SHORT COURCE: ADVANCED MODELING AND TOOLS FOR ANALYSIS OF ENERGY USE IN SUPERMARKET SYSTEMS

Transcription

1 SHORT COURCE: ADVANCED MODELING AND TOOLS FOR ANALYSIS OF ENERGY USE IN SUPERMARKET SYSTEMS Performance Analysis, System Optimization and Tool Development An open workshop at the ICR2007 1

2 Program (Session 1): 8:30 Welcome and Introduction (15 min), Per Lundqvist, Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden and Monica Axell, IEA Heat Pump Centre 8:45 Energy use in supermarkets an overview Country presentations (15 min) Canada: Dr. Vasile Minea, Scientist Researcher, Hydro-Quebec Research Institute Canada Germany: Prof. Michael Kauffeld, Institute of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Environmental Engineering, Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences USA: Dr. Deepak Perti, Senior Research, Dupont, USA. UK: Professor Savas Tassou, Head of School of Engineering and Design, Brunel University. Sweden: Dr. Monica Axell, Research, Technical Research Institute of Sweden 10:00 Coffee 2

3 Session 2: library 10:20 Introduction to Task 3: Development and validation of a model for specific supermarket equipment and Task 4: Development of wholebuilding simulation models. 4 Invited lectures (15 min) Canada: Mr. Daniel Giguére, Project Manager, Natural Resources Canada. USA: Dr. Deepak Perti, Senior Research, Dupont, USA. UK: Dr Yunting Ge, Lecturer, Brunel University Sweden: Dr. Jaime Arias, Research, Royal Institute of Technology Panel and discussion (25 min) 12:00 End 3

4 Why is this work important? Supermarkets are the most energy intensive buildings in the commercial sector. 3-5 % of the total use of electricity stems from supermarkets in industrialized countries. the annual refrigerant losses are as high as 15-30% of the total charge thus making supermarkets to the no2 emission source after mobile air conditioning. 4

5 Installed amounts of CFC, HCFC, HFC (weighted with CO 2 -eq.) Results from: IPCC/TEAP Special Report on Safeguarding the Ozone Layer and the Global Climate System Other Banks (Mt CO2-eq.) Foams Mobile Air Conditioning Stationary Air Conditioning Refrigeration BAU-2015 Banks by Sector 5

6 The relative importance of various sectors (weighted with CO 2 -eq.) Medical aerosols HFC-23 byproduct Other HFC-23 byproduct Other Foams Medical aerosols Refrigeration Foams Refrigeration Mobile Air Conditioning Stationary Air Conditioning Emissions 2002 : 2.5 GtCO 2 -eq. Mobile Air Conditioning Stationary Air Conditioning Emissions BAU-2015 : 2.3 GtCO 2 -eq. Results from: IPCC/TEAP 6

7 Energy use per m 2 there are large variations! kwh/m Data for one major chain in Sweden size 7

8 Supermarket systems are complex and interrelated! Electricity Heat Ta, RHa Solar, wind T, RH -18ºC +3ºC System boundaries 8

9 Annex 31 Aims: to provide new knowledge, methods and tools for enhanced design and energy efficiency and thus reduced environmental impact from supermarkets. 9

10 More The aim of the Annex is to increase the level of understanding of the interaction between the refrigeration system and the indoor climate as well as HVAC system and the building envelope. The Annex aims also at the development of indices for energy use and environmental impact for different countries and systems. Methods for comparisons between different regions and climates will be developed. 10

11 And also: Development of reasonable accurate simulation tools that can be used to assist in the analysis of the energy performance and in the development of energy efficient strategies for supermarkets. 11

12 METHODOLOGY, TASKS AND DELIVERABLES Task 1 - Collection of available data from different supermarkets (benchmarking) Task 2 Development of performance indices for supermarkets Task 3 Development and validation of a model library for specific supermarket equipment Task 4 Development of whole-building simulation models. Task 5 Comparison of the results obtained with the different whole-building simulation models for selected case studies Task 6 Future perspectives and possibilities Task 7 Deployment of the knowledge developed (indices, guidelines, papers, fact sheets) 12

13 Strategic future areas for commercial refrigeration according to IPCC report: Improved containment, charge reduction and moving to non-fluorocarbon refrigerants in refrigeration Improved energy efficiency These measures can reduce direct GHG emissions by 10% to 30%, resulting in about 460 MtCO2-eq/yr direct emission reduction by

14 Task 2 Development of performance indices for supermarkets Task leader - Sweden Natl Team (KTH and SP) This task will focus on the development of meaningful perfor-mance indices for supermarkets, like energy usage, CO2 emissions, operating costs (per m2, or m3, per m display case, etc.) for different countries and systems. It will be based on the analysis of the data collected in task 1 and an analysis document where performance indices are explained and resolved into categories such as (i) efficient refrigeration technologies, (ii) efficient HVAC integration and control, (iii) efficient buildings (building codes), (iv) climate issues and (v) other issues. One of the primary tools for comparison will be based on the TEWI/LCCPconcept meaning that direct and indirect effect on global warming need to be determined for each supermarket. 14

15 Task 3 Development and validation of a model library for specific supermarket equipment Task leader (Jaime Arias KTH) This task will focus on the selection, adaptation and validation of the equipment models that are specific for supermarkets. Some models for equipment like display cases will be developed or improved. The subtasks will be organized for the different sub-systems such as Display cases, refrigeration system, HVAC etc. Grouping of sub-systems and selection of sub-task leaders. Identification and collection of existing specific equipment simulation models suitable for modelling of supermarkets Analysis and evaluation of selected models Selection of models to be included in a Recommended models library Development of specific simulation models to complement the model library if needed Deliverables: Subtask leaders report to OA months x (to be revised) Working meeting in conjunction with workshop (task 1 and 2) 15

16 Task 4 Development of whole-building simulation models. Task leader (Savvas Tassou/Brunel UK) This task will be broken down in the following subtasks: Analysis and evaluation of the present simulation tools available/suitable for supermarkets Identification of the most suitable simulation environments for the given modelling aims Development of whole-building simulation models and integration of the equipment model library (task 3) Deliverable: National report on existing models and models under development (voluntary) Open workshop IIR congress in Beijing, Aug 2007 (task 3 and 4) 16

17 Task 5 Comparison of the results obtained with the different whole-building simulation models for selected case studies Task leader NRC Canada Roberto Sunye Validation of the model(s) using the data collected in task 1 and 2 Deliverable: Results to be included in final report Working meeting for task 5-7 in conjunction with workshop part

18 Task 6 Future perspectives and possibilities Task leader Sweden KTH and SP Identification of the possibilities to implement advanced control strategies in supermarkets Identification of possibilities to use modeling and simulation for fault detection analysis (FDA) Etc Deliverable: to be included in final report 18

19 Task 7 Deployment of the knowledge developed (indices, guidelines, papers, fact sheets) Task leader - Sweden KTH and SP Deliverables: Working meeting 4 - planning for final report Final report on CD including national reports and intermediate reports produced in tasks 1-6. Workshop in connection with IEA HPP conference in 2008, Extended executive summary for a broad audience, printed 19

20 Activities and preliminary results 20

21 Activities in Sweden Questionnaire developed and distributed to the two biggest supermarkets chains in Sweden. Collection of data including refrigernt use and leakage Detailed field measurements are on-going several stores done by KTH and SP in Borås. Further development of models in CyberMart for new systems and subsystems 21

22 Preliminary results from Sweden Average Energy Using Number Heated Area Heated Area m 2 kwh/m2 Convenience store small Convenience store mean Convenience store large Supermarket Hypermarket Discount store Total

23 Preliminary results from Sweden Average Size Sweden m conveninence store small conveninence store mean conveninence store large Supermarket Hyper market Discount stores type of store 23

24 Specific energy use and cooling capacity 600 average specific energy use and cooling capacity 500 kwh/m2 cooling cap, kw kwh/m2, kw conveninence store small conveninence store mean conveninence store large Supermarket Hyper market Discount stores type of store 24

25 Energy use in a supermarket in Sweden Supermarket with Heat Recovery and Floating Condensing Lambohov Total Energy Using Outdoor Temp Tot.Electricity Tot.Compressor 80 Temp[ C], Power[kW] Time 25

26 Installed amounts of CFC, HCFC, HFC (weighted with CO 2 -eq.) HFC Banks (Mt CO2-eq.) HCFC CFC BAU-2015 Banks by Gas Results from: IPCC/TEAP Special Report on Safeguarding the Ozone Layer and the Global Climate System 26

27 Refrigerant usage history for one major Swedish Chain (by type) Total amount of refrigerant installed kg Year R417A R407C R404A/R507 R134a R22 R502 R12 27

28 Total potential CO2 eqv. (banked) Total CO2 eqv. installed (potential impact) 1000 kg (1 Tonne) CO2 Eqv Year R417A R404A/R507 R134a R22 R502 R12 28

29 Leakage per year Yearly Leakage 25 Leakage in % R12 R22 R502 weight R404A R407C R417A Year 29

30 Give released GWP eqv per year Total leak GWP corrected 1000 kg (1 tonne) CO2 eqv R417A R407C R404A R134a R502 R22 R Year 30

31 Activities in Canada Canada has started discussions with the major Canadian supermarkets chains in order to collect the so-called black box data and expect to start the process by the next semester Field measurements are going on in several stores done by LTE and CETC-V. Canada has been working on a new supermarket Excel spreadsheet simulation tool and a preliminary version should be released in the second semester of

32 Preliminary results from Canada Supermarket #1: Power Demands: Supermarket, Low Temperature And Medium Temperature Racks Power Demand, kw Daily Average Power Demand Supermarket #1 Supermarket #1 Annual Average: 316 kw Medium Temperature Rack Low Temperature Rack Day 32

33 Preliminary results from Canada Supermarket #1: Profile of Annual Electrical Energy Daily Electrical Energy Consumption Supermarket #1 Total Store: kwh/year Low Temperature Rack Medium Temperature Rack Electrical Energy, kwh Day

34 Activities in USA One US supermarket company has provided summary energy and leak data for 21 stores. This data set will be useful to meet Task 1 requirements but will not be sufficient to generate statistically validated indices nor will it be representative of the US supermarket industry as a whole. Detailed monitoring data from several supermarkets obtained in previous and ongoing monitoring projects will be available for Annex 31 use. USA will develop an enhanced module to represent supermarket refrigeration systems in the Energy Plus environment. 34

35 Preliminary results from USA Preliminary statistics from one US supermarket company Average store size: 57,800 ft 2 (5400 m 2 ) Refrigerant: R404A System type: Multiplex direct expansion, central compressor racks Average total charge: 3160 lb (1435 kg) Refrigerant loss, 2006: 7.9% (range from 0-27%) NOTE little correlation with store age (see chart below) Average annual electricity: 2,330,000 kwh (194,000 kwh/m) 434 kwh/m 2 /y For 2006, total store usage Monthly variation for eight stores in second chart Average annual gas: 33,800 therms (3570 GJ) 665 MJ/m 2 /y (for 2006) 35

36 Preliminary results from USA 36

37 Preliminary results from USA 37

38 Meetings so far: Kick off ASHRAE 2006 Chicago Telephone/computer conference meetings during spring 2006 IKK Germany in October 2006 Meeting in Dallas in January 2007 Next meeting in Beijing Workshop in Beijing in conjunction with IIR conference late august 2007, 25th of August. 38

39 Task 1 - Collection of available data from different supermarkets (benchmarking) Task leader - Sweden Natl Team (KTH and SP) Most large supermarkets are currently fully instrumented and equipped with high performance computerized control systems. A large number of data are available but generally poorly exploited to analyze the energy performance of the HVAC&R equipment and optimize its operation. The objective of this task is to collect enough data in order to establish energy efficiency indices for benchmarking and to validate the models to be developed or improved. The data collected should support a TEWI or LCCP analysis. Deliverables: Each participant produces a national report (working material) 39

40 UPDATED TIME SCHEDULE TIME SCHEDULE This Annex shall enter into force on 1 January 2006 and shall continue for a period of 36 months. The work schedule is as follows: Meetings: January 2006: Startup meeting in conjunction with ASHRAE WM 2006 (USA) October 2006: Annex meeting 2a in conjunction with IKK 2006 (Germany) January 2007: Annex meeting 2b in conjunction with ASHRAE WAM 2007 (USA) August 2007: Annex meeting 3 with open workshop in conjunction with IIR congress in Beijing (China) December 2007: Annex meeting 4 May 2008: Annex meeting 5 with open workshop in conjunction with IEA HP Conference in Zurich (Switzerland) 40

41 LCCP and TEWI = Direct and indirect effects Refrigerant Emissions Energy LCCP, in tco 2 -eq./yr Configuration % of Consumption Indirect Direct Total charge/yr Direct Expansion (DX) 30% baseline DX (Harnisch et al. data) 11.5% baseline DX distributed 75% charge reduction 6.5% baseline Sec. Loop R404A 80% charge reduction 6.5% baseline + 15% Sec. Loop propane 80% charge reduction 6.5% baseline + 10% Sec. Loop ammonia 80% charge reduction 6.5% baseline + 15% DX R404A and DX CO 2 50% charge reduction 6.5% baseline DX CO 2 /CO % baseline + 10% Results from: IPCC/TEAP 41