Chief of Energy Section, Sustainable Development Policies Division, Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA)

Transcription

1 2015 Regional Coord rdination Mechanism (RCM) Issues Brief for the Arab Sustainable Development Report Energy in the Arab Region

2 Authors: Habib El Andaloussi Chief of Energy Section, Sustainable Development Policies Division, Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) Lara Geadah Research Assistant, Energy Section, Sustainable Development Policies Division, Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) Reviewed by: UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNHABITAT United Nations Human Settlements Programme ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia Disclaimer: This issues brief was prepared as a background document for the forthcoming Arab Sustainable Development Report. The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations. Document issued as received, without formal editing. 1 P a g e

3 1. Progress and trends The Arab energy sector is playing and will continue to play a vital role in the socio-economic development of Arab countries, especially those endowed with large hydrocarbon resources. These hydrocarbon resources have also been fueling the global economy for decades. In addition, many Arab countries are blessed with huge potential for renewable energy resources such as solar and wind that have not been adequately utilized yet. Despite that, there are still nearly 36 million Arabs with no access to modern energy services. Among ESCWA Member countries, GCC countries are among the highest fossil energy producers in the world, and at the same time, they are large oil and gas consumer countries. The situation is unsustainable at several levels, and is aggravated by systemic inefficiencies in patterns of energy consumption and production, particularly affecting the high water scarcity of the region, and thus increasing reliance on oil- or gas-fuelled desalination 1. The large consumption rates of oil and gas in some Arab countries can to some extent be attributed to the widespread energy subsidies which prevail in some Arab countries, and six of the world s ten largest subsidizers are found in the Arab world, which have an adverse impact on demand management strategies. The Arab region still presents imbalances among its countries in terms of energy resources and consumption patterns. The region carries nearly 42 per cent of the world s proven crude oil reserves, and produced over one third of the total world crude oil in ,3. Accordingly, oil production has been one of the main economic activities in the region 4, with oil production in 2013 reaching 1327 Metric tons of oil equivalent (Mtoe) 5. Saudi Arabia, was the world s largest crude oil producer with daily production of over 11.5 Million barrels per day (Mbd) 6, followed by Russia (10.8 Mbd) and USA (10 Mbd). Arab countries have also been among the major suppliers of natural gas including 7 Arab gas producers and LNG exporting countries (Algeria, Egypt, Oman, Qatar, UAE, Libya and Yemen) in the selective club of 19 existing LNG countries in the World. With 105 billion cubic meters (bcm) 7 exported on 2013, Qatar is ranked first LNG exporter in the World. The Arab gas production in 2013 reached 545 bcm (16% of the World production), and was the third largest gas production after USA (688 bcm) and Russia (605 bcm) 8. 2 P a g e

4 Arab O&G Production - Mtoe- Arab O&G Consumption -Mtoe FIGURE 1 PRIMARY ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION ( , GTOE) Source: Sketched by ESCWA/SDPD based on IEA data, non-oecd energy balances 2013 Energy consumption from hydrocarbons is significantly increasing. The oil and natural gas consumption rose strongly at 5.9% per year for oil and 8.5% per year for gas during the period 1971 to 2011, reaching 306 Metric Tons of Oil Equivalent (Mtoe) 9 and 281 Mtoe respectively (source IEA 2013). In the coming years, some Arab countries will suffer from the inability to meet growing electricity demand which is estimated to increase by 115% by 2024, from 969 TWh in 2013 to 2084 TWh by More than 35% of total primary energy is consumed in electricity generation (96% of which from oil and gas), with the knock-on environmental impacts of CO 2 and other emissions contributing to climate change and deteriorating air quality) P a g e

5 Oil Natural Gas 250 in Mtoe FIGURE 2 ARAB OIL AND GAS CONSUMPTION ( ) Source: Sketched by ESCWA/SDPD based on IEA data, non-oecd energy balances 2013 The rural electrification rate differs widely in the Arab countries, as around half of the countries have access rates above 90%, while the remaining countries access rates are still less than 50% 11. Additionally, some 12% of ESCWA region s population does not have access to modern energy services, and about 15% of the population suffers from a lack of supply of electricity, most of which is in rural remote areas. The lack of energy services usually aggravates the cycle of extreme poverty in the majority of rural areas in developing countries, resulting in poor socio-economic conditions 12. In Yemen and Sudan for instance, about 48 % and 65.5 % of the population respectively does not have access to electricity or is served intermittently 13. Despite the improvement in energy access in the region, the region is not homogeneous in terms of energy access, as the group of high-income oil producers has an average energy access rate of 99.5%, the upper-middle and middleincome countries have an energy access rate of around 99%, while the third group of low-income countries such as Yemen and Sudan, has an average access rate of about 43%. 14 The average energy use per capita in the Arab region was somewhat close to the world average of approximately 1,764 Kilogram of Oil Equivalent (kgoe) per capita for , however Arab countries show great heterogeneity in energy consumption patterns. Countries in the Gulf reported between 3.5 to 9.4 times higher levels of energy use than the world average, while most countries in the Mashreq and Maghreb used less energy than the world average except for Libya 16. The per capita energy consumption in GCC countries is among the highest in the world, ranging between 7080 Kgoe/capita to Kgoe/capita 17. In particular, Yemen and Sudan consumed less than one fifth of the world average with energy use of only 293 kgoe and 372 kgoe per capita respectively. 18 For the whole Arab region, energy intensity increased from 134 kgoe/thousand 2005 USD in 1971, to 422 kgoe/thousand 2005 USD in 2011 with a growth rate of 2.9% 19. While energy intensity has been decreasing in 4 P a g e

6 Bahrain and Qatar from the 1990 s, other GCC countries have seen their energy intensity increase, particularly Saudi Arabia 20. Energy intensity has increased in the Arab region over the last few decades, while all other regions have shown a major decrease in energy intensity. 21 TABLE 1 PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION WITH ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY (2007 TILL 2013) Country SUDAN YEMEN ALGERIA BAHRAIN _ EGYPT 99 _ IRAQ _ JORDAN KUWAIT _ LEBANON LIBYA _ 99 MOROCCO OMAN _ PALESTINE _ QATAR _ SAUDI ARABIA SYRIA _ TUNISIA UAE Source: Arab Union of Electricity (2013, 2012, 2011, 2010, 2009, 2008, 2007) The residential and service sectors represent an important part of the total energy consumption, and forecasts indicate that electricity demand is set to rise in the near future. Such high electrical demands by the domestic sector are often being satisfied at the expense of productive sectors, which are crucial for development. As such, there s a need to improve energy efficiency in the residential and services sectors through up-scaling energy efficiency programs and related Green Building codes and consideration to reducing subsidies for domestic consumption as part of demand management strategies which reinforce the security and sustainability of energy supply 22. Figure 4 below shows that growth in energy consumption and demand for electricity in the region are outstripping both the population and GDP growth rates, highlighting an unsustainable trend for the region. This figure 4 also indicates that when economic growth has been multiplied by 5 since the year 1971, current electricity and energy consumption have been multiplied by 35 and 12 respectively. 5 P a g e

7 Energy Consumption Mtoe Electricity TWh FIGURE 3 ENERGY AND ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION IN THE ARAB REGION Source: Sketched by ESCWA/SDPD based on IEA data, non-oecd Energy Cons. (1971=100)- growth rate 6.4% Electricity (1971=100) - growth rate 9.2% Pop. (1971=100) - growth rate 2.6% GDP (1971=100)- growth rate 3.4% FIGURE 4 INDICES OF ENERGY, ELECTRICITY, POPULATION AND GDP GROWTH Source: Sketched by ESCWA/SDPD based on IEA data, non-oecd energy balances P a g e

8 Energy cons./capita (kgoe/cap) Electricity/capita (kwh/cap) FIGURE 5 PER CAPITA ENERGY AND ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION IN THE ARAB REGION Source: Sketched by ESCWA/SDPD based on IEA data, non-oecd energy balances Energy Intensity (toe/per thousand 2005 USD) Energy Intensity (toe/per thousand 2005 USD ppp) FIGURE 6 ENERGY INTENSITY IN THE ARAB REGION Source: Sketched by ESCWA/SDPD based on IEA data, non-oecd energy balances 2013 Renewable energy resources could play a major role in improving energy access and eradicating poverty. The energy challenge can only be addressed through sound energy mix policies at national and regional levels, where Renewable Energy (RE) and Energy Efficiency (EE) strategies and tools represent the cornerstone of the energy mix P a g e

9 The adoption of the Pan-Arab Strategy for the Development of Renewable Energy Applications: by the 3rd Arab Economic and Social Development Summit of January 2013 represents an important milestone for the deployment of renewable energy technologies (RETs) in the region with a focus on electricity generation. For the first time, Arab governments have come to a consensus on long-term targets for RET deployment in the region. Based on the approved national targets, the strategy includes cumulative targets to increase renewable energy that translate into about more than 117 gigawatts (GW) of installed power generation capacity in the Arab countries by , which represents about 25% of the installed capacity in this period 25. In support of the strategy realization, the Energy Department of the League of Arab States recently introduced the Arab Renewable Energy Framework (AREF) to provide guidance to member states in developing their medium to long-term national renewable energy action plans (NREAP). Despite the Arab region s rich endowment of renewable energy resources, its installed base of RETs remains limited, and the share of renewables (including large- scale hydro) in installed electricity capacity was about 5.3% or about 12 GW. In addition, total solar water heating installed capacity reached 3.3 Gigawatt thermal (GWth). Hydropower currently stands at 5% of the installed capacity for electricity generation in the Arab region. In terms of generation, it represents around 3.44%. There are 9.8 GW of installed hydro capacity in Arab countries, 2.8 GW of which are in Egypt 26, whereas Iraq, Morocco, Sudan and Syria account for over 1.6 GW of hydropower each 27. TABLE 2 INSTALLED RENEWABLE ENERGY CAPACITY IN ARAB COUNTRIES (MW, END 2014) Countries/ Energy (MW) PV CSP Wind Biomass & Waste Hydro Total Algeria Egypt Iraq Libya Syria Djibouti Jordan Lebanon Morocco Palestine Tunisia Sudan Bahrain Kuwait Oman Qatar S.Arabia UAE Yemen Mauritania Arab Countries Source: from direct interviews and/or from national publications, annual reports and PPP in workshops, as well as other sources as MENA renewable status report, REN 21, IRENA, LAS, P a g e

10 PV 1% CSP 1% Wind 11% Biomass & Waste 1% Hydro 86% FIGURE 7 ARAB RE INSTALLED CAPACITY BY END 2014 Source: Based on data from Table 1 Biomass & Waste 4% Geothermal 2% PV 37% Wind 28% CSP 29% FIGURE 8 ARAB RE INSTALLED CAPACITY BY Source: Estimations of ESCWA based on official national RE targets of the countries By end2014, the total solar (PV and CSP) installed capacity reached 277 MW in Arab countries, while Egypt, Morocco and Algeria followed with 35 MW for each country P a g e

11 Hydro, 4.6% Wind, 0.5% Coal, 1.0% Solar, 0.1%, 0 Oil, 34% Natural Gas, 60% FIGURE 9 INSTALLED CAPACITY BY TYPE OF GENERATION FOR 2013 Source: Sketched by ESCWA/SDPD based on estimations from 2 tables page 4 (MW installed by technology) and page 6 (fuel inputs) of the Issue no. 22 of the Arab Union of Electricity (2013) The Arab countries RE market hasn t reached its full potential, and there are promising signs of development through pipeline projects and increasing political commitments, and if the current efforts are continued investments and progress should follow and lead to massive introduction of renewables 29. The total RE installed capacity of power generation in the Arab region, was about MW by 2014 (including hydro). Meanwhile the total existing installed capacity of renewable energy at the end of 2014, was about 112 MW for PV systems, 165 MW for CSP, 1563 MW for wind farms and 102 for biomass. 30 The estimated total capacity based on the national RE targets is about 107 GW planned between 2020 and 2032 (42.6 GW PV, 32.8 GW CSP, 32.8 GW wind, 5.0 GW biomass, 2.2 GW geothermal) 31. Regarding renewable energy projects pipeline, most Arab states are procuring significant utility-scale renewable power projects. Twenty Arab states have announced renewable energy targets. Most of these targets represent fractions of electricity generation or installed capacity. However, in the cases of Jordan, Mauritania and Syria, the targets represent fractions of primary energy consumption. Morocco s clean power target of 42% installed capacity by 2020 stands out as the most ambitious target in the Arab region. Algeria, Egypt, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and Tunisia have also announced ambitious targets in excesss of 20% of electricity generated for different horizons. Fourteen Arab states have committed to one or more technology-specific targets. These targets reveal a regional focus on solar rather than wind technologies. The combined CSP and PV targets are more than double the wind targets. Among solar technologies, CSP s targets are almost 40% higher than PV targets. Targets for other renewable energy technologies such as geothermal and waste-to-energy are 32 substantially lower than solar or wind. 10 P a g e

12 2. Analysis of Proposed SDG and Targets from an Arab Perspective In the aftermath of Rio+20 s Conference, Sustainable Energy for All emerged as an important development Agenda. ESCWA and the UN and other regional organizations have initiated a series of consultations with a large group of stakeholders to position energy issues within the energy mix, the water-energy-food nexus, and put it high on the global debate on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 33. There are clear interactions between water, food and energy that may result in synergies or trade-offs between different sectors or interest groups. It is thus important to understand the synergies and tradeoffs in order to develop response options to ensure the sustainability of the environment and people s livelihoods. By highlighting these interdependences, the Nexus concept highlights the need to view water, energy and food not as being separate, but as being complex and inextricably entwined 34. Stressing the need for a coherent, integrated approach to energy issues and the promotion of synergies across the global energy agenda for sustainable development, the General Assembly, in its resolution 67/215, decided to declare the United Nations Decade of Sustainable Energy for All, to be promoted through all sources of energy. Access to energy sources has been a major driver of development in industrialized countries and emerging economies. Energy helps to eradicate poverty, increase food production, provide clean water, improve public health, enhance education, address climate change, create economic opportunity and empower young people and women. Nevertheless, the energy-poor suffer the health consequences of inefficient combustion of solid fuels in inadequately ventilated buildings, which kills around four million people a year, most of them women and children, as well as the economic consequences of insufficient power for productive income-generating activities and for other basic services, such as health and education. In particular, women and girls in the developing world are disproportionately affected in that regard. In response to the 2010 declaration by the General Assembly of 2012 as the International Year of Sustainable Energy for All, the Secretary-General launched the Sustainable Energy for All initiative in The initiative seeks to support the objective of sustainable energy for all by identifying and mobilizing action by all stakeholders in support of a major global transformation of energy systems. The initiative seeks to ensure sustainable energy for all by 2030 through the achievement of three major objectives: (a) ensuring universal access to modern energy services; (b) doubling the rate of improvement in energy efficiency; and (c) doubling the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix 35. Sustainable energy provides new opportunities for growth. It enables businesses to grow, generates jobs, and creates new markets. Children can study after dark, clinics can store life-saving vaccines, and countries can grow more resilient, with competitive economies. With sustainable energy, countries can build the clean energy economies of the future. Sustainable energy for all is an investment in our collective future. Universal energy access, increasing the use of renewable energy, improved energy efficiency and addressing the nexus between energy and health, women, food, water and other development issues are at the heart of all countries core interest, which must be deeply integrated in the development agenda 36. Regarding the proposed SDG 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all and its related targets: 7.1 by 2030 ensure universal access to affordable, reliable, and modern energy services 7.2 increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix by P a g e

13 7.3 double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency by 2030 For target 7.1: all rural areas of Arab countries are concerned with this target, and priority and focus should mainly be given to Sudan and Yemen as they are the two countries with the lowest rates of energy access. For target 7.2, nearly all Arab countries have set their own targets to increase the share of renewable energy in their energy mix, and in order to develop renewable energy in the Arab region, technology transfer and local integration of these technologies should be ensured. For target 7.3: all countries of the region would benefit from improving energy efficiency, and especially the GCC countries in order to maintain the level of exports revenues. North African Arab countries are considered to be rather advances on energy efficiency issues, and as such the experiences they have acquired in the field could serve as lessons learned for the other Arab member countries, and especially those of GCC. Indicators on the implementation of thermal standards building codes, energy labeling in electrical appliances, distribution of low energy consuming lamps, and level of penetration of solar water heating systems in Arab countries, could be used to assess progress on that target. 3. Major Success Stories 3.1. Experience of Morocco Morocco is currently undergoing an energy transition, aiming at reducing its energy dependence from % in 2013 to % in To achieve this goal, Morocco is focusing on the development of renewable energy, the introduction of liquefied natural gas and increased oil exploration, as well as strengthening energy efficiency 37. As a large portion of the Moroccan population lives in rural areas, Morocco has been one of the first Arab countries to introduce renewable energies in its rural electrification programme to ensure electricity access to populations living in remote rural villages through the dissemination of photovoltaic kits in those villages. Beneficiaries of these kits are considered as clients subscribed to the public grid, who benefit from technical assistance, billing, and other associated services. Some 3663 Moroccan villages are benefiting from these kits (51559 PV systems until end of 2014). More than households in 6000 villages are eligible to be electrified by photovoltaic systems. Rural electrification rate in Morocco reached 98.51% by end of Morocco's energy bill is increasing from year to year, and exceeded 98 billion dirhams in 2012, and the country imports 96% of its energy needs. To meet the growing demand for energy in the Kingdom, Morocco established since 2009 a national strategy for renewable energy, it created new institutions for the management of this strategy, and is putting in place instruments that will allow it to conduct a good implementation of its Action Plan. An ambitious program of 4000 MW by 2020 (including 2000 MW wind and 2000 MW solar) is being implemented. The wind program is well advanced with 495 MW already installed today, and the solar plan, launched the construction of the first solar thermal power plant of 160 MW (NOOR- 1) located in Ouarzazate, a city isolated that will benefit from solar electricity by the end of 2015; other solar projects as NOOR-II, and NOOR-III are currently under call for tenders P a g e

14 The Moroccan Solar Plan will enable the emergence of low-carbon and climate-friendly technology in Morocco, as well as reducing energy imports. In addition, the project will create job opportunities and promote an integrated local solar industry 40. Concerning the solar programme, although Morocco only had one 20 MW operational plant as of 2014, it has 163 MW under construction and 300 MW under development. Moreover, it is worth noting that the country achieved its 2012 target of supplying 8% of total energy from renewables. The Moroccan Markets Report forecasts that the country will have between 440 MW and 2,303 MW of installed CSP capacity by 2025, largely driven by the need for energy independence and security. On the other hand, decreasing freshwater resources and ongoing exploration for unconventional fossil fuels may negatively affect the speed at which CSP is deployed in Morocco Experience of Tunisia The Tunisian government has proper institutional framework and the expertise to implement energy efficiency improvement projects. The establishment of the National Fund for Energy Conservation (FNME) in 2005 was a fundamental step forward for financing energy efficiency projects as well as renewable energy and energy substitution, and this indicates the will of Tunisian government to improve energy efficiency. FNME has resulted in great success, and contributed to the saving of $745 Million in energy expenditure through the support of $102 Million, which shows a clear multiplier effect. Improvement of energy efficiency in the country will actually help to reduce the negative impacts of energy subsidy reform in many ways. Investment for energy efficiency projects will create and provide green jobs to many Tunisians particularly to the youth. It will encourage more efficient use of energy and thus contribute to reduce the impact of rising energy prices on household budget and on inflation. As such, current proposal is timely and relevant to prevent the expected negative impacts of planned energy subsidy reform on the general public and to contribute to the successful transition of Tunisian government s financial problems. The implementation cost of energy efficiency program was $102 Million and allowed: (i) Reduction of energy consumption by toe; and (ii) Saving $745 million from the energy subsidy bill expenditure References AFED (Arab Forum for Environment and Development), 2013, Arab Environment 6: Sustainable Energy, Report of the Arab Forum for Environment and Development / ESCWA s thematic session on Sustainable Energy in the GCC countries: is Energy Intensity a useful tool for GCC countries? ESCWA/SDD, 07 - Chapter-VII Energy 2014 and BP Statistical Review 2014 for no ESCWA MCsBP Statistical Review 2014 Calculated by ESCWA from World Bank, World Development Indicator ESCWA(2013), Survey of economic and social developments in the Arab region IEA data, 2013 The Pan-Arab Renewable Energy Strategy 2030, LAS and IRENA and RCREEE Info note of Morocco meeting, Nov 2013 Arab Union of Electricity, 2013 Technical paper on EU-GCC energy cooperation, Dr. Emanuela Menichetti, OME, 17 January 2013 ESCWA s concept note on up-scaling energy efficiency in the residential and services sector 13 P a g e

15 REN21, MENA Renewables Status Report. REN 21, Renewables 2014, Global Status Report Walking the Nexus Talk: Assessing the Water-Energy-Food Nexus, in the Context of the Sustainable Energy for All Initiative, FAO, 2014 Report of the Secretary-General, A/69/395 Sustainable energy for all website E/ESCWA/SDPD/2013/Booklet.1, Green Economy Initiatives Success Stories and Lessons Learned in the Arab Region 21 February 2013 From speech of his Excellency the Moroccan Minister of energy, mines, water and the environment Mr. Abdelkader Amara at the Forum organized on 28 October 2014 on the subject of Is Morocco at the Eve of and Energy Transition? ONE website Morocco, Office National de l Electricité et de l Eau Potable ESCWA s Workshop, Tunis, April 2014 on Enabling Policies for Financing Energy Efficiency Investments, PPP on Politique de l'efficacité Energétique en Tunisie by ANME CSP Today Markets Reports Series 2015 BP Statistical Review 2014 ESCWA/SDD, 07 - Chapter-VII Energy 2014 Arab Human Development Report, Energy Subsidies in the Arab World, UNDP s Regional Bureau for Arab States, Research Paper Series, 2012, Bassam Fattouh & Laura El-Katiri Flagship Publications: E/ESCWA/SDPD/2013/IG.2/5, The adoption and application of renewable energy technologies in the ESCWA region, June 2013 E/ESCWA/SDPD/2012/2, The role of renewable energy in climate change mitigation in the ESCWA region, Oct. 2012, E/ESCWA/SDPD/2011/WG5/2, Local manufacturing of solar and wind energies equipment to produce electricity in the Arab region: potential and prospects AREX Report from RCREEE Pan-Arab RE Strategy 2030: Roadmap of Actions for Implementation LAS, Arab Strategy for the Development of RE Applications , published in 2013 AFED (Arab Forum for Environment and Development), 2013, Arab Environment 6: Sustainable Energy, Report of the Arab Forum for Environment and Development / ESCWA s thematic session on Sustainable Energy in the GCC countries: is Energy Intensity a useful tool for GCC countries? ESCWA s Statistical Abstract, Energy Data Chapter Arab Union of Electricity, 2014, Statistical Bulletin 2013 IEA (International Energy Agency), 2013, Energy Balances in Non-OECD Countries LAS, 2014, Guidebook for RE and EE in Arab Countries RCREEE, 2013, Arab Future Energy Index: Renewable Energy RCREEE, 2013, Country Profiles REN 21, 2013, MENA RE Status Report REN 21, REN 21, Renewables 2014, Global Status Report REN21, Global Status report 2013, Saving Oil and Gas in the Gulf, A Chatham House Report, by Glada Lahn, Paul Stevens and Felix Preston, August P a g e

16 Note: In some figures given in this brief, the total given for the Arab region covers 18 over 22 Arab countries Endnotes 1 AFED (Arab Forum for Environment and Development), 2013, Arab Environment 6: Sustainable Energy, Report of the Arab Forum for Environment and Development / ESCWA s thematic session on Sustainable Energy in the GCC countries: is Energy Intensity a useful tool for GCC countries? 2 Arab Human Development Report, Energy Subsidies in the Arab World, UNDP s Regional Bureau for Arab States, Research Paper Series, 2012, Bassam Fattouh & Laura El-Katiri 3 ESCWA/SDD, 07 - Chapter-VII Energy 2014 and BP Statistical Review 2014 for no ESCWA MCs 4 Calculated by ESCWA from World Bank, World Development Indicator, and ESCWA(2013), Survey of economic and social developments in the Arab region 5 BP Statistical Review BP Statistical Review Billion cubic meter (bcm)=1 Million ton of oil equivalent (Mtoe) approximately 8 ESCWA/SDD, 07 - Chapter-VII Energy BP Statistical Review bcm=1 Mtoe approximately 10 Arab Union of Electricity, The Pan-Arab Renewable Energy Strategy 2030, LAS and IRENA and RCREEE 12 ESCWA, Information note of Morocco meeting, November Issue no. 22 of the Arab Union of Electricity (2013) 14 Issue no. 22 of the Arab Union of Electricity (2013) 15 IEA data, World Bank, World Development Indicators 17 IEA data, IEA data, IEA data, Technical paper on EU-GCC energy cooperation, Dr. Emanuela Menichetti, OME, 17 January World Bank, World Development Indicators 22 ESCWA s concept note on up-scaling energy efficiency in the residential and services sector 23 AFED (Arab Forum for Environment and Development), 2013, Arab Environment 6: Sustainable Energy, Report of the Arab Forum for Environment and Development / ESCWA s thematic session on Sustainable Energy in the GCC countries: is Energy Intensity a useful tool for GCC countries? 24 Estimation of ESCWA based on the national RE targets of Member countries 25 Based on Issue no. 22 of the Arab Union of Electricity (2013) 26 Arab Union of Electricity, Pan-Arab Renewable Energy Strategy 2030, LAS and IRENA and RCREEE 28 Information collected from direct interviews and/or from national publications, annual reports and PPP in workshops, as well as other sources as MENA renewable status report, REN 21, IRENA, LAS, Arab Environment, 6, sustainable energy, prospects, challenges, and opportunities, AFED, Information collected from direct interviews and/or from national publications, annual reports and PPP in workshops, as well as other sources as MENA renewable status report, REN 21, IRENA, LAS, Estimations of ESCWA by the author based on official national RE targets of the countries 32 Pan-Arab Renewable Energy Strategy 2030, LAS and IRENA and RCREEE 33 AFED (Arab Forum for Environment and Development), 2013, Arab Environment 6: Sustainable Energy, Report of the Arab Forum for Environment and Development / ESCWA s thematic session on Sustainable Energy in the GCC countries: is Energy Intensity a useful tool for GCC countries? 34 Walking the Nexus Talk: Assessing the Water-Energy-Food Nexus, in the Context of the Sustainable Energy for All Initiative, FAO, Report of the Secretary-General, A/69/ Sustainable energy for all website 37 From speech of his Excellency the Moroccan Minister of energy, mines, water and the environment Mr. Abdelkader Amara at the Forum organized on 28 October 2014 on the subject of Is Morocco at the Eve of and Energy Transition? 38 ONE website Morocco, Office National de l Electricité et de l Eau Potable 39 CSP Today Markets Reports Series, Green Economy Initiatives Success Stories and Lessons Learned in the Arab Region, E/ESCWA/SDPD/2013/Booklet.1, 21 February P a g e

17 41 CSP Today Markets Reports Series ESCWA s Workshop, Tunis, April 2014 on Enabling Policies for Financing Energy Efficiency Investments, PPP on Politique de l'efficacité Energétique en Tunisie by ANME 43 The Arab region includes 22 countries. The Arab region referred to herein sometimes does not include figures for Palestine, Djibouti, the Comoros and Mauritania. 16 P a g e