is the accumulation of the 6

7 solar energy into the animals, plants and their different types of wastes. By the definition of the biomass the fossil fuels do not considered as biomass energy, though their origin is biomass. One of the reasons is that the fossil fuels are not renewable source of energy; second they are long term decayed organisms forming after several million years under certain conditions of pressure, temperature, etc [S. Rao and Dr. B. Parulekar] 1.3 WASTE AGRICULTURAL BIOMASS (WAB) The agricultural residues are referred as the Waste Agricultural Biomass, which may be assorted as field residues and process residues Field residue It is the matter leftover in an agricultural field after the crop has been reaped e.g. leaves, straw, stalks, roots etc Process residue It is the matter leftover after the processing of the crop at the mills or factories into a valuable resource e.g. husks, sugar cane fiber (bagasse), seeds, groundnut shells, maize cobs etc. 1.4 WHY TO USE WASTE AGRICULTURAL BIOMASS? There are several social, economical and environmental benefits of the waste agricultural biomass to be uses as the fuel. Following are the few important points to be considered; The waste agricultural biomass is a clean, renewable source of energy, and is the replacement of a non-renewable energy sources. It is free from worldwide price variations and supply doubts, as it is domestic fuel and is available on the periodic basis, hence provides the energy security. The use of waste agricultural biomass can substantially reduce the carbon emissions if managed in a suitable manner. Its management includes collection, processing, transportation and use for energy recovery technology. It will enhance energy security by utilizing locally available resources mean while decreasing the dependency to the fossil fuels. The proper consumption of waste agricultural biomass decreased green house gas (GHG) emissions, achieved by decreasing the open field burning and methane discharges due to decomposing of the WAB available into the field. 7

8 It will reduce the problem of waste agricultural biomass management and disposal. In addition to the environmental benefits the proper utilization of the WAB can potentially increases the profit to the farmers/ landowners. Management of the WAB creates new job opportunities. 1.5 STUDY AREA The area selected for UNEP project was Sanghar district, which is one of the largest districts of province Sindh, Pakistan. The district Sanghar lies between 25 to 30 North latitudes and 70 to 13 East longitudes. From the Province map of Sindh by districts as in Fig. 1.2, it can be observed that the district Sanghar is bordered on the East by India, North by Khairpur District, North-west by Nawabshah district, and South by Tando Allahyar, Mirpurkhas and Umerkot districts and on the West by Matiari district. The total area of the district is about Acres. [District Profile (2005)] Fig. 1.2: Map of Sindh Province by districts 8

9 The district Sanghar principally is an agrarian district except the large part of taulka Khipro and some part of taulka Sanghar, which comes on the left side of Nara Canal and is known as Thar Desert. The rest of the part of the district is very fertile. Wheat, Cotton, Sugarcane and Rice are main crops of the district. Groundnuts, Vegetables, Pulses, Maize, Bananas and many other crops are also grown there. District Sanghar has great importance due to Political, Economic and Cultural causes. There exist many small industries like cotton factories, flour mills, rice mills, oil mills, ice factories, match factories & only one large sugar mill. People of district Sanghar are very hospitable. The climate there in summer is dry and hot, where as in winter it is dry and cold. The temperature in the region ranges from 43 C to 6 C in summer and winter respectively. The district average out receives 12mm of the rainfall annually. The district Sanghar is administratively sub-divided into six taulkas; these are Sanghar, Sinjhoro, Shahdadpur, Tando Adam, Jam Nawaz Ali, and Khipro as shown in Fig Fig. 1.3: Map of district Sanghar by taulka The total area, number of dehs, number of Union Councils and population of each taulka of district Sanghar is given in Table 1.1. It is to be noted that the population for the year 2010 was estimated by using the growth rate of 2.47% between the censuses of 1981 and 1998 [District Profile (2005)]. There are total 59 union councils are in district 9

10 Sanghar. In order to get the representative data, each of them was considered as a unit area for the survey. Table 1.1: Area and population of district Sanghar by taulka S# Name of taluka Area (Acre) No of Dehs No of Union Councils Population by census 1998 Population in Sanghar Sinjhoro Shahdadpur Tando Adam Jam Nawaz Ali Khipro Total OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY There were four objectives of the study as given below; 1. To assess the current management system & practice of WAB in district Sanghar 2. To assess the taulka-wise availability of WAB in district Sanghar 3. To characterize the WAB 4. To determine the energy potential of WAB 1.7 ROAD MAP OF STUDY The road map of the each objective is illustrated in Fig To achieve the first objective of the study, we had designed the questionnaires and conduct the field survey of all the 59 union councils of the district Sanghar. The data obtained from the field survey was analyzed for getting the results of each field and process residue. For the second objective, we had first acquire the data of the various crops cultivated in each taulka of district Sanghar form Crop Reporting Services Pakistan and then the quantity of the WAB was calculated by using the status of each crop s residue as obtained through first objective. On the basis of the results of the first two objectives, total eleven samples were identified, which have significant potential of energy. These samples were processed as 10

11 per standard methods and then their density, calorific value, organic, inorganic and volatile matter was determined to achieve third objective. 11

12 PART- II ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF WAB IN SANGHAR 12

13 PART- II ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF WAB IN SANGHAR 2.1 DESIGNING THE QUESTIONNAIRES The first objective of the project was to know the current waste management of waste agricultural biomass in district Sanghar. The methodology adopted for collecting the data from the farmers and persons at various processing facilities in all six taulkas (Sub Divisions of District Sanghar) through the questionnaires survey. In this regard, total five questionnaires were designed Questionnaire for field residue The foremost questionnaire was about the various crops cultivated in district Sanghar and their residues (Table 2.1). It concentrates on the cultivated area of different crops like wheat, cotton, sugarcane etc, their yield and the residue generation ratio over the yield. By this questionnaire the farmers or the land owners were asked that either they want to sell their crop s residue or not, if they want to sell it then at what price at which the will sell. The farmers and the landowners were also asked about the time of availability of each residue, which is one of the important factors in its purchase and storing. The existing use of each crop s residue was recorded by this questionnaire in terms of percentage, that how much is used as animal feed, for cooking, dumped or burnt into the field or sell to the market. The energy source used by the farmer for lighting & cooking was also recorded by this questionnaire. Moreover this questionnaire also contains the blank cells for getting the information about the types and quantity of the livestock and their dung utilization. The farmers were also asked that either that they will sell their animal s dung or not, and if yes, then at what price. Finally the farmers were asked about waste management/ disposal problem regarding the crops residue and animals dung. It is to be noted that the field residue of the each crop is written within round brackets, after the name of the crop, like after wheat, straw is written which can be read as wheat and wheat straw. 13

14 Other Table 2.1: Data collection questionnaire for crops, animals and their residue (page# 01) Name of the Khatedar:, S. No of questionnaire : Deh, Union Council, Taluka, District Sanghar Existing use of Residue Sell Field Burning Open Dumping Cooking Animal Feed Time of Availability of residue in a year Price of Residue Will You Sell Residue Residue Ratio Yield/acre Cultivated Area (acre) Kind of Crop (along Residue) S# Wheat (Straw) 01 Rice (Straw) 02 Sugarcane (Tops) 03 Cotton (Stalks) 04 Maize (Stalks) 05 Millet (bajra)stalks 06 Groundnuts (Straw) 07 Canola (Straw) 08 Jowar (Stalks) 09 Banana (Plant) 10 Chilies (Stalks) 11 Onions (tops) 12 Rabi Fodder 13 Kharif Fodder

15 Table 2.1: Data collection questionnaire for crops, animals and their residue (Page# 02) Data for the livestock & its Waste Qty. of Type of Livestock Livestock Use of dung Cattle Buffaloes Sheep Goats Camels Horses Mules Will You Sell the animal dung At what price? Have you any Waste management problem? If YES then specify. Status of Energy Usage Energy Source Lighting Cooking Fire Wood Wood Residue Crop Residue Animal Dung Kerosene Oil Natural Gas Electricity Other (specify) Data Collected By: Signature:, date: / /

16 2.1.2 Questionnaire for rice mills The second questionnaire as shown in Table 2.2 was designed about the process residue of the rice mill that is the rice husk. It was used to conduct the interviews from the caretakers of the Rice Mills. This questionnaire concentrates on the average daily and/or monthly processing of the paddy rice and the ratio of rice husk generated during the process. In addition to the current use of the rice husk, the caretakers were also asked about the price of the rice husk and its availability in a year. Moreover source of energy utilized in the rice mills was also recorded. Table 2.2: Data collection questionnaire for rice mills S. No of Questionnaire:, Union Council, Taluka, District Sanghar Name of Rice Mill/ Caretaker Existing use of Rice Husk Average Daily Processing Animal Feed Average Monthly Processing Cooking Rice Husk Ratio Will You sell Rice Husk Open Field Dumping Burning Price of Rice Husk Sell Time of availability of Rice Husk Other Energy Source Used in Rice Mill Electricity E Natural Gas Kerosene Oil E Animal Dung E Crop Residue E Other (specify) Questionnaire for wood mills The third questionnaire as shown in Table 2.3 was designed about the process residue of wood mill that is saw dust. It was used to conduct the interviews from the caretakers of the Wood Mills. This questionnaire concentrates on the average daily and/or monthly processing of the fire wood and the ratio of wood saw dust generated during the process. In addition to the current use of the wood saw dust, the caretakers were also asked about its price and availability in a year. Moreover source of energy utilized in the wood mills was also entered. 16

17 Table 2.3: Data collection questionnaire for processed residue from wood mills S. No of Questionnaire:, Union Council, Taluka, District Sanghar Name of Wood Mill/ Caretaker Existing use of Saw Dust Average Daily Processing Cooking Average Monthly Processing Open Dumping Saw Dust Ratio Field Burning Will You sell Saw Dust Sell Price of Saw Dust Other Time of availability of Saw Dust Energy Source Used in Wood Mill Electricity Natural Gas Kerosene Oil EAnimal Dung E Crop Residue E Other (specify) Questionnaire for poultry farms There are many poultry farms in district Sanghar, where number of chicken are being got up and then supplied to the nearest cities. Keeping in view the poultry waste, the fourth questionnaire was also designed for the poultry farms as shown in Table 2.4 This questionnaire concentrates on the time of preparation of chicken lot, the average outcome of chickens by a lot, the poultry waste generated during the period of a lot of chicken and its price and availability. Caretakers were asked about the existing use of the poultry waste and also the energy source used in their farm. Table 2.4: Data collection questionnaire for poultry farms S. No of Questionnaire:, Union Council, Taluka, District Sanghar Name of Poultry Farm/ Caretaker Existing use of Poultry Waste Energy Source Used in Poultry Form Time of preparation of Chicken Lot Cooking Output of Chickens in a Lot Open Dumping Poultry Waste Generated per Lot Field Burning Will You sell the Waste Sell Price of Poultry Waste Other Electricity Natural Gas Kerosene Oil Animal Dung E Crop Residue E Other (specify) Time of availability of Poultry Waste 17

18 2.1.5 Questionnaire for brick kilns In the initial survey we come to know that the largest consumers of the waste agricultural biomass are the brick kilns. Retaining this idea the fifth questionnaire as shown in Table 2.5 was developed for brick kilns, which concentrated on the quantity of bricks prepared in a day and/or in a month and the primary energy source used for the backing of the bricks. In addition to that price of each energy source was entered along its reference of availability. 2.2 FIELD SURVEY After designing the questionnaire, a field survey was conducted. Total 59 union councils are there in district Sanghar, each of them was regarded as the unit area for the survey. Total 1381 interviews were conducted, out of those 1180 were conducted from farmers or landowners, 39 from caretakers of rice mills, 80 from wood saw mills, 60 from poultry farms and 22 from brick kilns. Table 2.5: Data collection proforma for brick kilns S. No of Proforma:, Union Council, Taluka, District Sanghar Name of Bricks kiln/ Caretaker No of Bricks No of Bricks prepared /day prepared /month Price of Energy Energy Source Source Other (specify) Fire Wood Wood Residue Saw Dust Animal Dung Crop Residue (specify) Energy source Comes from 2.3 CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF DATA After getting the data, it was first compiled systematically for each taulka and then analyzed critically by adopting statistical methods; most important of them was weighted average. This method was used for getting average values of crop yield per acre, 18

19 its residue quantity per acre or production per acre and residue price at which it was either sold or to be sold. Eq. (2.1) stated below was used for weighted average. Weighted Average = Where: a i i r (2.1) a a = cultivated area in acre/ crop production per acre r = yield / residue ratio / price The period of availability of the residue was determined by taking start and end time of harvesting or removing of crop from field. Weighted average in conjunction to the percentage function was used to determine other parameters like usage of the residue, energy used for cooking & lighting, use of animal dung etc. 2.4 RESULTS OF THE FIELD RESIDUE After analyzing the data of field survey of all the six taulkas of the district Sanghar, the results of the field residues were compiled and are presented in onward sub sections Wheat & wheat straw The most important crop cultivated by all the farmers and land owners in the district Sanghar is Wheat. After harvesting the wheat crop, it is to be fed into the thrasher, which separates the wheat grains and wheat straw. The taulka-wise status of the wheat and wheat straw obtained from the field survey is shown in Table 2.6. The yield of wheat ranges from 33 to 48 mons/acre (one mon = 40 kg). The wheat straw production depends on the yield of wheat grains. The ratio between the wheat grains and wheat straw is one to one, which means that the amount of wheat straw is equal to the wheat grains. Moreover the wheat straw is available within the period of two months in a year in bulk quantity, those are March and April. The price of the wheat straw ranges from Rs. 90 to 100 per mon. Field survey analysis yields that, almost 40 to 56% of the wheat straw is being used by the farmer or land owner as a feed for animals and rest of 44 to 60% is surplus, which is being sell to the market. The surplus wheat straw is used as the animal feed and 19

20 for making particle board. Fig. 2.1 shows the piles of the wheat straw available in the market for sell. Table 2.6: Status of wheat & its straw in district Sanghar S No Name of Taulka Crop Yield (mons/ acre) Yield to Residue Ratio Residue Price (Rs./mon) 1 Sanghar 33 1: Sinjhoro 46 1: Shahdadpur 41 1:1 83 Tando 4 Adam 40 1:1 90 Jam Nawaz 5 Ali 34 1: Khipro 48 1:1 92 Availability in a year Animal Feed Cooking Usage (%) Open Dumping Field Burning Sell Other April to May March to April March to May March to April March to April March to April Fig. 2.1: Wheat straw piles covered with mud lining 20

21 2.4.2 Cotton and cotton stalks Cotton is the second most important crop cultivated in district Sanghar, whose area of cultivation is more or less equal to the wheat. When the cotton crop becomes mature, the cotton balls will expand and the cotton seed will discover. After three or four plucking rounds, the cotton crop will not give any more production, thus the stalks remained in the field are to be removed, so that the land should be prepared again for the next crop cultivation. The status of the cotton and cotton stalks in district Sanghar can be viewed from Table 2.7. The yield of cotton ranges from 33 to 48 mons/acre (one mon = 40 kg). The cotton stalks production depends on the yield of the cotton as well as on the type of the cotton seed grown. Some of the cotton plants are tall and some are short in height. The field survey gives that an average ratio between the cotton and cotton stalks is one to three, which means that the amount of cotton is equal to thrice of the cotton yield. In addition to that, the cotton stalks are available when they are removed from the field, which is within the period of three months in a year, those are October to December. S No Table 2.7: Status of cotton & cotton stalks in district Sanghar Name of Taulka Crop Yield (mons/ acre) Yield to Residue Ratio Residue Price (Rs./mon) 1 Sanghar 33 1: Sinjhoro 40 1: Shahdadpur 37 1:3 46 Tando 4 Adam 35 1:3 40 Jam Nawaz 5 Ali 44 1: Khipro 48 1:3 42 Availability in a year Animal Feed Cooking Usage (%) Open Dumping Field Burning Sell Other October to November November to December November to December October to November November to December November to December Field survey yields that before removing the cotton stalks from the field; first they are let to the domestic animals, so that they take their eatable from them and the 21

22 remaining quantity after removing from the field is being either burnt into the field or taken by the farmers to their homes. The quantity of the cotton stalks stored by the farmers is being used for the cooking. Some times the stored cotton stalks contains some animal eatables, that s why they are given to the animals before utilizing them for the cooking. Cotton stalks are not being sold frequently, but when the farmers were asked about the price, at that they want to sell them, their answer was within the range of Rs. 40 to 50 per mon. Cotton stalks can be successively used for cooking and can replace the fire wood efficiently, even than large quantity ranging from 25% to 80% is being burnt into the field, as they are wet and have high bulk density, thus creates the problem of transportation and storage. Fig. 2.2 shows the animals looking for their eatables in the cotton stalk, where as some stalks are stacked near the field. Fig. 2.2: Cotton stalks on to the field Sugarcane and sugarcane tops The third important crop cultivated in district Sanghar is sugarcane. The field residue of the sugarcane is their tops. The status of the sugarcane and their tops obtained from the survey are given here in Table 2.8, which yields that the 20% of the tops are being used as the animal feed and the rest of 80% is being burnt in the field, except taulka Sanghar where it is being 100% burnt in to the field. Burning the sugarcane tops no doubt produces the heat but, as the rate of release of the heat is too high, so that the tops are not suitable for cooking and heating directly. Moreover their bulk density is high, which creates the problem of storage. 22

23 S No Table 2.8: Status of sugarcane and their tops in district Sanghar Name of Taulka Crop Yield (mons/ acre) Yield to Residue Ratio Residue Price (Rs./mon) 1 Sanghar 582 1: Sinjhoro 838 1: Shahdadpur 888 1: Tando 4 Adam 797 1: Jam Nawaz 5 Ali 869 1: Khipro 955 1: Availability in a year Animal Feed Cooking Usage (%) Open Dumping Field Burning Sell Other November to April November to March November to March November to March November to April November to March The yield of sugar cane ranges from 582 to 955 mons/acre (one mon = 40 kg). The sugarcane tops production also depends on the yield of sugarcane. The ratio between the sugarcane and their tops was estimated as 1:0.3. Moreover the sugarcane tops are available within the period of sugarcane harvesting, which is from November to April. Fig. 2.3 shows the placement of the sugarcane tops in field. Sugarcane tops are not often sold, but when the farmers were asked for its price, at that they want to sell them, their answer was within the range of Rs. 40 to 45 per mon. Fig. 2.3: Sugarcane tops besides the field 23

24 2.4.2 Rice and rice straw The rice straw is one of the most important field residue. The status of the rice and its straw for district Sanghar as obtained from field survey is shown in Table 2.9. The yield of paddy rice ranges from 30 to 55 mons/acre (one mon = 40 kg) in different taulkas of district Sanghar. The rice straw production also depends on the yield of paddy rice. The ratio between the paddy rice and rice straw was estimated as 1:1.1, which means that the amount of rice straw is slightly greater than the of paddy rice. In addition to this, rice straw is available within the period of two months in a year, those are September and October. Like sugarcane tops the rice straw is not sold often, but farmers want to sell it at the rate of Rs. 40 per mon. S No Name of Taulka Table 2.9: Status of rice and rice straw in district Sanghar Crop Yield (mons/ acre) Yield to Residue Ratio Residue Price (Rs./mon) 1 Sanghar 55 1: Sinjhoro 53 1: Shahdadpur 47 1: Tando 4 Adam 51 1: Jam Nawaz 5 Ali 46 1: Khipro 30 1: Availability in a year Animal Feed Cooking Usage (%) Open Dumping Field Burning Sell Other September to October September to October September to October September to October September to October September to October Fig. 2.4: Rice straw after burnt into the field 24

25 Field survey yields that a humble quantity ranging from 20 to 30% of the rice straw is being feed to the animals; where as rest of 70 to 80% is burnt into the field. Fig. 2.4 was taken into the field after the rice straw was burnt their. Rice straw had high rate of heat release, thus is not being used for cooking. During field survey it was observed that rice straw is also used in small brick kilns, which are locally called bathi Canola and canola straw Canola straw is well recognized energy content crop residue in district Sanghar, which is being 100% sold as an energy source for backing bricks. It price varies between Rs. 60 to 68 in different talukas of district Sanghar and is being consumed by mostly large brick kilns. The status of canola and its straw from survey is given in Table As an average the yield of canola ranges from 16 to 23 mons per acre. The ratio of canola straw is slightly higher than its yield per acre, which is 1:1.1. It is available in the months of February, March and April every year. Fig. 2.5 shows stored canola straw within the brick kiln s yard. S No Table 2.10: Status of canola and its straw in district Sanghar Name of Taulka Crop Yield (mons/ acre) Yield to Residue Ratio Residue Price (Rs./mon) 1 Sanghar 16 1: Sinjhoro 23 1: Shahdadpur 22 1: Tando 4 Adam 20 1: Jam Nawaz 5 Ali 16 1: Khipro 18 1: Availability in a year Animal Feed Cooking Usage (%) Open Dumping Field Burning Sell Other March to April February to March March to April February to March February to March February to March

26 Fig. 2.5: Stored canola straw in the brick kiln s yard Banana plant Banana plant is highly mismanaged field residue, as 100% of that is being burnt into the field. Banana plants are being cut after every four months and thrown into the field side or along the road side. After they get dried they are burnt into the open atmosphere. The status of banana plant waste is given in Table S No Table 2.11: Status of banana and its field waste in district Sanghar Name of Taulka Waste plant ratio (mons/ acre) Residue Price (Rs./mon) Usage (%) 1 Sanghar 1: Full Year Sinjhoro 1: Full Year Shahdadpur 1: Full Year Tando Adam 1: Full Year Jam Nawaz Ali 1: Full Year Khipro 1: Full Year Availability in a year Animal Feed Cooking Open Dumping Field Burning Sell Other 26

27 Waste of banana plant is available throughout the year in considerable quantity, especially in taluka Tando Adam and Shahdadpur. As the farmers want get rid of this waste, that s why it is available free. If it is used for energy purposes then like canola straw it will be sold at some cost. At present I had put its cost as Rs. 20 per mon. Banana plant waste was estimated on the basis of number of plants cultivated in one acre of the land. As an average about 700 banana plants were grown per acre, which are being cut thrice a year. The air dried weight of banana plant was determined as 7-kg per plant. Thus the banana plant waste was (700*3*7)/40 = 367 mons/acre. Fig. 2.6 showing the thrown away banana plants waste, placed along the road side. Fig. 2.6: Banana plants burning along the road Onion Tops A very less quantity of the onion tops was available into the field; moreover it contains large quantity of the water in it. Thus they are not suitable for any other purpose except the animal feed. Filed survey yields that about 50% of onion tops are being feed to the animals, where as rest of 50% are either burnt into the field or thrown away Chillies Chillies are reaped in the month of March throughout district Sanghar. After picking the chillies their plant leftover the field are being either burnt into the field or used into the field as soil nutrient. Field survey yields that about 55% or more of chillies waste is used as soil conditioner, thus it is suitable for energy extraction. 27

28 2.4.8 Groundnuts and Vegetables Groundnuts are only cultivated in taluka Sanghar. Their density of cultivation is very low, thus their waste was not considered for energy conversion. Similarly the waste of vegetables is very low if we count their area cultivated in both Rabi and Kharif seasons Fodder Crops In all the six talukas of district Sanghar, many types of fodder crops are being cultivated throughout the year. Specified fodder crops include barseem, loosan, jantar, etc. The waste of these fodder crops is as low as negligible, because farmers are cultivating them in a very low quantity for animals only. Field survey yields that energy crops like bajra (millet), jowar and maize are cultivated in all talukas of district Sanghar, but most of them are reaped before they get mature and are being used as animal feed. A very less quantity of bajra, jowar and maize reaches to the maturity, from them cobs are separated for getting grains or to sell into the market, where as the remaining stalks are being collected as animal eatable, thus we can not encountered them for getting energy. Fig. 2.7 was taken from the Sanghar city, which is representing various fodder crops readily available in a shop for sell. Fig. 2.7: Various fodder crops ready for the sell in market 28

29 2.5 RESULTS OF THE PROCESS RESIDUE The status of process residues as obtained from the field survey is stated in the following sub sections Rice husk In all talukas of district Sanghar, total 39 rice mill caretakers were interviewed. The results obtained are hereby shown in Table There are many rice mills are there in district, which are averagely processing 40 mons of paddy rice in a day. The husk obtained during the process also contains some quantity of rice in it. The ratio of paddy rice to rice husk was 1:0.5. This means that one mon of paddy rice generates half mon of the rice husk. This husk is being 100% sold as an additive to animal feed, as it increases the milk production. The price of the rice husk was Rs.150 per mon. Moreover rice mills remain in operation from October to April. Name of Process Residue Table 2.12: Status of rice husk in district Sanghar Paddy Rice to Residue Ratio Price of Rice Husk (Rs./mon) Rice Husk 1: Availability in a year October to April Usage (%) 100 % Animal Feed Wood saw dust A huge quantity of wood is being used in district Sanghar for cooking, heating, backing of bricks, furniture making etc. Reducing the size of wood logs results production of sufficient quantity of wood saw dust, whose status is shown in Table Saw dust is being sold at the rate of Rs. 80 per mon. It is available throughout the year and its generation ratio is 0.06 mon per mon of wood sold. Saw dust is being sold to the Bricks Kilns for backing bricks. In winter season it is also sold to the Poultry farm as a floor coating for chicken huts and some quantity is being also sold to the Barber shops to make a hot water for bathe. Name of Process Residue Table 2.13: Status of saw dust in district Sanghar Product to Residue Ratio Residue Price (Rs./mon) Availability in a year Usage (%) Saw Dust 1: Full year 100% Sell 29

30 3.5.3 Poultry Farms waste The poultry waste is of two types one is the combination of the chicken dung and sand, which is being sold and used as a fertilizer, where as the other is the mixture of chicken dung and wood saw dust, which is being sold to the brick kilns as energy source. Status of poultry Farms waste is given in Table Field survey yields that one chicken produces 0.21 mons of poultry waste in the period of 42 days. This waste is being sold at the rate of Rs. 40 per mon and is available throughout the year. Name of Waste/ residue Table 2.14: Status of poultry Farms waste in district Sanghar Chicken Dung Ratio Residue Price (Rs./mon) Availability in a year Usage (%) Poultry Waste 1: Full year 100% sell Baggase Baggase is the process residue of sugarcane, which is generated during its crushing. The Sanghar Sugar Mill is the only sugar mill in district Sanghar. The Mill is being purchasing sugarcane cultivated there. We had visited Sanghar Sugar Mill and acquired the sugarcane processing data for last three years as shown in Table S N Table 2.15: Sugarcane processing data of Sanghar Sugar Mill ( in tons) Description Average of 3 Years 1 Sugarcane Processed Baggase Generated (Dry) Molasses Filter cake/ Mud Surplus Baggase (Dry) Baggase Generation Ratio 6 over sugarcane Molasses Generation Ratio 7 over sugarcane Filter Cake/ Mud Generation Ratio over sugarcane Baggase generation reported is air dried, whose 95% is being burnt into the boilers of sugar mill to generate steam, where as only 5% is surplus. The surplus baggase is being sold by the mill. Last year its rate was Rs per ton. Moreover the Mill 30

31 operated within the period of the November to April, depending on the availability of the sugarcane. The baggase generation ratio over sugarcane processed was calculated by dividing baggase generated (Dry) to sugarcane processed. Moreover the generation of other sugarcane byproducts, molasses and filter cake are also present in the table Cotton gin waste There are many cotton ginning factories in district Sanghar. We had visited few of them and come to know that during the ginning of the cotton seeds some waste is generated called cotton gin waste as shown in Fig Figure 2.8: Cotton gin waste placed in the ginning factory s yard The data from the factories were obtained and status of gin waste was estimated as in Table The cotton gin waste generation was approximately 13.5% of the raw cotton. This waste is mostly being sold to the brick kilns at the rate of Rs.80 per 40-kg and is available within the period of nine months from July to March in a year. Name of Process Residue Table 2.16 Status of cotton gin waste in district Sanghar Residue Ratio (mon/mon of cotton) Residue Price (Rs./mon) Availability in a year Usage (%) Cotton Gin Waste 1: July to March 100% sell 2.6 USE OF ANIMAL DUNG Much quantity of animal dung generated in district Sanghar is being utilized by the farmers as organic manure, which ranges from 80 to 90% and very less of that is 31

32 being used for cooking. A humble quantity was also recorded in account of sell to the brick kilns ranging from 1 to 14%. The trend of animal dung utilization in each taulka of district Sanghar is shown in Fig Khipro Jam Nawaz Ali Tando Adam Shahdadpur Sinjhoro Sanghar 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Sanghar Sinjhoro Shahdadpur Tando Adam Jam Nawaz Ali Khipro Cooking Sell Organic Manure Fig. 2.9: Use of animal dung in each taulka of district Sanghar 2.7 ENERGY USED FOR COOKING AND LIGHTING Through field visits of district Sanghar we come to know that peoples of district Sanghar are using fire wood, wood residues (pieces of wood), crop residue, animal dung and natural gas for cooking their foods. The taluka-wise percentages of each energy source used for cooking is represented in Fig Analysis of data obtained from the survey yields that about 30 to 50% energy used in district Sanghar was fire wood, where as the second largest source was the crop residues, which were accounting 20 to 30 % of the total energy used for the cooking. The use of animal dung and natural gas was maximum 12 and 9% respectively Moreover Energy used for the lighting is mostly electricity throughout the results of field survey, except in taluka Sanghar and Jam Nawaz Ali, where lighting is also done by burning kerosene oil. 32

33 Khipro Jam Nawaz Ali Tando Adam Shahdadpur Sinjhoro Sanghar 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Sanghar Sinjhoro Shahdadpur Tando Adam Jam Nawaz Ali Khipro Natural Gas Animal Dung Crop Residue Wood Residue Fire Wood Fig. 2.10: Energy used for cooking in each taulka of district Sanghar 2.8 ENERGY USED IN RICE & WOOD MILLS AND IN POULTRY FARMS Most of the rice mills are using electricity for driving the mill, but some of them are also using diesel engines. A similar trend was also obtained for the wood saw mills of district Sanghar. These mills are using electricity mostly, but some of them are being also utilizing diesel engines to get mechanical power. Moreover all the visited poultry Farms were using electricity as an energy source for lighting. 2.9 ENERGY USED IN BRICK KILNS A very wide variety of the primary energy sources are being consumed by the brick kilns for backing the bricks, which includes fire wood, wood residue, saw dust, animal dung, chicken dung and many types of crop field residues. The percentage of energy sources consumed by visited brick kilns was recorded and is represented here in Fig It can be observed that crop residue accounts 37%, which is the largest share among all the energy sources used in brick kilns. 33

34 Crop Residue 37% Animal Dung 7% Chicken Dung 4% Saw Dust 15% Wood Residue 12% Fire Wood 25% Fig. 2.11: Percentages of energy used by brick kilns 2.10 SUMMARY OF CURRENT WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM To know the current management system of waste agricultural biomass detailed survey was carried out and after analysis of the data following conclusions have been made: 1. Wheat straw is produced about mons/acre and crop to residue ratio is 1: % wheat straw is being used to feed animals by the farmers and landlords and 44-56% is surplus and is being sold into the market at the rate of Rs /Mon. 2. Cotton stalks are produced 3 times more than the cotton per acre. Crop to residue ratio is 1:3.0-10% cotton stalks are fed to animals and 10-75% are used for cooking and 25-80% are being burnt into field to clear the land by farmers. 3. Sugar cane tops, 20% is fed to animals by farmers and left 80% is being burnt into the filed to clear land. Crop to residue ratio is 1:0.3. Sugar cane tops could be purchased at the rate of Rs /Mons. 34

35 4. Rice straw, 20-30% is being fed to animals and rest of 70-80% is being burnt in the field. 5. Canola straw, 100% of it, is being sold to brick kilns for brick backing at the rate of Rs.60-68/Mons. Crop to residue ratio is Bagasse, 95% of it, is being burnt into boilers for steam generation purpose and left 5% is surplus and is available at the rate of Rs.3000/ton. 7. Banana plants are produced about 367 Mons/acre.100% of it, is being burnt in the field. 8. Rice husk, 100% is being sold to feed animals. Crop to residue ratio is 1:0.5. It is available at the rate of Rs.150/Mons. 9. Saw dust to wood ratio is 0.06:1. There are several uses of saw dust i.e. for brick backing, to make hot water in the barber shops and also used in poultry farm for coating layer floor in inter season. 10. In brick kilns, 37% crop residue, 7% animal dung, 4% chicken dung, 15% saw dust, 12% wood residue and 25% fire wood are used for brick backing purpose. 35

36 PART- III CHARACTERIZATION OF WAB IN DISTRICT SANGHAR 36

37 PART- III CHARACTERIZATION OF WAB IN DISTRICT SANGHAR 3.1 SELECTION OF SAMPLES FOR ANALYSIS The first step in the characterization of the waste agricultural biomass is the selection of their samples. Total nine agricultural residues were identified which can be utilized for energy extraction viewpoint. In addition to these, maize cob and saw dust were also selected. Thus total eleven residues as given in Table 3.1 were selected and their samples were taken from Sanghar for analysis. Out of these eleven residues, first seven are field residues, while the rest of them are process residues. Four tests were conducted for each residue namely the density analysis, the thermo gravimetric analysis and the calorimetric analysis and CHNS analysis. S No Name of Sample Table 3.1: Samples of WAB selected for the analysis Density Analysis Thermo gravimetric Analysis Calorimetric Analysis CHNS Analysis 01 Banana Plant 02 Canola 03 Cotton Stalks 04 Maize Cob 05 Rice Straw 06 Sugarcane Tops 07 Wheat Straw 08 Baggase 09 Rice Husk 10 Saw Dust 11 Cotton Gin Waste 3.2 PREPARATION OF THE SAMPLES FOR ANALYSIS The samples selected were processed for analysis. The systematic inverse pyramid for the preparation of the samples is shown in Fig.3.1. It involves drying, crushing, sieving and bagging of samples. The inverse pyramid represents the reduction of the size of the samples as they processed from air drying to bagging. 37

38 Fig. 3.1: Systematic inverse pyramid for sample preparation WAB air drying After collecting the residues from the field, they were first dried into the air for removal of the moisture; as such air drying is necessary for further processing of the samples. The residues were dried out at room temperature Roll crusher To obtain the representative sample of the WAB, after drying they will be finely ground into the powder form [STEWART E. ALLEN (1989)]. The roll crusher as shown in Fig. 3.2 was used to reduce the size of the crop residue. It contains two rollers through which the samples were passed. This crusher was used only for maize cobs. Fig. 3.2: Roll crusher 38

39 3.2.3 Hammer mill Most of the samples were directly crushed by the hammer mill, which is also called beater cross mill. In hammer mill the size reduction was achieved by the action of revolving beater bars, which breaks the samples inside the chamber. The sectional view of hammer mill is shown in Fig Fig. 3.3: Hammer mill Brown crusher The required size of the sample was achieved by a brown crusher. It contains two discs, one of them is fixed and the other rotates on it. When the vegetation samples were charged at the center of disc assembly, then they were converted in to the powder form. As the grinding was achieved by friction between two discs, thus the temperature of discs will rise. This rise in temperature may affect the sample; therefore cold water at 20 C was circulated through the stationary disc. The brown crusher during its operation is shown in Fig Fig. 3.4: Brown Crusher 39

40 3.2.5 Sieving After reducing the size of the samples they were sieved through 250 µm sieve. In Fig. 3.5 the wheat straw sample during its sieving is shown, on the right side there is a sieve and on the left side the powdered sieved sample is available. Fig. 3.5: Sieving of the WAB Bagging When the powdered samples were achieved as the result of sieving the samples, they were filled into the plastic bags. The bagged samples in Fig. 3.6 are ready for the analysis. Fig. 3.6: Bagged samples of WAB ready for the analysis Preparation of cotton gin waste for analysis Cotton gin waste is the process waste, discarded after the separation of the cotton from the cotton seed. It can be viewed from Fig. 3.8 that the cotton gin waste is heterogeneous in nature and it can not be brought into the powder form by using brown crusher, because of the presence of the cotton in it. To get the representative sample, seed waste was separated and waste cotton by using the spices grinder as shown in Fig. 3.7 and then percentages of both the separated wastes were determined. Considering the five different samples it was observed that the 40

41 cotton gin waste contains about 70% of the seed waste and 30% of the waste cotton by mass. Fig. 3.7: Spices grinder after separation of the seed & cotton wastes 3.3 DENSITY OF WAB Density can be defined as the mass of the material that can be placed into the unit volume (space). It varies from material to material. The density of the waste agricultural biomass has influence on the size of the storage and processing equipment for converting it into the Energy. Moreover the energy density can be assessed if we know the density of the material. Baggase Sugarcane Tops Banana Rice Straw Fig. 3.8: Partially crushed WAB samples for the density analysis (continued) 41

42 Canola Rice Husk Saw Dust Cotton Gin Waste Wheat Straw Maize Cob Cotton Stalks Fig. 3.8: Partially crushed WAB samples for the density analysis Procedure for Density Analysis An empty glass cylinder of 100 ml volume was taken and placed it into the oven at the temperature of 105 C, to remove the moisture present in the cylinder. Then it was put on the electronic balance and was tared as shown in Fig

43 Fig. 3.9: Electronic balance during tare of the empty cylinder In second step, the empty glass cylinder was filled with some quantity of the WAB and its mass was determined in grams as shown in Fig Fig. 3.10: Cylinder during determination of mass of crop residue In the third step, water was poured into the 100 ml cylinder from the 25 ml glass graduated cylinder as shown in Fig 3.11, till the main cylinders volume becomes to 100 ml. The volume of water poured into the main cylinder was noted and subtracted from 100 ml, which gives the net volume of the sample in milli liters. 43

44 Fig. 3.11: Glass cylinders during net volume determination Results and discussion of density of WAB As the density is the ratio of the mass per unit volume of the substance. The densities of the selected waste agricultural biomass samples were calculated and the results were tabulated as shown in Table 3.2. As per results the sugarcane tops has maximum density that is g/cm 3, where as banana plant has minimum density that is g/cm 3. S No Table 3.2: Results of Density Analysis for WAB Name of Sample Mass (g) Volume (ml) Density (g/cm 3 )* 1 Baggase Banana Plant Canola Straw Cotton Gin Waste Cotton Stalks Maize Cob Rice Husk Rice Straw Saw Dust Sugarcane Tops Wheat Straw * 1 ml = 1 cm MOISTURE, ASH, ORGANIC AND VOLATILE MATTER OF WAB Moisture content in plant material is the measurement of the loss of weight due to drying at a temperature just over 100 C. The weight loss on ignition at 550 C is an 44

45 approximate measure of the organic matter content in the plant sample, where as the residue left after combustion of the oven dried plant sample is a measure of total mineral content and also called ash. The volatile matter is the measure of loss of weight of sample on its heating at 550 C in the inert atmosphere that is in the absence of oxygen [STEWART E. ALLEN (1989)]. All the four parameters stated above for selected residues of WAB were determined by using Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA). It is a thermal analysis technique for measuring loss of weight of sample as a function of time and temperature. This analysis was carried out on simultaneous TGA/ DSC analyzer. The complete assembly of the analyzer is shown in Fig Fig. 3.12: Complete assembly of simultaneous TGA/ DSC analyzer SDT Q600 Thermo gravimetric analyzer can be applied to characterize any material in the solid state or liquid state, that displays loss of weight or change in phase as an outcome of dehydration, decomposition, and oxidation. There are two ways, which are commonly applied for investigating thermal stability behavior in controlled atmosphere: from them first is dynamic, in which the temperature is increased at a linear rate, and the second is isothermal, in which the temperature is kept constant. Fig shows the operating window of the Q600 thermo gravimetric analyzer software. The window contains menu bar, toolbar, real time signals and their values, running segment description, sequence run, real time graph between weight and temperature and status bar showing the time line of the sequence run. 45

46 Menu bar & Tool Bar Real time signals Procedure Sequence Run Segment description Real time graph Status bar Fig. 3.13: Operating window of Q-Series analyzer Q Preparing WAB samples for TGA analysis The simultaneous TGA/ DSC analyzer has high sensitivity to weight changes; as per manufacturer 10 to 50 milligram samples are recommended for the analysis and there is no any advantage to utilizing large samples. For waste agricultural biomass analysis we had taken the samples in the range of 15 to 30 milligrams. The samples are then charged into the platinum pan as shown in Fig and then filled pan was loaded on to the one reference cup as shown in Fig Fig. 3.14: Charging Platinum Pan 46

47 Fig. 3.15: Loading filled pan on to the reference cup Specifying Test Procedure for WAB The test procedure is the description of the segments, which are to be carried out during the test. The following test procedure also called the method log was used for the analysis of the waste agricultural biomass. METHOD LOG: 1: Ramp C/min to C 2: Equilibrate at C 3: Isothermal for min 4: Ramp C/min to C 5: Equilibrate at C 6: Select Gas: 2 7: Isothermal for min 8: Mark end of cycle 0 The method log states that, first the temperature of the furnace of the instrument was increased up to 105 C at the rate of 20 C per minute. Then after holding this temperature, the isothermal condition was maintained for 15 minutes. This results the loss of weight of the sample, which is the measure of the moisture of the sample. Then the temperature of the furnace was increased up to 550 C at the rate of 45 C per minute and held for a short time, as the result of that further loss of weight of sample was occurred. This weight loss of sample was the measure of volatile matter as it was occurred in the inert atmosphere of nitrogen gas. After obtaining the volatile matter, the nitrogen gas was changed to oxygen, to ignite the sample and the isothermal condition was maintained at 550 C for 10 minutes, 47

48 which results further more loss of weight of the sample. Finally at the end of the cycle, the weight of the sample remained in the pan was ash, where as the total weight loss occurred except moisture and ash was the organic matter present in the sample Analyzing output of TGA The output of the simultaneous TGA/ DSC analyzer is in the form of graphs. Fig shows the built in TA Instruments Universal Analysis 2000 program s operating window, that was used to analyze data obtained from the instrument. Fig. 3.16: Operating window of Universal Analysis 2000 program There are so many options are available in the Universal Analysis 2000 program that can be used to customize the graphical data. The usual order to analyze the data file is as follows: Choose a data file Verify your sample information Draw the graph Rescale and customize the graph Analyze the data View and/or print the results reports Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) results and discussion of WAB The TGA result of first sample of banana plant is shown in Fig In x-axis there is a temperature in degree Celsius ( C), where as on y-axis weight of the sample is represented in terms of percentage (%). The mass of the sample and the run time and 48

49 date is also present in the header rows. It can be observed from the graph that, the moisture content of the sample is 4.76%, volatile matter is 59.55%, organic matter is 78%, where as the ash is 17.24%. Sample: Banana Plant sanghar-01 File: C:\TA\Data\SDT\ARS Banana Plant 01 DSC - TGA Size: mg Run Date: :52 Method: ARS Crop Residue Analysis Instrument: SDT Q600 V8.0 Build 95 Instrument: SDT Q600 V8.0 Build min C 95.24% Moisture Weight (%) Organic Matter Volatile 32.19min C 35.69% 34.89min C 18.67% min C 17.24% Ash Temperature ( C) Universal V4.1D TA Instruments Fig TGA graphical result of banana plant sample # 01 Similarly the result of the second sample of the banana plant is shown in Fig The second sample contains 7.17% of moisture, 58.36% of volatile matter, 76.66% of organic matter and 16.17% of ash. 49

50 Sample: Banana Plant sanghar-02 File: C:\TA\Data\SDT\ARS Banana Plant 02 DSC - TGA Size: mg Run Date: :30 Method: ARS Crop Residue Analysis Instrument: SDT Q600 V8.0 Build min C 92.83% Weight (%) min C 34.47% 35.65min C 18.08% min C 16.17% Temperature ( C) Universal V4.1D TA Instruments Fig TGA graphical result of banana plant sample # 02 The thermo gravimetric analysis was done for all the eleven selected residues by taking two samples of each. The graphical results of all the samples are given in Appendix A of this report, where as the output of those graphs were framed and are shown in Table

51 Table 3.3: Results of TGA analysis for WAB samples Results of sample # 01 S No Name of Sample Moisture (%) Volatile at 550 C (%) Organic (%) Ash (%) 1 Banana Plant Baggase Canola Straw Cotton Stalks Maize Cob Rice Husk Rice Straw Saw Dust Sugarcane Tops Wheat Straw Cotton Gin Waste (seed) S No Results of sample # 02 Name of Sample Moisture (%) Volatile at 550 C (%) Organic (%) Ash (%) 1 Banana Plant Baggase Canola Straw Cotton Stalks Maize Cob Rice Husk Rice Straw Saw Dust Sugarcane Tops Wheat Straw Cotton Gin Waste (cotton)

52 The average results of TGA analysis for WAB samples were calculated and are given in Table 3.4. As per average results, the moisture was within the range of 2.43% (sugarcane tops) to 9.085% (baggase), volatile matter was within the range of % (cotton gin waste) to % (baggase), organic matter was within the range of 74.62% (rice husk) to % (baggase) and the ash was within the range of 4.721% (baggase) to % (cotton gin waste). S No Table 3.4: Average results of TGA analysis for WAB samples Name of Sample Moisture (%) Volatile at 550 C (%) Organic (%) Ash (%) 1 Banana Plant Baggase Canola Straw Cotton Stalks Maize Cob Rice Husk Rice Straw Saw Dust Sugarcane Tops Wheat Straw Cotton Gin Waste (70% seed + 30% cotton) CALORIFIC VALUE OF WAB The calorific value is the measure of heat that contain by a unit mass of substance. An adiabatic calorimeter was used to determine the heat contained in a unit mass of the selected waste agricultural biomass samples. In the bomb calorimeter, the combustion reaction takes place under the constant volume condition in a container called bomb, which is immersed in to a pre-weighted quantity of water and environed by an adiabatic shield that functions as a heat insulator. The heat is dispersed evenly in the calorimeter by stirring water continually. To enable the combustion, the bomb has to be filled with oxygen to the pressure of about 25 to 30 kg/cm 2. The bomb assembly is then placed in a cylinder containing a pre-defined quantity of water. As the combustion reaction increases the temperatures, 52

53 which were recorded by using two Beckmann s thermometers with an accuracy of C for inner and outer cylinders Procedure for bomb calorimetric analysis for WAB Just about 1.0 g of WAB was required for the calorimetric analysis, for this WAB samples were weighed with the electronic balance as shown in Fig Fig. 3.19: Sample cup during electronic mass determination Then sample cup was placed into the sample holder of the bomb assembly and about 10 cm length of platinum fuse wire was connected between the ignition electrodes and then mid of the fuse wire was dipped into the sample to form a v-shape as shown in Fig Fig. 3.20: Sample cup during placement into the bomb 53

54 Then the bomb assembly was closed and filled with the oxygen as shown in Fig After filling the oxygen the bomb was put into the inner cylinder, which contains 2 liters of the water. Then the inner cylinder was put into the outer cylinder, the thermometers were installed in their position and the stirrer was started. Fig. 3.21: Bomb assembly during filling of oxygen The entire assembly of the bomb calorimeter is shown in Fig After maintaining the inner and outer cylinder temperatures they were recorded and then the ignition button was pushed to start the reaction. The temperatures were noted at oneminute intervals for 10 minutes. When the temperature of the inner cylinder reached to maximum value, then it was recorded. Fig. 3.22: Entire assembly of bomb calorimeter 54