Management of recreational waters in relationship with harmful microalgae blooms (HAB) in the Mediterranean Sea

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1 EVK WORKSHOP Management of recreational waters in relationship with harmful microalgae blooms (HAB) in the Mediterranean Sea 25 26th October 2004 Hotel Don Antonio, Peguera- Calvià, Mallorca

2 Aquaculture industry: Problems and economical implications of HABs. Margarita Fernández Tejedor,, Mª M Dolores Furones,, Jorge Diogene Centre d Aqüicultura-IRTA, Sant Carles de la Ràpita,, SPAIN

3 Economic impacts Public health impacts Commercial fishery impacts Recreation and tourism impacts Monitoring and management costs

4 Estimated Annual Economic Impacts from Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs( HABs) ) in the United States (Estimate is of period, reported in 2000 dollars) Low High Average % of Total Public Health $ 18,493,825 $ 24,912,544 $ 22,202,597 45% Commercial Fishery $ 13,400,691 $ 25,265,896 $ 18,407,948 37% Recreation/Tourism $ - $ 29,304,357 $ 6,630,415 13% Monitoring/Management $ 2,029,955 $ 2,124,307 $ 2,088,885 4% TOTAL $ 33,924,471 $ 81,607,104 $ 49,329, % 15 Year Capitalized Impacts (discounted at 7%) $308,981,162 $743,270,485 $449,291,987 (Anderson et al; 2000)

5 Commercial fishery impacts Shellfish closures Wild or farmed fish and shellfish mortalities Fish stress, reduced production Lost sales of fish and shellfish products Constrained development or investment decisions in coastal aquaculture due to the threat from outbreaks of toxic algae Scared consumers: avoidance of safe seafood because of mistaken public perceptions

6 For example, if a fishing location is closed because of a HAB event, a firm fishing for the same species in a location that remains open may actually see an increase in price for its product. Although there is a clear net loss at the market level, local net gains or net losses may occur, and the distribution of gains and losses may not be uniform across all localities.

7 Routine monitoring is practised at fish- culture facilities in some countries Norway financed by fish farmers and the insurance companies Chile completely financed by fish farmers In general there aren t regulated monitoring programmes to detect HABs implicated in fish and shellfish killing. These can cause the mortality of all the stock from a fish farm in few hours if the industry is not prepared for the management of HABs.. Site selection is also one of the most important criteria for successful finfish aquaculture.

8 Stop feeding the fish Conduct preventive harvest Move the culture pens Use aeration Chemical treatments Mitigation

9 Definition of a monitoring program Council Directive 79/923/EEC on the quality required of shellfish waters (OJ L 281, ) Directive 91/492/EEC Council Directive 91/492/EEC of 15 July 1991 laying down the health conditions for the production and the placing on the market of live bivalve molluscs COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 97/61/EC of 20 October 1997 COMMISSION DECISION 2002/225/EC laying down detailed rules for the implementation of Council Directive 91/492/EEC as regards the maximum levels and the methods of analysis of certain marine biotoxins in bivalve molluscs, echinoderms, tunicates and marine gastropods COMMISSION DECISION 2002/226/EC establishing special health checks for the harvesting and processing of certain bivalve molluscs with a level of amnesic shellfish poison (ASP) exceeding the limit laid down by Council Directive 91/492/EEC Directive 2004/41/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 April 2004 repealing certain directives concerning food hygiene and health conditions for the production and placing on the market of certain products of animal origin intended for human consumption (2006)

10 Shellfish production zones in Cataluña CAT1-01 CAT1-01 CAT1-01 CAT1-01 CAT1-01 CAT1-01 CAT1-01 CAT1-01 CAT1-01 CAT1-02 CAT1-02 CAT1-02 CAT1-02 CAT1-02 CAT1-02 CAT1-02 CAT1-02 CAT1-02 CAT1-05 CAT1-05 CAT1-05 CAT1-05 CAT1-05 CAT1-05 CAT1-05 CAT1-05 CAT1-05 CAT1-03 CAT1-03 CAT1-03 CAT1-03 CAT1-03 CAT1-03 CAT1-03 CAT1-03 CAT1-03 CAT1-04 CAT1-04 CAT1-04 CAT1-04 CAT1-04 CAT1-04 CAT1-04 CAT1-04 CAT1-04 CAT1-06 CAT1-06 CAT1-06 CAT1-06 CAT1-06 CAT1-06 CAT1-06 CAT1-06 CAT1-06 CAT1-07 CAT1-07 CAT1-07 CAT1-07 CAT1-07 CAT1-07 CAT1-07 CAT1-07 CAT1-07 CAT1-08 CAT1-08 CAT1-08 CAT1-08 CAT1-08 CAT1-08 CAT1-08 CAT1-08 CAT1-08 CAT1-09 CAT1-09 CAT1-09 CAT1-09 CAT1-09 CAT1-09 CAT1-09 CAT1-09 CAT1-09 CAT1-10 CAT1-10 CAT1-10 CAT1-10 CAT1-10 CAT1-10 CAT1-10 CAT1-10 CAT1-10 CAT1-11 CAT1-11 CAT1-11 CAT1-11 CAT1-11 CAT1-11 CAT1-11 CAT1-11 CAT1-11 CAT1-12 CAT1-12 CAT1-12 CAT1-12 CAT1-12 CAT1-12 CAT1-12 CAT1-12 CAT1-12 CAT1-13 CAT1-13 CAT1-13 CAT1-13 CAT1-13 CAT1-13 CAT1-13 CAT1-13 CAT1-13 CAT1-14 CAT1-14 CAT1-14 CAT1-14 CAT1-14 CAT1-14 CAT1-14 CAT1-14 CAT1-14 CAT1-15 CAT1-15 CAT1-15 CAT1-15 CAT1-15 CAT1-15 CAT1-15 CAT1-15 CAT1-15 CAT1-16 CAT1-16 CAT1-16 CAT1-16 CAT1-16 CAT1-16 CAT1-16 CAT1-16 CAT1-16 CAT1-17 CAT1-17 CAT1-17 CAT1-17 CAT1-17 CAT1-17 CAT1-17 CAT1-17 CAT1-17 CAT1-18 CAT1-18 CAT1-18 CAT1-18 CAT1-18 CAT1-18 CAT1-18 CAT1-18 CAT1-18 CAT1-19 CAT1-19 CAT1-19 CAT1-19 CAT1-19 CAT1-19 CAT1-19 CAT1-19 CAT1-19 CAT1-22 CAT1-22 CAT1-22 CAT1-22 CAT1-22 CAT1-22 CAT1-22 CAT1-22 CAT1-22 CAT1-23 CAT1-23 CAT1-23 CAT1-23 CAT1-23 CAT1-23 CAT1-23 CAT1-23 CAT1-23 CAT1-20 CAT1-20 CAT1-20 CAT1-20 CAT1-20 CAT1-20 CAT1-20 CAT1-20 CAT1-20 CAT1-21 CAT1-21 CAT1-21 CAT1-21 CAT1-21 CAT1-21 CAT1-21 CAT1-21 CAT1-21 Aquaculture and natural beds Monitoring is linked with ACA

11 When the presence of toxins above regulatory levels is detected in shellfish, the result is the closure of the production area and that means the prohibition of shellfish extraction from this area during the closure (Directive 91/492/EEC). In addition to sanitary issues the design of a monitoring programme will have to be adapted to the specific production sites and their characteristics. Measures to reach these objectives can be for example the selection of representative bivalve species, and intensification of the sampling frequency to detect early toxin dynamics and take appropriate management actions.

12 PSP must not exceed 80 microgrammes per 100 g of mollusc flesh in accordance with the biological testing method DSP Three mice should be used for each test. The death of two out of three mice within 24 hours after inoculation into each of them of an extract equivalent to 5 g of hepatopancreas or 25 g whole body should be considered as a positive result The maximum level of okadaic acid, dinophysistoxins and pectenotoxins together in the animals referred to in Article 1 (the( whole body or any part edible separately)shall be 160 µg of okadaic acid equivalents/kg. The methods of analysis are set out in the Annex. The maximum level of yessotoxins in the animals referred to in Article 1 (the( whole body or any part edible separately)shall be 1 mg of yessotoxin equivalent/kg. The methods of analysis are set out in the Annex. The maximum level of Azaspiracids in the animals referred to in Article 1 (the( whole body or any part edible separately)shall be 160 µg of azaspiracid equivalents/kg. The methods of analysis are set out in the Annex. ASP must not exceed 20 mg/kg of domoic acid (DA)using the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method

13 (ASP)content in the edible parts of molluscs (the entire body or any part edible separately)must not exceed 20 mg/kg of domoic acid (DA)using the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)method. the species Pecten maximus and Pecten jacobaeus, scientific studies have shown that with a DA concentration in the whole body between 20 and 250 mg/kg kg, under certain restrictive conditions, the concentration of DA in the adductor muscle and/or gonads intended for human consumption is normally below the limit of 20 mg/kg. after total removal of hepatopancreas, soft tissues and any other contaminated part the adductor muscle and/or gonads intended for human consumption must not contain an ASP level detectable by the HPLC techniques exceeding 20 mg/kg of DA.

14 Duration of Type of toxin Month Year Species Max. Cell density /L Production Zones closure (days) PSP May 1989 Alexandrium minutum > Alfacs 21 Preventive July 1993 Gyrodinium impudicum > Barcelona-Blanes 5 DSP January 1998 Dinophysis sacculus Alfacs Bay 7 L'Ametlla de Mar- PSP June 1998 Alexandrium catenella > Comarruga 21 PSP January 1999 Alexandrium minutum 2448 Alfacs Bay 7 PSP July 1999 Alexandrium catenella > Torredembarra-Blanes 12 DSP January 2000 Dinophysis sacculus 2000 Alfacs Bay 19 DSP March 2000 Dinophysis sacculus 140 Alfacs Bay 21 Prev ASP October 2001 Alfacs Bay 13 Prev ASP October 2001 Fangar Bay 7 PSP November 2001 Alexandrium catenella Fangar Bay 28 Prev DSP July 2002 Fangar Bay 7 DSP July-September 2002 Alfacs Bay 56 PSP October 2002 Alexandrium catenella 8400 Salou-Altafulla 14 Dinophysis sacculus, DSP November-December 2002 Dinophysis caudata 580 Alfacs Bay 28 DSP May-June 2003 Dinophysis sacculus Alfacs Bay 28 DSP August 2003 Dinophysis caudata 560 Fangar Bay 7 DSP October 2003 Fangar Bay 7

15 Shellfish closures have resulted mainly in harvesting delays, and not in significant financial losses, short- term closures cause few operational problems and long-term closures cause financial losses only infrequently.

16 Production Crassostrea gigas (Metric Tons) Mytilus galloprovincialis (Metric Tons) Molluscs (Metric Tons) Year Closure (days)

17 Jan-94 Jan-95 Jan-96 Jan-97 Jan-98 Jan-99 Jan-00 Jan-01 Jan-02 Jan-03 Jan m 6m INT 2 per. media móvil (INT) winter : kg Mytilus galloprovincialis G.corsicum (cells/l)

18 Shellfish mortalities Temperature Alfacs Bay July-89 July-90 July-91 July-92 July-93 July-94 July-95 July-96 July-97 July-98 July-99 July-00 July-01 July-02 July-03 July-04

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