CCS and Renewable Energy

Transcription

1 CCS and Renewable Energy Tim Dixon IEAGHG IEAGHG CCS Summer School, Perth, Australia December 2015

2 CCS and Renewable Energy Bio-CCS Concentrated Solar Power and CCS Geothermal and CCS

3 Why Biomass and CCS - the net carbon balance Positive Much less positive Neutral to slightly positive Neutral to slightly positive Negative Fossil fuels Fossil fuels with CCS Renewable energy Bio-energy Bio-energy with CCS IEAGHG/Koornneef 2010

4 Need for Biomass CCS Deployment of current emissions reduction technologies likely will not be enough for climate stabilisation - future emission scenarios (IPCC AR4 and AR5) require negative emissions Only one technology option large-scale and near-market biomass and CCS

5 IEAGHG - Potential for Biomass and Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage ECOFYS - Joris Koornneef et al Identify the main potential types of biomass and technologies applicable for energy conversion/process To provide global and regional techno-economic assessment of potential for BE-CCS

6 Regional Biomass Potential

7 Sustainability Criteria Sustainability criteria of strict is used Factors classifying sustainable supply include: Labour conditions Protection of areas with high ecological, historical or cultural value Food prices and security Avoidance of indirect land use change (ILUC), and LUC. Water supply and quality Land rights of local communities Competition for land (and food prices) as well as ILUC and LUC are key areas of debate. Adapted from Dehue 2006.

8 Negative emissions potential for Bio-CCS TP up to 10 GtCO 2 eq/yr, significant cp. to IEA scenarios EP up to 3.5 GtCO 2 eq/yr (~1/3 of TP) IGCC, BIGCC and FT biodiesel most promising CO 2 price 50 /t Co-firing shares 30% in 2030, 50% in 2050 Numbers not additive, assessment route-by-route

9 Negative emissions potential for biomethane routes TP up to 3.5 GtCO 2 eq/yr, smaller than previous routes Significant potential only for gasification & AD (EC & AR) EP up to 0.4 GtCO 2 eq/yr, only fraction of TP Gasification & AD (MSW & S/M) most promising Only economically viable at natural gas prices over 11 /GJ and CO 2 prices of at least 20 /t (except AD MSW & 6.7 /GJ) EC & AR = energy crops & agricultural residues MSW = biogenic municipal solid waste S/M = animal manure / sewage sludge

10 Mitigation Measures More efficient use of energy Greater use of low-carbon and no-carbon energy Many of these technologies exist today Improved carbon sinks Reduced deforestation and improved forest management and planting of new forests Bio-energy with carbon capture and storage Lifestyle and behavioural changes AR5 WGIII SPM IPCC AR5 Synthesis Report

11 Conclusions & recommendations Bio-CCS has significant potential for negative emissions Challenges for Bio-CCS accounting & rewarding: Sustainability of biomass Emissions along the value chain Direct and indirect land use change Discussions regarding support measures for Bio-CCS should address dluc/iluc and other sustainability issues Creditability of negative emissions and GHG accounting schemes Be mindful of the parity of treatment: biomass vs. fossil fuels Assessment and amendment of GHG accounting rules with regards to Bio-CCS is needed

12 Recent IEAGHG work Includes: Potential for Biomass and CCS, IEAGHG Report 2011/06 Potential for Biomethane and CCS, IEAGHG Report 2013/11 Biomass and CCS Guidance for Accounting for Negative Emissions, IEAGHG Report 2014/05

13 Concentrated Solar Power Ivanpah boiler Sources (DLR,SNL, Solarmundo,SBP)

14 Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) and CCS using PCC Analysis steps Thermal energy requirements of CCS plants Identification of streams for heating Area available and required for solar thermal arrays Comparison of renewable alternatives Types of array and capabilities Heat transport and energy storage considerations Matching array type, transport medium and heat requirements Effects on overall efficiency Spatial layout of CCS plant and arrays

15 CSP and CCS - Conclusions Area around a large CCS plant is sufficient to collect significant amount of solar thermal energy Direct steam generation using linear Fresnel arrays makes best use of the land Best use of the energy is through installation of a separate steam turbine system This would leave a permanent stand alone legacy of a small independent solar power plant Integration of Solar Energy Technologies with CCS, IEAGHG 2012/TR1.

16 J.Craig 2013 Geothermal Energy Construct Construct Questionnaire Launch Publicity Campaign Product Classification (HTS, ECCN, Schedule B, etc.) Export compliance check Candidate Selection Letter of Credit (L/C) check Interviews Export compliance check License Management Analysis & Reporting Customs communication Export document printing L/C compliant printing

17 Geothermal and CCS Conventional hydro-geothermal could use CO2 to drive hot water out for use Enhanced geothermal fracking plus heat exchange fluid CO2 as heat exchange fluid Denmark project study Delft Aardwarmte co-generation project with EGT and CCS, NL Geothermal Energy and Storage, IEAGHG 2010/TR3

18 Cranfield CO 2 Geothermal Field Demonstration Barry Freifeld, Lehua Pan, and Christine Doughty Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Kate Hart, Steve Hostler, and Steve Zakem Echogen Power Systems Inc. Bruce Cutright and Tracy Terrall Bureau of Economic Geology, University of Texas, Austin,

19 CO 2 Geothermal Use CO 2 as a working fluid instead of water. Take advantage of CO 2 s thermodynamic properties to improve system performance

20 Comparing CO 2 with water as a Heat Transmission Fluid Property Water CO 2 Chemistry Mobility Powerful solvent for Non-polar fluid, rock minerals, lots of poor solvent for Properties: dissolution green - favorable, and red - unfavorable rock minerals precipitation High viscosity, high density Low viscosity and moderate density Heat transmission Large specific heat Small specific heat Wellbore circulation Fluid losses Availability Power plant Small compressibility, modest expansivity Expensive and unwanted Widespread, limited in arid regions Higher capital costs, larger footprint Large compressibility and expansivity Credits for GHG mitigation GCS key enabling element More compact, lower capital cost

21 Conclusions The thermosiphon was set up but was not self-sustaining Water production was higher than predicted A detailed analysis of the data will be required to understand the field observations 21 US DOE Geothermal Office eere.energy.gov

22 CCS and Renewable Energy Bio-CCS Concentrated Solar Power and CCS Geothermal and CCS

23 Thank You