From Transition Towns to Smart Cities: Opportunities and Challenges

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1 From Transition Towns to Smart Cities: Opportunities and Challenges Professor Branka Dimitrijevic Department of Architecture University of Strathclyde

2 Contents Context Engaging with political structures and communities to address global and local problems Collaboration with Transition Linlithgow Data portal for social innovation Conclusions

3 bbc.co.uk DESIGNING SMART CITIES: Opportunities and Regulatory Challenges Context: Environment Climate Change Floods in Scotland, 2012

4 Context: Environment Species Extinction jade4402.edublogs.org

5 Context: Society Global Population Growth Over 7,303,000,000 people in March 2015 TOP 10 LARGEST COUNTRIES BY POPULATION 1 China 1,399,765,352 2 India 1,278,571,071 3 United States 324,429,435 4 Indonesia 254,967,907 5 Brazil 203,253,080 6 Pakistan 187,329,183 7 Nigeria 182,152,877 8 Bangladesh 159,915,981 9 Russia 142,203, Japan 126,895,789 Net population growth per day: over 150,000 people Net population growth per year: over 77,000,000 people

6 Context: Society Poverty There are more than a billion people living in extreme poverty across the world. United Nations Development Programme (2013) Fast Facts: Poverty Reduction

7 Context: Society Poverty in Scotland After housing costs, one million individuals were living in relative poverty in 2012/13. Relative poverty in Scotland Scottish Poverty Statistics Summary Briefing, December 2014

8 Context: Society Fuel poverty in Scotland 940,000 people in Scotland were spending more than 10 per cent of their household income on all household fuel use in

9 Context: Society Shortage of Housing

10 Context: Society Shortage of Housing in Scotland At 31 March 2014, there were 179,954 households on local authority housing lists across Scotland.

11 Context: Society Aging population More than 10 million people are now aged over 65 within the UK, and an estimated 19 million people will be over 65 by

12 Context: Society Aging population in Scotland While most age groups are expected to remain stable, the number of pensioners is due to hit 1.4 million within 25 years, up from 879,500 today. Ageing Scotland faces population time bomb, Herald, 1 March 2012,

13 Context: Economy Energy security globally Available global fossil fuel reserves (2003)

14 Context: Economy Energy security globally Energy security: uninterrupted availability of energy sources at an affordable price. (International Energy Agency ) The Ukraine-Russia gas dispute in January 2009 With increasingly integrated electricity grids, blackouts can cascade and affect multiple economies simultaneously.

15 Context: Economy Energy security in UK Electricity : meets 20 % of energy needs as a secondary fuel produced primarily from coal, gas, nuclear and renewables in the UK (30 % is used domestically, 28 % by industry and 21 % commercially) Natural gas: meets 34 % of energy needs (52% of total gas use goes to providing heating in buildings and industrial processes; 40 % for electricity generation. Oil: meets 45 % of energy needs, processed into oil products and used primarily for transport purposes, and 4 % is used by households directly. Department of Energy and Climate Change (2012) Energy Security Strategy

16 Context: Economy Energy security in Scotland Scotland's renewable energy targets: 100% electricity demand equivalent from renewables by 2020 Interim target of 50% electricity demand equivalent from renewables by % heat demand from renewables by 2020 At least 30% overall energy demand from renewables by MW community and locally-owned renewable energy by 2020 Scottish Government (2011) 2020 Routemap for Renewable Energy in Scotland

17 Wikimedia Commons - DESIGNING SMART CITIES: Opportunities and Regulatory Challenges Context: Economy Financial crisis and economic recession

18 Context: Economy Economic recovery in the UK since 2007 Percentage change in nominal GVA by region and country 2007 to 2012 Nominal GVA grew in all regions/countries from 2009 to London and the South East experienced the largest percentage increases in GVA over this period. Office for National Statistics (2014) Regions and Countries of the UK Recovering from the Economic Downturn

19 Context: Economy UK national debt The UK national debt is the total amount of money the British government owes to the private sector and other purchasers of UK gilts. In Dec 2014, public sector net debt excluding public sector banks (PSND ex) was 1,483.3 billion (80.9% of GDP).

20 Context: Economy UK private sector saving From 2007 to 2012, there was a sharp rise in private sector saving.

21 Engaging with political structures and communities to address global and local problems

22 The Third Industrial Revolution, 2007 Long-term economic sustainability plan to address the global economic crisis, energy security, and climate change Jeremy Rifkin American economist, writer, political advisor and activist Endorsed by the European Parliament in 2007, the UK Government s White Paper on Energy, 2007, and United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) in 2011

23 Rifkin s vision of the third industrial revolution Energy Storage 3 Tesla Roadster battery electric vehicle (BEV) ICT Energy Distribution System Local or National Grid 4

24 Rifkin (2014) The Zero Marginal Cost Society People Consumption Machines Production Lines Logistics networks Recycling Natural Environment IoT Platform The Internet of Things (IoT) Homes Vehicles Businesses Energy distribution Governance

25 The Transition Handbook, 2008 Resilient communities: Rob Hopkins, an independent activist and writer on environmental issues, based in Totnes, England local generation of energy and food production different organisation of healthcare use of local building materials reduction and reuse of waste other activities that communities might initiate according to their social, economic and environmental context

26 Transition Towns Worldwide

27 Transition Towns in Scotland 11 official groups over 35 active communities over 25 communities that show interest in this area

28 Transition Linlithgow Transition Linlithgow, formerly called Linlithgow Climate Challenge, was formed in

29 Low carbon transport DESIGNING SMART CITIES: Opportunities and Regulatory Challenges Mainstreaming Innovation, Landscape, biodiversity Integration of low carbon infrastructure systems Water Waste ICT Energy efficiency Energy generation from renewables

30 Mainstreaming Innovation, A workshop on potential low carbon infrastructure projects that could be developed in Linlithgow, November 2013.

31 Outputs of the workshop in Linlithgow Landscaping and biodiversity in the context of mitigation and adaptation to climate change Transition Linlithgow Mainstreaming Innovation Food Co-op: to be launched in early Landscaping and planting for climate change mitigation and adaptation Suggestion: Greenhouse for Oakwell or Improving biodiversity other site Energy efficiency of buildings Energy Saving Advice: home audit, thermal Feasibility studies, testing and application of camera available, free consultant reports innovative technologies for energy efficiency of for community buildings, advice to local buildings businesses Victoria Halls refurbishment Use innovative solutions developed through CIC Start Online project (

32 Outputs of the workshop in Linlithgow Energy generation from renewables Linlithgow Natural Grid - community energy projects: Restoring the existing weir/leat and turbine house on the River Avon. Wind turbines possible on selected locations. 10k CARES funding for a feasibility study for district heating to be carried out by the University of Aberdeen Suggestions: Communal/district heating hubs Heat pumps from loch water Heat pumps from canal water Kettleston Mains biomass Biomass or ground source heated greenhouse for Oakwell Expansion of previous domestic solar project Identifying heating demand of Linlithgow and potential for meeting the demand with energy from renewables Street lighting powered by energy from renewables Energy storage solutions

33 Outputs of the workshop in Linlithgow Water management, harvesting, saving and reuse Suggestions: Capturing heat from the loch or canal from adjoining buildings. Maintaining water quality in the loch Harvesting, storage and reuse of water Waste reduction, management and to-energy Suggestions: Anaerobic Digestion and CHP within each housing area CH4 from local sewage plant Improving waste management Managing and reusing organic waste: fertilizers, bio-fuel, energy from fuel-cells (hydrogen)

34 Outputs of the workshop in Linlithgow Low carbon transport Paths For All: To improve routes for pedestrians & cyclists, e.g. on Station Road, the canal towpath and all of the connecting ramps, steps and paths Charging points for electric vehicles powered by renewables Information Communication Technology: Monitoring, decision making and management tools for natural and built environment TL website Online information portal on local resources and an interactive decision making tool for their use ICT for energy demand management and grid balancing ICT for monitoring, reporting and management of energy production from renewables

35 Proposed Data Portal Communities / Users Data Community Objectives Residents Community Groups Public Sector Private Sector / WLC Data Providers (council, EST, power companies, SEPA, DECC, citizens, Scottish Government heat mapping project, other public bodies) Data Developers Access Data Share & Visualise Data Create Value Maximise Opportunities

36 Desired outcomes Informed citizens/data users Least Energy Cost/Consumption/Energy Savings Optimise Renewable Energy Potential (Solar, Hydro, Geothermal Potential) Smart Towns, efficient use of public buildings, car-pool opportunities, town economics (leaky bucket) Optimise land use: who owns what, for what purpose, food production (breakdown by food types, dairy, arable, cereal, etc.), housing, greenspace, commercial, sports and leisure Community input and outputs -, energy, waste, food, travel, employment Modelling on transport: bypass, 4-way motorway junction, closed High St, pressure from out of town development and increase in commuters/parking Core paths, safe routes to school, cycle, walk, including danger zones Air quality mapping Water flow, use, conservation, treatment, energy potential

37 Priorities Local Authority / Local Priorities Economic Strength and Sustainability Sustainable Towns and Region Zero Fuel and Food Poverty Regional travel dynamics Public Health Modelling impacts on education capacity vs development demand.

38 Key functions (a) sharing and visualisation of data required for decision-making on sustainable living and development (b) related decision-making tools (c) opportunities for citizens interaction.

39 Data sharing and visualisation D. Blackwood, R. Falconer and V. Stojanovic, University of Abertay Dundee

40 Data sharing and visualisation Dr Mohammed Imbabi, University of Aberdeen

41 Data sharing and visualisation 3D model (University of Abertay Dundee) + energy consumption (University of Aberdeen)

42 Portal: Citizens interaction continuous survey on the portal development other surveys as required input of local knowledge on different topics voicing opinions on specific issues real time information of interest to the community

43 Conclusions Big Data for Small Towns Balancing development across the country Empowering local communities Supporting local social innovation From a small to a larger scale

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