CHAPTER 6: GEOCHEMICAL CYCLES Daniel J. Jacob, Atmospheric Chemistry, Harvard University, Spring 2017
|
|
|
- Myrtle Powell
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 CHAPTER 6: GEOCHEMICAL CYCLES Daniel J. Jacob, Atmospheric Chemistry, Harvard University, Spring 2017 THE EARTH: ASSEMBLAGE OF ATOMS OF THE 92 NATURAL ELEMENTS Most abundant elements: oxygen (in solid earth!), iron (core), silicon (mantle), hydrogen (oceans), nitrogen, carbon, sulfur The elemental composition of the Earth has remained essentially unchanged over its 4.5 Gyr history Extraterrestrial inputs (e.g., from meteorites, cometary material) have been relatively unimportant Escape to space has been restricted by gravity Biogeochemical cycling of these elements between the different reservoirs of the Earth system determines the composition of the Earth s atmosphere and oceans, and the evolution of life
2 HISTORY OF EARTH S ATMOSPHERE N 2 CO 2 H 2 O oceans form CO 2 dissolves O 2 O 2 reaches current levels; life invades continents Outgassing Life forms in oceans Onset of photosynthesis 4.5 Gy B.P 4 Gy B.P. 3.5 Gy B.P. 0.4 Gy B.P. present
3 Comparing the atmospheres of Earth and Venus Venus Earth Radius (km) Surface pressure (atm) 91 1 CO 2 (mol/mol) x10-4 N 2 (mol/mol) 3.4x O 2 (mol/mol) 6.9x H 2 O (mol/mol) 3x10-3 1x10-2
4 BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLING OF ELEMENTS: examples of major processes Physical exchange, redox chemistry, biochemistry are involved Surface reservoirs
5 OXIDATION STATES OF NITROGEN N has 5 electrons in valence shell 9 oxidation states from 3 to +5 Increasing oxidation number (oxidation reactions) NH 3 Ammonia NH 4 + Ammonium N 2 Dinitrogen N 2 O Nitrous oxide NO Nitric oxide HONO Nitrous acid NO 2 - Nitrite NO 2 Nitrogen dioxide HNO 3 Nitric acid NO 3 - Nitrate R 1 N(R 2 )R 3 Organic N Decreasing oxidation number (reduction reactions)
6 THE NITROGEN CYCLE: MAJOR PROCESSES ATMOSPHERE N 2 combustion lightning NO oxidation HNO 3 BIOSPHERE orgn assimilation biofixation decay NH 3 /NH 4 + denitrification nitrification deposition NO 3 - burial weathering LITHOSPHERE
7 Questions 1. Denitrification seems at first glance to be a terrible waste for the biosphere, jettisoning precious fixed nitrogen back to the atmospheric N 2 reservoir. In fact, denitrification is essential for maintaining life in the interior of continents. Can you see why? 2. Although volcanoes don't emit O 2 they do emit a lot of oxygen (as H 2 O and CO 2 ). Both H 2 O and CO 2 photolyze in the upper atmosphere. Photolysis of H 2 O results in production of atmospheric O 2 but photolysis of CO 2 does not. Why this difference?
8 BOX MODEL OF THE NITROGEN CYCLE Inventories in Tg N Flows in Tg N yr -1
9 Population, billions Global human perturbation of nitrogen cycle Global anthropogenic N fixation now exceeds natural: J.N. Galloway, UVa Natural Nr Creation, Tg N/yr Population Haber Bosch C-BNF Fossil Fuel agricultural biofixation Resulting N deposition (NH 4+, NO 3- ) modifies ecosystem function, C storage Annual N deposition Atmosphere NH 3 NO Tg N a -1 fossil fuel critical load Zhang et al. [2012]
10 N 2 O: LOW-YIELD PRODUCT OF BACTERIAL NITRIFICATION AND DENITRIFICATION Important as source of NO x radicals in stratosphere greenhouse gas Main anthropogenic source: agriculture IPCC [2014]
11 FAST OXYGEN CYCLE: ATMOSPHERE-BIOSPHERE Source of O 2 : photosynthesis nco 2 + nh 2 O (CH 2 O) n + no 2 Sink: respiration/decay (CH 2 O) n + no 2 nco 2 + nh 2 O CO 2 Net photosynthesis by green plants: 200 Pg O/yr orgc Pg O O 2 O 2 lifetime: 6000 years litter orgc decay
12 but abundance of organic carbon in biosphere/soil/ocean reservoirs is too small to control atmospheric O 2 levels
13 SLOW OXYGEN CYCLE: ATMOSPHERE-LITHOSPHERE O 2 : 1.2x10 6 Pg O O 2 lifetime: 3 million years Photosynthesis decay O 2 CO 2 Fe 2 O runoff 3 H 2 SO 4 O 2 CO 2 weathering FeS 2 orgc OCEAN orgc CONTINENT SEDIMENTS burial orgc CO 2 microbes FeS 2 Compression subduction Uplift orgc: 1x10 7 Pg C FeS 2 : 5x10 6 Pg S
14
15 ATMOSPHERIC CO 2 INCREASE OVER PAST 1000 YEARS Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2007
16 ANTARCTIC ICE CORE RECORD OF TEMPERATURE AND CO 2 CO 2 and temperature are strongly correlated through glacial-interglacial cycles
![IPCC [2014] CO 2 over the](/docs-images/79/80124856/images/17-0.jpg "last 60 million years")
17 IPCC [2014] CO 2 over the last 60 million years Eocene
18 INTERANNUAL TREND IN CO 2 INCREASE Pg C yr -1 On average, only 60% of emitted CO 2 remains in the atmosphere but there is large interannual variability in this fraction
19 ATMOSPHERE CO 2 (g) UPTAKE OF CO 2 BY THE OCEANS OCEAN K H = 3x10-2 M atm -1 CO 2. H 2 O K 1 = 9x10-7 M CO 2. H 2 O HCO 3- + H + K 2 = 7x10-10 M HCO 3 - CO H + CO 2. H 2 O HCO 3 - CO 3 2-
20 EQUILIBRIUM PARTITIONING OF CO 2 BETWEEN ATMOSPHERE AND GLOBAL OCEAN Equilibrium for present-day ocean: F N ( g) 1 NCO2( g) + NCO2( aq) VocPKH K1 KK N a [H ] [H ] CO2 = = = 0.03 only 3% of total inorganic carbon is currently in the atmosphere But CO 2 (g) [H + ] F positive feedback to increasing CO 2 Pose problem differently: how does a CO 2 addition dn partition between the atmosphere and ocean at equilibrium (whole ocean)? f dn ( g) 1 CO2 = = = dnco2( g) + dnco2( aq) VocPKHK1K Naβ H 28% of added CO 2 remains in atmosphere! 0.28
21 ADDITIONAL LIMITATION OF CO 2 UPTAKE: SLOW OCEAN TURNOVER (~ 200 years) Inventories in m 3 water Flows in m 3 yr -1 Uptake by oceanic mixed layer only (V OC = 3.6x10 16 m 3 ) would give f = 0.94 (94% of added CO 2 remains in atmosphere)
22 MEAN COMPOSITION OF SEAWATER
23 Equilibrium calculation for [Alk] = 2.3x10-3 M [CO 2. H 2 O]+[HCO 3- ] +[CO 3 2- ], 10-3 M [HCO 3- ], 10-3 M [CO 3 2- ], 10-4 M Ocean ph pco 2, ppm LIMIT ON OCEAN UPTAKE OF CO 2 : CONSERVATION OF ALKALINITY Charge balance in the ocean: [HCO 3- ] + 2[CO 3 2- ] = [Na + ] + [K + ] + 2[Mg 2+ ] + 2[Ca 2+ ] - [Cl - ] 2[SO 4 2- ] [Br - ] The alkalinity [Alk] [HCO 3- ] + 2[CO 3 2- ] = 2.3x10-3 M is the excess base relative to the CO 2 -H 2 O system It is conserved upon addition of CO 2 uptake of CO 2 is limited by the existing supply of CO 3 2- : CO 2 (g) + CO 32 + H 2 O 2HCO 3 - Increasing Alk requires dissolution of sediments: CaCO 3 Ca 2+ + CO 3 2- which takes place over a time scale of thousands of years
24 LAND-ATMOSPHERE CARBON CYCLING: MAJOR PROCESSES
25 LAND-ATMOSPHERE CARBON CYCLING: BOX MODEL Inventories in PgC Flows in PgC a -1
26 Reforestation in action: Harvard Forest in Petersham, central Mass. then and now
27 Decrease in O 2 as constraint on land uptake of CO 2 IPCC [2014]
28 EVIDENCE FOR LAND UPTAKE OF CO 2 FROM TRENDS IN O 2,
29 Current net uptake of CO 2 by biosphere (1.4 Pg C yr -1 ) is small residual of large atmosphere-biosphere exchange
30 NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (NPP): The tropics dominate
31 Observed latitudinal gradient of atmospheric CO 2 shows that the missing sink is at northern mid-latitudes but we still don t know what continent
32 Carbon budget, 1750 present IPCC, 2014
33 Projected future trends in CO 2 emissions
34 PROJECTED FUTURE TRENDS IN CO 2 UPTAKE BY OCEANS AND TERRESTRIAL BIOSPHERE
CHAPTER 6. GEOCHEMICAL CYCLES
83 CHAPTER 6. GEOCHEMICAL CYCLES So far we have viewed the concentrations of species in the atmosphere as controlled by emissions, transport, chemistry, and deposition. From an Earth system perspective,
Cycling and Biogeochemical Transformations of N, P and S
Cycling and Biogeochemical Transformations of N, P and S OCN 401 - Biogeochemical Systems Reading: Schlesinger, Chapter 6 1. Nitrogen cycle Soil nitrogen cycle Nitrification Emissions of N gases from soils
1) The Changing Carbon Cycle
1) The Changing Carbon Cycle WG1 Chapter 6, figure 1 The numbers represent carbon reservoirs in Petagrams of Carbon (PgC; 10 15 gc) and the annual exchanges in PgC/year. The black numbers and arrows show
7.014 Lecture 20: Biogeochemical Cycles April 1, 2007
Global Nutrient Cycling - Biogeochemical Cycles 7.14 Lecture 2: Biogeochemical Cycles April 1, 27 Uptake Bioelements in Solution Weathering Precipitation Terrestrial Biomass Decomposition Volatile Elements
Nutrients elements required for the development, maintenance, and reproduction of organisms.
Nutrient Cycles Energy flows through ecosystems (one way trip). Unlike energy, however, nutrients (P, N, C, K, S ) cycle within ecosystems. Nutrients are important in controlling NPP in ecosystems. Bottom-up
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES: The RECYCLING of MATERIALS through living organisms and the physical environment.
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES: The RECYCLING of MATERIALS through living organisms and the physical environment. BIOCHEMIST: Scientists who study how LIFE WORKS at a CHEMICAL level. The work of biochemists has
Environmental Science. Physics and Applications
Environmental Science 1 Environmental Science. Physics and Applications. Carbon Cycle Picture from the IPCC report on the environment. 4. Carbon cycle 4.1 Carbon cycle, introduction 4.2 The oceans 4.3
Cycling and Biogeochemical Transformations of N, P, S, and K
Cycling and Biogeochemical Transformations of N, P, S, and K OCN 401 - Biogeochemical Systems 20 September 2016 Reading: Schlesinger & Bernhardt, Chapter 6 2016 Frank Sansone 1. Nitrogen cycle Soil nitrogen
The Biosphere and Biogeochemical Cycles
The Biosphere and Biogeochemical Cycles The Earth consists of 4 overlapping layers: Lithosphere Hydrosphere (and cryosphere) Atmosphere Biosphere The Biosphere The biosphere is the layer of life around
The Carbon Cycle. 1. The Global Carbon Budget
The Carbon Cycle 1. The global carbon budget... 1 2. The oceanic carbon cycle... 7 3. The terrestrial carbon cycle and "missing sink"... 12 4. Fossil fuel emissions of CO 2... 15 1. The Global Carbon Budget
1. Where are nutrients accumulated or stored for short or long periods?
Use with textbook pages 68 87. Nutrient cycles Answer the questions below. Comprehension 1. Where are nutrients accumulated or stored for short or long periods? 2. Name a biotic process and an abiotic
The Carbon cycle. Atmosphere, terrestrial biosphere and ocean are constantly exchanging carbon
The Carbon cycle Atmosphere, terrestrial biosphere and ocean are constantly exchanging carbon The oceans store much more carbon than the atmosphere and the terrestrial biosphere The oceans essentially
Ocean Production and CO 2 uptake
Ocean Production and CO 2 uptake Fig. 6.6 Recall: Current ocean is gaining Carbon.. OCEAN Reservoir size: 38000 Flux in: 90 Flux out: 88+0.2=88.2 90-88.2 = 1.8 Pg/yr OCEAN is gaining 1.8 Pg/yr Sum of the
Ch. 5 - Nutrient Cycles and Soils
Ch. 5 - Nutrient Cycles and Soils What are Nutrient (biogeochemical) Cycles? a process by which nutrients are recycled between living organisms and nonliving environment. The three general types of nutrient
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES INTRODUCTION THE CYCLING PROCESS TWO CYCLES: CARBON CYCLE NITROGEN CYCLE HUMAN IMPACTS GLOBAL WARMING AQUATIC EUTROPHICATION
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES INTRODUCTION THE CYCLING PROCESS TWO CYCLES: CARBON CYCLE NITROGEN CYCLE HUMAN IMPACTS GLOBAL WARMING AQUATIC EUTROPHICATION BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES: The RECYCLING of MATERIALS through
2.2 Nutrient Cycles in Ecosystems. Review How energy flows What is the difference between a food chain, food web, and food pyramid?
2.2 Nutrient Cycles in Ecosystems Review How energy flows What is the difference between a food chain, food web, and food pyramid? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xhr1iebeops https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=alusi_6ol8m
3 3 Cycles of Matter. EOC Review
EOC Review A freshwater plant is placed in a salt marsh. Predict the direction in which water will move across the plant s cell wall, and the effect of that movement on the plant. a. Water would move out
Chapter Two: Cycles of Matter (pages 32-65)
Chapter Two: Cycles of Matter (pages 32-65) 2.2 Biogeochemical Cycles (pages 42 52) In order to survive and grow, organisms must obtain nutrients that serve as sources of energy or chemical building blocks,
from volcanoes; carbonate (CaCO 3 + CO 2 + H 2 . The sinks are carbonate rock weathering + SiO2. Ca HCO
The Carbon Cycle Chemical relations We would like to be able to trace the carbon on Earth and see where it comes and where it goes. The sources are CO 2 from volcanoes; carbonate (CaCO 3 ) formation in
Cycles of Matter. Slide 1 of 33. End Show. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Cycles of Matter 1 of 33 The purpose of this lesson is to learn the water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles. This PowerPoint will provide most of the required information you need to accomplish
2.2 Nutrient Cycles in Ecosystems
2.2 Nutrient Cycles in Ecosystems CARBON CYCLE A. Carbon Facts: Carbon is found in all living matter. Places that carbon is found are called stores or sinks Short-term Stores Long-term Stores - living
Chapter 3 Ecosystem Ecology. Tuesday, September 19, 17
Chapter 3 Ecosystem Ecology Reversing Deforestation in Haiti Answers the following: Why is deforestation in Haiti so common? What the negative impacts of deforestation? Name three actions intended counteract
Biosphere & Biogeochemical Cycles
Biosphere & Biogeochemical Cycles Biosphere Sphere of living organisms All the regions of the earth and its atmosphere in which living organisms are found or can live. Interacts with all the other spheres
Unit 3: Ecology II Section 1: Environmental Systems and Nutrient Cycling
Unit 3: Ecology II Section 1: Environmental Systems and Nutrient Cycling Systems in the Environment are not Independent of one Another Central Case Study: The Vanishing Oysters of the Chesapeake Bay Chesapeake
Guide 34. Ecosystem Ecology: Energy Flow and Nutrient Cycles. p://www.mordantorange.com/blog/archives/comics_by_mike_bannon/mordant_singles/0511/
Guide 34 Ecosystem Ecology: Energy Flow and Nutrient Cycles p://www.mordantorange.com/blog/archives/comics_by_mike_bannon/mordant_singles/0511/ Overview: Ecosystems, Energy, and Matter An ecosystem consists
The Global Phosphorus & Nitrogen Cycles, and Linked C-N-P Cycles
OCN 401 (11.21.17) The Global Phosphorus & Nitrogen Cycles, and Linked C-N-P Cycles The Phosphorus Cycle - Forms and Reactions - Reservoirs, Fluxes and Budgets The Nitrogen Cycle - Forms and Reactions
Cycles of Ma,er. Lesson Overview. Lesson Overview. 3.4 Cycles of Matter
Lesson Overview Cycles of Ma,er Lesson Overview 3.4 Cycles of Matter THINK ABOUT IT A handful of elements combine to form the building blocks of all known organisms. Organisms cannot manufacture these
3.4 Cycles of Matter. Recycling in the Biosphere. Lesson Objectives. Lesson Summary
3.4 Cycles of Matter Lesson Objectives Describe how matter cycles among the living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem. Describe how water cycles through the biosphere. Explain why nutrients are important
Global Warming Science Solar Radiation
SUN Ozone and Oxygen absorb 190-290 nm. Latent heat from the surface (evaporation/ condensation) Global Warming Science Solar Radiation Turbulent heat from the surface (convection) Some infrared radiation
Part 3. Oceanic Carbon and Nutrient Cycling
OCN 401 Biogeochemical Systems (11.03.11) (Schlesinger: Chapter 9) Part 3. Oceanic Carbon and Nutrient Cycling Lecture Outline 1. Models of Carbon in the Ocean 2. Nutrient Cycling in the Ocean Atmospheric-Ocean
The Carbon Cycle. Goal Use this page to review the carbon cycle. CHAPTER 2 BLM 1-19 DATE: NAME: CLASS:
CHAPTER 2 BLM 1-19 The Carbon Cycle Goal Use this page to review the carbon cycle. CHAPTER 2 BLM 1-20 The Carbon Cycle Concept Map Goal Use this page to make a concept map about the carbon cycle. What
Lightning and Atmospheric Chemistry
Lightning and Atmospheric Chemistry 1785 Cavendish performed the first experiments with a spark discharge in glass tube. Discovered that oxidized nitrogen (NO x =NO + NO 2 ) compounds resulted from the
climate change Contents CO 2 (ppm)
climate change CO 2 (ppm) 2007 Joachim Curtius Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre Universität Mainz Contents 1. Summary 2. Background 3. Climate change: observations 4. CO 2 : ocean acidification 5. OtherGreenhouse
NITROGEN CYCLE. Big Question. Dr. B. K. Bindhani Assistant Professor KIIT School of Biotechnology KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, Indi.
ITROGE CYCLE Big Question Why Are Biogeochemical Cycles Essential to Long-Term Life on Earth? Dr. B. K. Bindhani Assistant Professor KIIT School of Biotechnology KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, Indi.a
Greenhouse Effect. The Greenhouse Effect
Greenhouse Effect The Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse gases let short-wavelength radiation come into the Earth s atmosphere from the sun. However, they absorb and re-radiate Earth s long-wavelength radiation
Carbon is an element. It is part of oceans, air, rocks, soil and all living things. Carbon doesn t stay in one place. It is always on the move!
The Carbon Cycle Carbon is an element. It is part of oceans, air, rocks, soil and all living things. Carbon doesn t stay in one place. It is always on the move! Carbon moves from the atmosphere to plants.
CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE
Water Vapor: A GHG Lesson 3 page 1 of 2 Water Vapor: A GHG Water vapor in our atmosphere is an important greenhouse gas (GHG). On a cloudy day we can see evidence of the amount of water vapor in our atmosphere.
2.2 Nutrient Cycles in Ecosystems Name: Date: (Reference: BC Science 10 pp. 68 to 91) Block: NUTRIENT CYCLING IN THE BIOSPHERE. nutrients: aka.
2.2 Nutrient Cycles in Ecosystems Name: Date: (Reference: BC Science 10 pp. 68 to 91) Block: NUTRIENT CYCLING IN THE BIOSPHERE nutrients: stores: aka Nutrients are accumulated for short or long periods
Carbon Dioxide and Global Warming Case Study
Carbon Dioxide and Global Warming Case Study Key Concepts: Greenhouse Gas Carbon dioxide El Niño Global warming Greenhouse effect Greenhouse gas La Niña Land use Methane Nitrous oxide Radiative forcing
Prof Brendan Mackey, PhD
Role of forests in global carbon cycle and mitigation Presentation for Land use and Forests in the Paris Agreement, real world implications of negative emissions and Bioenergy CCS (BECCS) May 12 th & 13
Human perturbations to the global Nitrogen cycle
Human perturbations to the global Nitrogen cycle Lecture for Biogeochemistry and Global Change Edzo Veldkamp The pace of human caused global change has increased in modern history, but none so rapidly
Chapter 4. Ecosystems
Chapter 4 Ecosystems Chapter 4 Section 1: What Is an Ecosystem Key Vocabulary Terms 7 Adapted from Holt Biology 2008 Community A group of various species that live in the same habitat and interact with
Carbon Dioxide, Alkalinity and ph
Carbon Dioxide, Alkalinity and ph OCN 62 Chemical Oceanography Reading: Libes, Chapter 15, pp. 8 94 (Remainder of chapter: Biogenic production, carbonate saturation and sediment distributions ) 1. CO 2
Ocean Carbon Sequestration
Aspen Global Change Institute Ocean Carbon Sequestration Ken Caldeira DOE Center for Research on Ocean Carbon Sequestration and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Outline Carbon management and ocean
Ecosystems: Nutrient Cycles
Ecosystems: Nutrient Cycles Greeks, Native Peoples, Buddhism, Hinduism use(d) Earth, Air, Fire, and Water as the main elements of their faith/culture Cycling in Ecosystems the Hydrologic Cycle What are
Human nitrogen fixation and greenhouse gas emissions: a global assessment
Human nitrogen fixation and greenhouse gas emissions: a global assessment Wim de Vries 1,2, Enzai Du 3, Klaus Butterbach-Bahl 4, Lena Schulte-Uebbing 2, Frank Dentener 5 1 Alterra Wageningen University
Ecosystems: What Are They and How Do They Work?
Ecosystems: What Are They and How Do They Work? Chapter 3 Section 3-1 WHAT KEEPS US AND OTHER ORGANISMS ALIVE? Earth s life-support system has four major components The atmosphere is the thin membrane
Today. Terrestrial Planets. Atmospheres Climate. Factors affecting atmospheres. Earth, Venus, Mars. Greenhouse effect from planetary perspective
Today Terrestrial Planets Earth, Venus, Mars Atmospheres Climate Greenhouse effect from planetary perspective Factors affecting atmospheres EXAM NEXT TIME Why the sky is blue Atmosphere scatters blue light
Chapter 2 9/15/2015. Chapter 2. Penny Boat. 2.1 The Role of Water in Cycles of Matter
Chapter 2 Chapter 2 Cycles of Matter 2.1 The Role of Water in Cycles of Matter 2.2 Biogeochemical Cycles 2.3 the Balance of the Matter and Energy Exchange 2.1 The Role of Water in Cycles of Matter In this
The Global Carbon Cycle
The Global Carbon Cycle Laurent Bopp LSCE, Paris Introduction CO2 is an important greenhouse gas Contribution to Natural Greenhouse Effect Contribution to Anthropogenic Effect 1 From NASA Website 2 Introduction
The Earth s Atmosphere-I. GEOL 1350: Introduction To Meteorology
The Earth s Atmosphere-I GEOL 1350: Introduction To Meteorology 1 Overview What is the composition of Atmosphere? How did the atmosphere arrive at its current state? 2 Earth s Atmosphere Earth s atmosphere
People, Oceans and Climate Change
People, Oceans and Climate Change A deeper look at the carbon dioxide cycle, greenhouse gases, and oceanic processes over the last 150 years OCN 623 Chemical Oceanography 18 April 2013 Reading: Libes,
Lakes, Primary Production, Budgets and Cycling Schlesinger and Bernhardt (2013): Chapter 8, p
OCN 401-Biogeochemical Systems Lecture #12 (10.8.13) Angelos Hannides, hannides@hawaii.edu Lakes, Primary Production, Budgets and Cycling Schlesinger and Bernhardt (2013): Chapter 8, p. 288-308 1. Physical
The unnatural carbon dioxide cycle and oceanic processes over the last few hundred years. OCN 623 Chemical Oceanography
The unnatural carbon dioxide cycle and oceanic processes over the last few hundred years OCN 623 Chemical Oceanography In the 19th century, scientists realized that gases in the atmosphere cause a "greenhouse
WHY DO WE NEED NITROGEN?? Nitrogen is needed to make up DNA and protein!
Nitrogen Cycle 2.2 WHY DO WE NEED NITROGEN?? Nitrogen is needed to make up DNA and protein! In animals, proteins are vital for muscle function. In plants, nitrogen is important for growth. NITROGEN Nitrogen
The Chemistry of Carbon and Global Warming Potentials Dr. Erik Krogh, Department of Chemistry; Local 2307
The Chemistry of Carbon and Global Warming Potentials Dr. Erik Krogh, Department of Chemistry; erik.krogh@viu.ca; Local 2307 Biogeochemical Cycling - Where on Earth is all the carbon and what s it doing
Lakes, Primary Production, Budgets and Cycling
OCN 401-Biogeochemical Systems Lecture #10 (9.22.11) Lakes, Primary Production, Budgets and Cycling (Schlesinger: Chapter 7) 1. Primary Production and Nutrient Cycling in Lakes Physical aspects and nomenclature
Energy and Matter in COMMUNITIES AND ECOSYSTEMS
Energy and Matter in COMMUNITIES AND ECOSYSTEMS abiotic factors physical aspects i.e. soil, water, weather (non-living) biotic factors the organisms (living) The community AND all physical aspects of
Energy, Greenhouse Gases and the Carbon Cycle
Energy, Greenhouse Gases and the Carbon Cycle David Allen Gertz Regents Professor in Chemical Engineering, and Director, Center for Energy and Environmental Resources Concepts for today Greenhouse Effect
Interactions between C and N cycles in terrestrial ecosystems: progress and uncertainties
Interactions between C and N cycles in terrestrial ecosystems: progress and uncertainties M. Mencuccini School of GeoSciences University of Edinburgh (UK) OUTLINE Brief review of N cycle and links to C
Leif Backman HENVI Seminar February 19, 2009
Methane Sources and Sinks Leif Backman HENVI Seminar February 19, 2009 Background Atmospheric methane Sources & Sinks Concentration variations & trends Objective & methods Objective & Goals Research plan
Earth as a System. Chapter 2. Table of Contents. Section 1 Earth: A Unique Planet. Section 2 Energy in the Earth System.
Earth as a System Table of Contents Section 1 Earth: A Unique Planet Section 2 Energy in the Earth System Section 3 Ecology Section 1 Earth: A Unique Planet Objectives Describe the size and shape of Earth.
Carbon Cycle Midterm Exam April 1, Answer Key
Carbon Cycle Midterm Exam April 1, 2008 Answer Key 1. a. What process dominates the seasonal cycle in atmospheric O 2 at 41 S? Southern summer release and southern winter uptake by the ocean. Part due
Carbon Dioxide, Alkalinity and ph
Carbon Dioxide, Alkalinity and ph OCN 623 Chemical Oceanography 31 January 2013 Reading: Libes, Chapter 15, pp. 383 394 (Remainder of chapter will be used with the lecture: Biogenic production, carbonate
Where have we been. Where are we going today? Lecture Outline. Geoengineering. What is a system?
Where have we been 1. Course Introduction 2. What is the environment 3. Examined in some detail weather disasters for 2010 and 2011 4. Touched on Scale 5. Touched on borders. Examples a) Air pollution
Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs
How Ecosystems Work Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs Autotrophs make their own food so they are called PRODUCERS Heterotrophs get their food from another source so they are called CONSUMERS Two Main forms of
WHY CARBON? The Carbon Cycle 1/17/2011. All living organisms utilize the same molecular building blocks. Carbon is the currency of life
The Carbon Cycle WHY CARBON? Inventories: black text Fluxes: purple arrows Carbon dioxide (+4) AN = 6 (6P/6N) AW = 12.011 Oxidation: -4 to +4 Isotopes: 11 C, 12 C, 1 C, 14 C Methane (-4) Carbon is the
CO 2. and the carbonate system II. Carbon isotopes as a tracer for circulation. The (solid) carbonate connection with. The ocean climate connection
CO 2 and the carbonate system II Carbon isotopes as a tracer for circulation The (solid) carbonate connection with ocean acidity Climate The ocean climate connection The carbon cycle the carbon cycle involves
NOTEBOOK. Table of Contents: 9. Properties of Water 9/20/ Water & Carbon Cycles 9/20/16
NOTEBOOK Table of Contents: 9. Properties of Water 9/20/16 10. Water & Carbon Cycles 9/20/16 NOTEBOOK Assignment Page(s): Agenda: Tuesday, September 20, 2016 Properties of Water Water & Carbon Cycles 1.
Oceans OUTLINE. Reading: White, Chapter 15 Today Finish estuaries and particles, then: 1. The oceans: currents, stratification and chemistry
Oceans OUTLINE Reading: White, Chapter 15 Today Finish estuaries and particles, then: 1. The oceans: currents, stratification and chemistry Next Time Salinity Exercise bring something to calculate with
Biogeochemical Cycles Webquest
Name: Date: Biogeochemical Cycles Webquest In this webquest you will search for information that will answer questions about the water, carbon/oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorous cycles using the listed websites.
MLA Header: coal oil natural gas burning of fossil fuels volcanoes photosynthesis respiration ocean sugar greenhouse decayed
MLA Header: s worksheet Please answer the following using the words in the text box. Carbon coal oil natural gas burning of fossil fuels volcanoes photosynthesis respiration ocean sugar greenhouse decayed
UN Climate Council Words in red are defined in vocabulary section (pg. 9)
UN Climate Council Words in red are defined in vocabulary section (pg. 9) To minimize the negative effects of global climate change, scientists have advocated for action to limit global warming to no more
Klimaänderung. Robert Sausen Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre Oberpfaffenhofen
Klimaänderung Robert Sausen Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre Oberpfaffenhofen Vorlesung WS 2017/18 LMU München 6. Kohlenstoff- und andere biogeochemische Kreisläufe
The Global Carbon Cycle
The Global Carbon Cycle Tom Bibby September 2003 bibby@imcs.rutgers.edu falko@imcs.rutgers.edu The Carbon Cycle - Look at past climatic change; as controlled by the carbon cycle. - Interpret the influence
How Do Carbon Dioxide Concentrations in the Atmosphere Affect Global Climate?
Activity 5 How Do Carbon Dioxide Concentrations in the Atmosphere Affect Global Climate? Goals In this activity you will: Compare data to understand the relationship of carbon dioxide to global temperature.
What does each part of the equation mean? q=cm T
Assignment #10 Energy Pyramids LO: I can define trophic levels and explain the energy flow. I can apply those ideas to food webs EQ: Where does all the energy from the sun go? (4-5 sentences) LEVEL ZERO
Cycles in Nature Standard 1 Objective 2:
Cycles in Nature Standard 1 Objective 2: Explain relationships between matter cycles and Energy a) use diagrams to trace the movement of matter through a cycle b) Explain how water is a limiting factor
MILLER/SPOOLMAN 17 TH LIVING IN THE ENVIRONMENT. CHAPTER 3 Ecosystems: What Are They and How Do They Work?
MILLER/SPOOLMAN LIVING IN THE ENVIRONMENT 17 TH CHAPTER 3 Ecosystems: What Are They and How Do They Work? Core Case Study: Tropical Rain Forests Are Disappearing Cover about 2% of the earth s land surface
CHEMICAL: NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS (read pp in Dodson)
BIOE 155, Fall 010 BACKGROUND CHEMICAL: NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS (read pp39-50 in Dodson) Lakes are often classified according to trophic status, specifically how much energy or food is available for the
ECOSYSTEMS. Follow along in chapter 54. *Means less important
ECOSYSTEMS Follow along in chapter 54 *Means less important How do ecosystems function? What is an ecosystem? All living things in an area and their abiotic environment Ecosystem function can be easily
Global Climate Change
Global Climate Change Greenhouse Gases and Earth s Energy Balance 400 380 CO 2 in air 360 340 320 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Year Global Climate Change 1 / 30 Outline of Topics 1 The Natural Earth System
Chapter 5 Questions Due for Homework Points: # 4, 9, 18, 23, 30, 31, 35, 36 and on notebook paper, not directly on these handouts
Study Outline: Chapters 5, 6, & 9 Environmental Science AP Instructor: Ben Smith Biogeochemical Cycles: Global Recycling Program Ch. 5 Chapter 5 Questions Due for Homework Points: # 4, 9, 18, 23, 30, 31,
Nitrogen & Bacteria. A biological journey through the environment
Nitrogen & Bacteria A biological journey through the environment Sources of Nitrogen to the Environment Agricultural Natural Industrial Transportation Nitrogen as a pollutant Too much Nitrogen can cause
Go to and answer these questions: 1. Draw the carbon cycle:
Name Date Hour Cycling WebQuest: Directions: Visit the following websites and answer the related questions. Your goal is to gain a better understanding of the carbon, nitrogen and water cycle and to understand
A Global View of N 2 O Impact on Net GHG Savings from Crop Biofuels: LCA Comparisons
A Global View of N 2 O Impact on Net GHG Savings from Crop Biofuels: LCA Comparisons Arvin Mosier 1, Paul J. Crutzen 2, Keith Smith 3, and Wilfried Winiwarter 4 1 Mount Pleasant, SC, USA (USDA-ARS/retired)
Science 1206 Mid-term Review Assignment
1 Science 1206 Mid-term Review Assignment Jens-Haven Memorial January 2011 Name: Multiple Choice: /40 Diagrams: /10 Extended Response: /44 Total: /94 This exam contains 10 pages including this one. Make
Ecosystems Section 1 What Is an Ecosystem? Objectives Distinguish Describe Sequence Interactions of Organisms and Their Environment Ecology Habitat
Name Period Ecosystems Section 1 What Is an Ecosystem? Objectives Distinguish an ecosystem from a community. Describe the diversity of a representative ecosystem. Sequence the process of succession. Interactions
Transport & Transformation of chemicals in an ecosystem, involving numerous interrelated physical, chemical, & biological processes
OPEN Wetland Ecology Lectures 14-15-16 Wetland Biogeochemistry What is biogeochemical cycling? Transport & Transformation of chemicals in an ecosystem, involving numerous interrelated physical, chemical,
Observations of Growth Rate of Carbon Reservoirs. Keeling et al. (2000) & Marland et al. (2000)
Carbon Science A new synthesis of the present carbon budget. Building an earth system model for century time scale scenarios An examination of the long term consequences of continued fossil fuel use Scouts
The Cycling of Matter
Section 2 Objectives Describe the short-term and long-term process of the carbon cycle. Identify one way that humans are affecting the carbon cycle. List the three stages of the nitrogen cycle. Describe
MARINE BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES: EFFECTS ON CLIMATE AND RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE
MARINE BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES: EFFECTS ON CLIMATE AND RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE Gattuso, Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche, CNRS-UPMC, B. P. 28, F-06234 Villefranche-sur-mer Cedex, France. Keywords:
Chapter Two: Cycles of Matter (pages 32-65)
Biology 20 Chapter 2.1_keyed Chapter Two: Cycles of Matter (pages 32-65) 2.1 The Role of Water in the Cycles of Matter (pages 34 40) Due to its ability to form hydrogen bonds, water has several unique
Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology
E Stuart Chapin III Pamela A. Matson Harold A. Mooney Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology Illustrated by Melissa C. Chapin With 199 Illustrations Teehnische Un.fversitSt Darmstadt FACHBEREIGH 10
The Nitrogen Cycle. Rachel Brewer Kaci Kelley-Brown Jennifer Moats Dolleen Wiltgen
The itrogen Cycle By: Rachel Brewer Kaci Kelley-Brown Jennifer Moats Dolleen Wiltgen What is nitrogen? Periodic Table itrogen is in the onmetals Group Where is nitrogen found in the environment? The largest
1.2 The Earth System s Four Spheres
EXIT CHAPTER. A New View of Earth.2 The Earth System s Four Spheres.3 Cycles and the Earth CHAPTER OUTLINE Earth system science model system closed system. A New View of Earth Technological advances and
TOPIC # 16 GLOBAL WARMING & ANTHROPOGENIC FORCING
TOPIC # 16 GLOBAL WARMING & ANTHROPOGENIC FORCING TODAY s 3 KEY CONCEPTS: Carbon / Forests / Deforestation Computer Model Evidence for Anthropogenic GW Forcing Tying it all together w/ RADIATIVE FORCING
EARTH S ATMOSPHERE, PAST AND PRESENT
EARTH S ATMOSPHERE, PAST AND PRESENT 1. Introduction 2. Evolution of Earth s atmosphere 3. Present-day composition 4. Atmospheric density and pressure 5. Atmospheric structure 6. Air pollution Earth s
Concentrations of several of these greenhouse gases (CO 2, CH 4, N 2 O and CFCs) have increased dramatically in the last hundred years due to human
Global Warming 1.1 The facts: With no atmosphere surrounding the earth the surface temperature would be 17 o C. However, due to the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere that absorb infrared radiation emitted