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2 *HRWKHUPDOSRZHU +LJK7VRXUFHVDUHORFDWHGQHDUWKHIDXOWFDQEHXVHG WRJHQHUDWHHOHFWULFLW\ /RZ7VRXUFHVDUHDOPRVWHYHU\ZKHUHDQGFDQEHXVHG IRUVSDFHKHDWLQJ 8VHRI*HRWKHUPDO3RZHULQ,FHODQG 2YHURIKRXVHVDUH KHDWHGZLWKJHRWKHUPDO ZDWHUORZ7 $WRWDORI7:K\HDU RI HOHFWULFDOHQHUJ\LV HFRQRPLFDOO\KDUQHVVDEOH IURPKLJK7JHRWKHUPDO VRXUFHV 8SWRQRZRQO\7:K\HDU KDVEHHQKDUQHVVHG z2

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4 7KH8VHRI)RVVLO)XHOLQ,FHODQG RIWKHHQHUJ\XVHGLQ,FHODQGFRPHVIURP LPSRUWHGIRVVLOIXHORIWKDW LVFRQVXPHGE\WKH ILVKLQJIOHHWE\WUDQVSRUWVHFWRUDQG E\ LQGXVWU\PDLQO\JUDSKLWHHOHFWURGHVLQVPHOWHUV,FHODQGHUVJHQHUDWHWRQVRI&2 SHUFDSLWDSHU\HDU +\GURJHQHFRQRP\LQ,FHODQG z Use electrical energy generated from hydroelectric and geothermal sources to produce hydrogen z Replace fossil fuels with hydrogen in buses/cars and fishing boats z Benefits: Improved trade balance, use of local resources, technological spinoffs and lower CO 2 emission z4

5 +<'52*(1352'8&7,21&267 7KHFRVWRIK\GURJHQSURGXFHGLQ,FHODQGDVD IXQFWLRQRISODQWVL]HHOHFWULFLW\SULFHDQG DVVXPLQJ1RUVN+\GURWHFKQRORJ\LVZHOONQRZQD IHUWLOL]HUSODQWKDVSURGXFHGK\GURJHQ HOHFWURO\WLFDOO\IRU\HDUV $VVXPLQJIRUH[DPSOH0:SODQWDQGHOHFWULFLW\ SULFH86N:KK\GURJHQSURGXFHGLQWKLV ZD\ZRXOGEHXSWRWLPHVPRUHH[SHQVLYHWKDQ SUHVHQWO\LPSRUWHGJDVROLQHZKHQFDOFXODWHGRQ WKHEDVLVRIHQHUJ\FRQWHQWFRVWRISHUEDUUHO +\GURJHQSURGXFWLRQFRVWYVHOHFWULFLW\SULFH The figure shows the hydrogen production cost based on the Norsk Hydro technology. The three lowest lines show the production cost as a function of electricity price for plant sizes 40 MW, 100 MW and 200 MW respectively. The uppermost line shows the production cost for a 200 MW plant, which would be in operation at half capacity, for instance 12 hr per day, and thus could eventually be operated on off-peak electricity. z5

6 3(0IXHOFHOO,QFDVHZKHUHK\GURJHQLVXVHGWRSRZHU3(0IXHO FHOOVFXUUHQWO\LQUDSLGGHYHORSPHQWWKHHQHUJ\ HIILFLHQF\LVWLPHVKLJKHUWKDQLQFRQYHQWLRQDO,&HQJLQHV &RQVLGHULQJERWKSURGXFWLRQFRVWDQGHQHUJ\ HIILFLHQF\IXHOFHOOEDVHGWUDQVSRUWDQGILVKLQJ XWLOLVLQJK\GURJHQSURGXFHGIURPHOHFWULFLW\LQ,FHODQGLVDSSURDFKLQJFRPSHWLWLYHQHVV FRPSDUHG WRIRVVLOIXHOV (QGRUVHGE\WKHJRYHUQPHQW 7KH3ULPH0LQLVWHU 0LQLVWHURI,QGXVWU\ DQG0LQLVWHURI (QYLURQPHQWVLJQHGD OHWWHURILQWHQWRQ z6

7 ,&(/$1',&1(:(1(5*</7' -RLQWYHQWXUHFRPSDQ\RZQHGE\ Vistorka hf. DaimlerChrysler AG Norsk Hydro ASA Shell Hydrogen The majority partner Vistorka (EcoEnergy Ltd.) is a holding company owned by public and private enterprises and institutions which play a vital role in research, development and financing of new industrial projects in Iceland,FHODQGLF1HZ(QHUJ\/WGFRQW The purpose of the company To set up a joint venture to investigate the potential for eventually replacing the use of fossil fuels in Iceland with hydrogen and create the world s first hydrogen economy z7

8 (! * ) %! Roadmap to hydrogen economy 1. Fuel cell bus demonstration: 2. Fuel cell passenger vehicles 3. Fuel cell fishing vessel demonst rat ion Time 7:K )- ( 3URMHFWLRQRIK\GURJHQ XVHLQ,FHODQG Series production of Vehicles, buses and ship engines Demonst rat ions "!#!$! "!&%'! "! "! "! ("! "!#)$! "!#*$! 5RXJKIRUHFDVWIRUWKHXVDJHRIK\GURJHQDVIXHOLQFDUV DQGVKLSV7HFKQLFDOGHYHORSPHQWVGXULQJWKHQH[WIHZ \HDUVFRXOGFRQVLGHUDEO\LQIOXHQFHWKHJUDSK,$! +$! ("! +\GURJHQWRQQ Mass product ion Vehicles, buses and ship engines z8

9 Why a pilot project in Iceland? 1. Iceland has enough energy from sustainable, nearly CO 2 free sources 2. Iceland has similar standards and transportation system as most other developed countries and therefore the results can easily be adapt ed elsewhere 3. Iceland has experience in converting from one energy source to another (space heating with geothermal water) 4. Reasonably large scale proj ect in a fairly isolat ed locat ion 5. New hydrogen technology needs to be evaluated under severe weat her condit ions! The ECTOS-project ( ).... The ECTOS-proj ect is a 4 year proj ect, The proj ect can be split into two key phases: The first two years Preparation, establishing infrastructure, maintenance facility, economic/ social research, et c. The second t wo years The actual demonstration of three H2 buses and commercial infrast ruct ure z9

10 ECTOS-project, Infrastructure // // // // Creating and integrating hydrogen infrastructure into the existing urban setting t in Reykj avik ( ) 2003) Production; ; On site electrolyser (using renewable electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen). Only supply: WATER and ELECTRICITY Storing; 1 compressor units delivering hydrogen at 440 bar Dist ribut ion on sit e of gaseous hydrogen direct ly on t o vehicles. ECTOS project Partners []\<^ _ `'`'a bdc ^"c e f`'b:adgdf:hic j bia_ k'lnm o pqar c e fs _ l t f:c :9<; 5 2 = >?@A$B C B = D B = L#57 M2 = H7 D?NB O# E 4 7 F3 2 = A"G=?H3 2 = R G 2 R 21 G5 B 3 B> HD 7 D QD 2NB O ;MB'Y#QH I K2 3 P Q5 >'Q= GO 8 B = HK J'?6 = B I'R S T ; R S 2? K P 4M 7 K VWQ X4 3 Y#QH A$B = XB = 4D 7 B 5 I G J'?6 = B>2 5 Z$7 55 BM4@ I HG T >2 5 1?WO B = 0 55 BM4D 7 B 5H I?HD 2 FNH z10

11 7KH(&726± (83URMHFWFRQW The total project is around PLOOLRQ(85 The European Commission support for the project is PLOOLRQ(85 The remaining PLOOLRQ(85 will be financed 50% by foreign partners and 50% by domestic companies &87( DQG(&726 Reykjavik Stockholm London Luxemburg Madrid Hamburg Amsterdam Stuttgart Porto Barcelona z11

12 +<'52*(132:(5('&,7<%86 Three buses will arrive in Reykjavik in September PEM fuel cells fueled by hydrogen stored on board as pressurised gas in sufficient amount to operate the bus anp on each tank filling +\GURJHQ3RZHUHG&LW\%XVFRQW 7KLVLVWKHVDPHGLVWDQFHDVWKH5H\NMDYLNFLW\ EXVHVDUHUXQHDFKGD\RQWKHDYHUDJH $FLW\EXVIOHHWDOVRFDQEHRSHUDWHGIURPRQH ILOOLQJVWDWLRQZLFKPDNHVQRQHHGIRUFRPSOLFDWHG LQIUDVWUXFWXUHIRUGLVWULEXWLRQRIWKHIXHO 1RIXUWKHUSXULILFDWLRQRIHOHFWURO\WLFDOO\SURGXFHG K\GURJHQLVUHTXLUHGIRUXVHLQWKH3(0IXHOFHOOV z12

13 +\GURJHQIXHOOLQJVWDWLRQRSHQHGLQ$SULO Can produce 150 kg of hydrogen per day, delivers hydrogen gas at 440 bars Next step +<'52*(132:(5('35,9$7( &$56 Main problem is storage Onboard storage of pressurised hydrogen gas in hydrogen powered PEM fuel cell private cars seems feasible but has some limitations and safety concerns Liquid hydrogen too expensive and the losses are too large New hydrogen storage solutions are needed z13

14 u +<'52*(132:(5('),6+,1* 9(66(/6 )RUILVKLQJYHVVHOVIXHOFHOOVLQWKHPHJDZDWWUDQJHQHHGWR EHFRPHFRPPHUFLDOO\DYDLODEOH. 6SDFHOLPLWDWLRQVIRUORQJMRXUQH\VDWVHDVHHPWRPDNHLW GLIILFXOWWRVWRUHWKHIXHORQERDUGLQWKHIRUPRISXUH K\GURJHQ6ROLGVWDWHVWRUDJHPHWDOK\GULGHVLVEHLQJ FRQVLGHUHGRUHYHQK\GURJHQERXQGLQPHWKDQRODVDVKRUW WHUPVROXWLRQ +<'52*(15(/$7('5(6($5&+$77+( 81,9(56,7<2),&(/$1' 7KHUPRHOHFWULFLW\VSLQRII³9DUPDUDI 7KHUPDOPDQDJHPHQWRIPHWDOK\GULGH VWRUDJH 1HZVROLGVWDWHVWRUDJHPDWHULDOV WKHRUHWLFDODQGH[SHULPHQWDOUHVHDUFK 3URGXFWLRQRIPHWKDQROIURPHPLVVLRQ JDVHVRIWKHDOXPLQXPDQGIHUURVLOLFRQ VPHOWHUV z14

15 6XPPDU\ z 7UDQVIRUPDWLRQWRK\GURJHQHFRQRP\FRXOGEH UHDOLVHGLQ,FHODQGGXULQJWKHQH[WGHFDGHVDQG ILQLVKHGDURXQGPLGFHQWXU\ z 7KHK\GURJHQZLOOEHSURGXFHGIURPDPSOH HOHFWULFDOSRZHUREWDLQHGIURPVXVWDLQDEOH JHRWKHUPDODQGK\GURHOHFWULFVRXUFHV z,fhodqglf1hz(qhuj\µdqg7kh8qlyhuvlw\ri,fhodqgdqgwkhlulqwhuqdwlrqdosduwqhuvduh ZRUNLQJWRUHDFKWKLVJRDO 3RVVLEOHPHWKDQROSURGXFWLRQ LQ,FHODQGFRQW Replacing 95% of the imported fossil fuels presently consumed by the transport and fishing sectors by methanol would result in a total of up to more than UHGXFWLRQRI&2 HPLVVLRQ from the present situation z15

16 75$16)250$7,212),&(/$1',1727+(+<'52*(1(&2120< 3KDVH PEM fuel cell bus demonstration project. Up to three city buses in public transportation in Reykjavik 3KDVH Gradual replacement of the Reykjavik city bus fleet and possibly other bus fleets by PEM fuel cell buses 7UDQVIRUPDWLRQRI,FHODQGLQWRWKH K\GURJHQHFRQRP\FRQW 3KDVH Gradual replacement of the present fishing fleet by fuel cell powered vessels In this way, transformation of Iceland into a hydrogen economy could possibly be completed in z16

17 7+((&726± (8523($181,21352-(&7 The key objective in the ECTOS project is to do combined demonstration and research on hydrogen infrastructure and operation of fuel cell buses powered by hydrogen The project consists of building a hydrogen refilling station in Iceland, with on-site production of hydrogen by electrolysis using renewable energy and operating 3 PEM fuel cell buses in normal service by the Reykjavik Municipal Bus Corporation 7KHUPRHOHFWULFLW\ 1RYHOW\LQWKH,FHODQGLF K\GURJHQUHVHDUFKDQGGHYHORSPHQW 7KHUPRHOHFWULFJHQHUDWRU EDVHGRQVROLGVWDWH PHWKRGVLVXVLQJORZ WHPSHUDWXUHJHRWKHUPDO ZDWHUWRJHQHUDWHHOHFWULFLW\ IRUK\GURJHQSURGXFWLRQ DQGWRDVVLVWPHWDOK\GULGH VWRUDJHPDQDJHPHQW z17

18 3266,%/(0(7+$12/ 352'8&7,21,1,&(/$1' Assuming that the furnaces at the ferrosilicon plant and the electrolytic cells of the aluminium smelters could be enclosed, which technically seems not impossible, the carbon oxides in the gas emitted could be used together with additional hydrogen to produce methanol In this way sufficient amount of methanol could be produced to replace 95% of the fossil fuels presently consumed by the transport and fishing sectors in Iceland 0(7+$12/2%7$,1('%<&20%,1,1* +<'52*(1$1'(0,66,21*$6(6)520 0(7$/6,1'8675<,1,&(/$1' When looking for carbon containing resources for methanol production the attention is drawn towards carbon oxides emitted from the metals industry In fact both aluminium smelting and ferrosilicon production emit vast amounts of carbon oxide containing gases Basically these gases stem from the use of carbon in both cases z18