Tahsin Jilani, Kei Gomi and Yuzuru Matsuoka

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1 International Journal of Environment, 2(2): (2012) ORIGINAL ARTICLE LowCarbon Society Development in Bangladesh, Vision 2025 Tahsin Jilani, Kei Gomi and Yuzuru Matsuoka ISSN: (print) ISSN: (online) ARTICLE HISTORY Received: 05 December, 2011 Revised: 15 March 2012 Accepted: 01 August 2012 Published online: 04 December 2012 Abstract The concept of lowcarbon society (LCS) for Bangladesh arrives with a window of opportunity to adopt energy efficiency improvement and future flow of renewable energy sources through infrastructure development and improve other behavioural and lifestyle related choices. This LCS study will be the first initiative to develop an initial vision of possible LCS scenario in Bangladesh. This study used the Extended Snapshot tool (ExSS) developed by Kyoto University, Japan, in order to design quantitative future scenario of LCS and estimated the socioeconomic activity level, energy demand, CO 2 emission and reduction potential by adopting feasible lowcarbon measures. The CO 2 emission was estimated 31.7MtCO 2 in 2005, under the scenario of 2025BaU emission will be increased to 240.7MtCO 2 which is about 7.6 times larger than 2005 and in 2025CM emission will be reduced to 132.6MtCO 2 which is about 45% smaller than 2025BaU. Lowcarbon measures include energy efficiency improvement in the demand and supply sides as well as renewable energy in the power. Keywords: Lowcarbon society, Extended Snapshot tool, CO 2 emission, Energy efficiency improvement. 2012, International Journal of Environment. All rights reserved. I. INTRODUCTION 1 Bangladesh is a minute greenhouse gas (GHG) emitting country with per capita emission per year of less than 0.3 ton [1]. Bangladesh is the most vulnerable country to climate change effects in the world (reported by Climate change vulnerability index, Maplecroft, UK, 2009), therefore, it is necessary to promote the adaptation program intensely within the country. Various socioeconomic activities such as rapid urbanization and industrialization in Bangladesh are also inducing the severity of environmental AUTHORS INFO Tahsin JILANI* tashsinku@yahoo.com Kei GOMI g.kei@iwyh.mbox.media.kyotou.ac.jp Yuzuru MATSUOKA matsuoka@env.kyotou.ac.jp Dept. of Urban Envronmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, C cluster, Katsura Campus, Nishikyoku, Kyoto , Japan *Corresponding author 87 hazards caused due to natural phenomenon and climate change effects. Bangladesh emitted 38.1MtCO 2 which is about 0.14% and relatively low compared to the world CO 2 emission 28,003MtCO 2 in 2006 [2]. The reason for Bangladesh s low CO 2 emissions is low per capita income which leads to low per capita energy consumption [2]. This emission is expected to rise in near future to share global CO 2 emission, as coal is expected to share as substantial fuel for electricity generation in future [3]. The government of Bangladesh has planned to generate 2900 MW power from coal in the next 5 years [4]. Therefore, Bangladesh has to actively advocate the CO 2 mitigation program through feasible and efficient lowcarbon measures along with climate change adaptation activities. This paper aims to propose the scenario for realization of lowcarbon society development in Bangladesh which consists of future changes in demography, transport, industry, energy demand and CO 2 emission in This paper also proposes the potential lowcarbon measures for its possible implementation in CO 2 mitigation program. Lowcarbon measures introduced in

2 Jilani et al. 2025CM are energyefficient and will be compatible with the future socioeconomic situation of Bangladesh. The objectives of this study are as follows To quantify the socioeconomic parameters and estimate the CO 2 emission for To propose lowcarbon measures that can meet the challenges of efficient energy system. To estimate the CO 2 emission reduction potential. To provide essential socioeconomic information and potential lowcarbon measures for policy makers to integrate effectively climate change actions into the development plans of the country. II. NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES OF BANGLADESH Analysis of the national circumstances which shows the trend of changes in demographic situation, socioeconomic condition, and energy status and so on is prerequisite for developing future scenario in LCS study. A. Demographic situation Bangladesh is the 8 th most populous country with the population of million people (2011 census) and 9 th most densely populated country with 1099 persons/km 2 [5]. Population of Bangladesh has increased over time with significant variation between urban and rural population growth. Although 72% (2010) [6] people of the country live in rural areas, the growth rate of urban population is higher, from the urban and rural growth were about 37% and 11% respectively [7]. B. Socioeconomic condition The country s economy is mainly agriculture based. However, The World Bank reported that the contribution of agriculture to the country's GDP has been steadily declining from 55% (1970) to 31.6% in 1999 and 21.7% in 2009, although it still provides employment for 45% of population [8][9]. Bangladesh is still in lack of sufficient food supply for the people. Therefore, Food for all is now a prime commitment of the government towards the citizens to achieve the selfsufficiency in food grains by 2013 through increased agriculture production [9]. The service of the country contributed about 49% (2009) of the country s GDP [9]. In the industrial, the manufacturing industry contributed 17% (2009) of the GDP which is mainly dominated by readymade garments [9]. The planning commission projected that the contribution of agriculture will be 15% in 2021 (22% in 2009), industry will be 40% (29% in 2009) in which manufacturing industry will be 30% in 2021 (17% in 2009) and service will be 45% (49% in 2009) of GDP in 2021 [9]. C. Energy and power status Bangladesh has a significant reserve of natural gas (20.5 trillion cubic feet) which is the main fuel (88%) for power generation [9]. Energy and power division of Bangladesh indicates that the existing gas reserves will be able to meet the gas demand up to 2016 though with the present production capacity, it cannot meet the increasing demand of 5.6 billion cubic feet by 2025 [10]. About 3.3 billion tons of coal reserves comprising of 5 deposits at depths of meters have been discovered and out of which 4 deposits ( meters) are extractable at present, being used mainly for one thermal power plant [10]. Due to shortage of natural gas, the government of Bangladesh (GOB) has focused on diversification of energy source for power generation. In order to meet the government s projection on electricity demand, the generation growth rate should be 10% per year [10]. GOB has declared its vision for power in 2010, total installed capacity of plant would be 7000MW by the year 2013, 8000MW by 2015 and 20,000MW by 2021 to make the country free from loadshedding [10]. GOB has planned to install two coal based power plants which will contribute about 2600MW (1300MW each) by 2015 to the national supply. However, this initiative will increase the CO 2 emission vigorously in near future. Therefore, lowcarbon energy mix is needed in the power generation. In this course, GOB with the technical assistance of Russia has made effective arrangement to establish a nuclear power plant with a capacity of 1000MW by 2016 [10]. The demand for fossil fuel in the developing world has rapidly increased and the trend of energy intensity has risen due to increased industrialization, urbanization, transport demand, infrastructure and the modernization of life styles [11].The National Energy Policy (2004) reported that biomass fuels play an important role in meeting energy need in the residential of the country; however unplanned and uncontrolled consumption of 88

3 Lowcarbon society in Bangladesh biomass fuels beyond their regenerative capacity is causing environmental degradation [12]. D. Climate change effects and National activities About onequarter of the country s GDP comes from agriculture [7], which makes the country s economy relatively sensitive to climate variability due to GHG emission. Therefore, it is now inevitable to prepare concrete national climate change policy against climate change effects to save the people and economy of Bangladesh. However, there is no concrete national climate change policy in Bangladesh that specifically aims the climate change risks. GOB pays attention on propoor and climate resilient strategy which focuses the adaptation and disaster risk reduction and also low carbon development, mitigation and technology transfer to build the capacity and spirit to meet the climate change challenges in the next 20 to 25 years [13]. GOB has formulated Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP) 2008 which has been revised in BCCSAP 2009 has identified six priority themes; (1) Food security; (2) Social protection and health; (3) Comprehensive disaster management infrastructure; (4) Research and knowledge management; (5) Mitigation and Low carbon development, and (6) Capacity building and institutional [9]. Bangladesh is currently in the process of preparing the Second National Communication (SNC). The SNC is designed to deal with the following components; (1) National situation; (2) Greenhouse Gas inventory; (3) Programmes containing measures to mitigate climate change; (4) Programmes containing measures to facilitate adaptation to climate change; and (5) Other information considered relevant towards achieving the objective of the UNFCCC [1]. E. Development of LCS in Bangladesh For Bangladesh, the concept of LCS focused the 5 th pillar of the BCCSAP [13] that is Mitigation and Low carbon development. LCS study is not only to reduce GHG emission, but also focuses on better energy efficiency which then improves economic productivity. It is a combined cycle of energy system transformation and economic development in Bangladesh. Bangladesh is an energy poor country. This country is the one of the world s lowest energy producers and lags of recent developments in energy technologies and policies [14]. The country needs to improve the energy consumption pattern by developing energy system in an efficient and sustainable way that not heavily reliant on CO 2 emission. Lowcarbon energy mix and energy efficiency improvement can meet this challenge of CO 2 emission reduction. Therefore, to reduce CO 2 emissions considerably, it is necessary to improve energy intensity status, promote enduse device efficiency, adopt some behavioural and consumption style, fuel switching from conventional to lowcarbon energy. To manage such actions, it is required to develop a methodology for projecting the future scenario to achieve sustainable and lowcarbon society in Bangladesh. III. METHODOLOGY In this study, the scenario of lowcarbon society was developed by following two stages: 1) Developing the tools estimating quantitative information. 2) Identifying the countermeasures based on the assumption of estimated quantitative information for developing future sustainable society. For quantitative information of macrosocioeconomic and environmental variable, extended snapshot tool (ExSS) [15] was applied. ExSS can estimate population and number of households, gross domestic production, industrial structure, employment, passenger and freight transport, energy consumption, CO 2 emission at present and in future in a consistent way to assess the impact of lowcarbon measures (Fig. 1) [16]. The steps of methodology are as follows: (1) Setting framework: Framework of a LCS scenario includes; target area, base year, target year, environmental target and number of scenarios. (2) Assumptions of socioeconomic situations: Before conducting quantitative estimation, qualitative future image should be written. It is an image of lifestyle, economy and industry, land use and so on. (3) Quantification of socioeconomic assumptions: To estimate Snapshot based on future image of (2), values of exogenous variables and parameters are set. Using those input, ExSS calculates socioeconomic indices of the target year such as population, GDP, output by industry, transport demand, and so on. 89

4 Jilani et al. (4) Collection of lowcarbon measures: To collect counter measures which are thought to be available in the target year. For example, high energyefficiency devices, transport structure change such as public transport, use of renewable energy, energy saving behaviour and carbon sink. (5) Setting introduction of lowcarbon measures in the target year: Technological parameters related to energy demand and CO 2 emissions, in short energy efficiency, are defined. Since there can be various portfolios of the measures, one must choose appropriate criteria. For example, cost minimization, acceptance to the stakeholders, or probability of technological development. (6) Estimation of CO 2 emission in the target year: Based on socioeconomic indices and assumption of measures' introduction, GHG emissions are calculated. (7) Proposal of policies: Propose policy set to introduce the measures defined. Available policies depend on the situation of the country. Since, ExSS can calculate emission reduction of each lowcarbon measure; it can show reduction potential of measures which especially need local policy. It can also identify measures which have high reduction potential and therefore important [15]. (2) Assumptions of socioeconomic situations (3) Quantification of socioeconomic assumptions Export by goods Government expenditure Import ratio Input coefficient matrix Private consumptions Fixed capital formation Floor area per output Energy service demand per driving force Energy enduse device share Energy enduse device energy efficiency Dispersed power generation (DPG) Energy efficiency DPG Exogenous variables Parameters Endogenous variables (1) Setting Framework (6) Estimation of CO 2 emission in the target year (7) Proposal of policies Fig.1. Overview of the methodology IO analysis Output of commercial industry Commercial building floor area Output by industry Fuel share Energy efficiency Energy demand (DPG) Output of manufacturing industry Freight transport demand Energy service demand Final energy demand Primary energy supply CO 2 emssions Fig. 2. Structure of the ExSS (4) Collection of lowcarbon measures (5) Setting introduction of lowcarbon measures in target year Population Passenger transport demand Central power generation (CPG) Energy demand (CPG) Population Number of household 90 Household size Trip per person Trip distance Modal share Freight generation per output Transport distance Modal share Energy efficiency (CPG) Fuel share (CPG) Transmission loss (CPG) Own use (CPG) CO 2 emission factor

5 Lowcarbon society in Bangladesh Fig. 2 [16] shows the structure of the ExSS; seven blocks with input parameters, exogenous variables and variables between blocks. ExSS is a system of simultaneous equations. Given a set of exogenous variables and parameters, solution is uniquely defined. In this simulation model, only CO 2 emission from energy consumption is calculated, even though, ExSS can be used to estimate other GHG and environmental loads such as air pollutant. In many LCS scenarios, exogenously fixed population data are used. To determine output of industries, inputoutput approach is applied. For future estimation, assumption of export value is especially important if the target region is thought to (or, desired to) develop led by particular industry, such as automotive manufacturing or sightseeing. IV. FRAMEWORK OF THE SCENARIOS The framework of the study includes, 1) Quantification of socioeconomic activity level in 2025; 2) Proposition of CO 2 emission reduction measures based on socioeconomic condition; 3) Estimation of CO 2 emission and emission reduction by 2025 The future energyoriented CO 2 emission is estimated in 2005 as base year and projected based on two scenarios with; 1) 2025BaU (businessasusual) without applying any lowcarbon measures and considering the same energy efficiency used as the base year in 2025 and 2) 2025CM (Countermeasures) with adoption of lowcarbon measures in 2025 to reduce the CO 2 emission. Residential, commercial, industry, passenger transport, freight transport and power in Bangladesh are considered as s of activity. This study shows the potential reduction of CO 2 emission in 2025 CM compared to 2025BaU by adopting feasible low carbon measures for Bangladesh. Since there is no CO 2 emission target in Bangladesh so far, no specific emission target was determined in this study. Potential of emission reduction is projected. The result will provide important information for government of Bangladesh to specify the target of CO 2 emission reduction and formulate concrete climate change policy. V. ASSUMPTION AND PROJECTION OF THE SOCIOECONOMIC PARAMETERS In order to modeling energy demand and CO 2 emission in future, several quantitative socioeconomic assumptions were required as a premise. Socioeconomic parameters were projected by using ExSS tool. Detailed and consistent socioeconomic parameters were projected in Table 1. Table 1. Projected Socioeconomic parameters of Bangladesh. Parameter / 2005 Population (million) No. of households (million) GDP (billion Taka) Gross output (billion Taka) ,933 14, ,932 32, Primary industry 1,864 4, Secondary industry 4,032 15, Tertiary industry 3,035 11, Passenger transport demand (billion passkm) Freighttransport demand (billion tonnekm) Source: Statistical year book 2009, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics 2006, Planning Division, Ministry of Planning 2006, 2009, Unnayan Onneshan 2010, Roads and Railways Division/Ministry of Communications 2010, EIA (Energy information administration) 2008, Ministry of Power, Energy & Mineral Resources2008, Economic division, Government of Bangladesh A. Population and households Population of Bangladesh in 2025 was collected from the projections, estimated by Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics [4]. The population will reach 180 million in 2025 from 139 million (2005). Number of household will rise from 29 million (2005) to 43 million in This study assumed that in 2025 persons per household were 4 persons in urban and 4.5 persons in rural household (4.9 persons in 2005). In 2025 there will be a significant increase in number of household, with a slight decrease in average number of persons per household. Socioeconomic development strategies of Bangladesh are available in Outline Perspective Plan of Bangladesh (Planning commission, Ministry of Planning, 2010 [9]. 91

6 Final Energy Demand (Ktoe) Jilani et al. B. Economy: In 2025, gross domestic product (GDP) will be billion taka which resulted about 3.65 times larger than in ExSS applies inputoutput (IO) analysis to project the future industrial structure. The share of primary industry will be decreased from 21% (2005) to 15% in Share of secondary industry will be increased from 45% (2005) to 48% and tertiary industry from 34% (2005) to 37% in C. Transport i. Passenger transport: In 2025BaU, this study assumed that passenger transport modal share of road vehicle and bicycle will be increased while share of walk is reduced. Private transport mode in road vehicle will be increased due to income growth and shortfall of public transport development. However, urban structure is assumed to be more compact than 2005, the average trip distances of road vehicle will be shorter than other transport in 2025BaU. Therefore, ExSS tool estimated that passenger transport demand in Bangladesh will be increased about 1.8 times from 361 billion passkm in 2005 to 663 billion passkm in 2025BaU. ii. Freight transport: In 2025BaU, freight transport demand increased about 4.5 times larger than in The transport demand depended on the industrial output which is 3.6 times (2025) larger than in Transport demand increased more than increase of output of industry because modal share of the road vehicles increased rather than freight waterway and railway for freight transport which will have the longer distance than other transport mode. VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A. Final energy demand Final energy demand will be increased about 3.7 times in 2025BaU due to the increased energy demand of residential, commercial, industrial, transport significantly and by adopting feasible lowcarbon measures; energy demand will be increased 2.8 times in 2025CM than in 2005 (Fig. 3). Energy demand in residential will be increased to kilo tonnes of oil equivalent (ktoe) which was about 3.7 times larger in 2025BaU than in Energy demand in commercial is driven by growth of tertiary industry output. In 2025BaU, the output of the tertiary industry will be increased 3.9 times larger than in 2005 and energy demand increased to 2822ktoe in 2025BaU. Industrial in this study comprises primary and secondary industries. Energy demand in industrial increased to 13068ktoe in 2025BaU from 3700ktoe in In passenger transport, the energy demand will be increased in 2025BaU from 530 to 1483ktoe or 2.8 times larger than In freight transport, freight transport volume will be increased from 20 billion tonkm in 2005 to 91 billion tonkm in Energy demand will be increased to 3958ktoe in 2025BaU in this. The energy demand in power will be increased from 5327ktoe (2005) to 47542ktoe in 2025 BaU and reduced to 25625ktoe in 2025CM (Fig. 4). B. Total CO 2 emission and emission reduction The annual CO 2 emission of Bangladesh was 31.7 Million tonnes of CO 2 equivalent (MtCO 2 ) in the base year of 2005; under the scenario of 2025BaU (without lowcarbon measures) the CO 2 emission will be increased to 240.7MtCO 2 which is about 7.6 times larger than base year of 2005, under the scenario of 2025CM (with selected feasible lowcarbon measures) the CO 2 emission will be reduced to 132.6MtCO 2 which is about 45% smaller than 2025BaU (Fig. 5) BaU 2025 CM Fig.3. Sectoral final energy demand Industry Commercial Residential Freight Transport Passenger Transport 92

7 CO2 emission/gdp (g CO2/taka) Per capita CO2 emission (tco2) Energy Demand in Power Sector (Ktoe) CO2 emission/reduction (MtCO2) Lowcarbon society in Bangladesh Solar& wind Nuclear Hydro Gas times 45% Freight transport Passenger transport Industrial Oil 100 Commercial Coal 50 0 Residential CO2 emission BaU 2025 CM Fig.4. Energy demand by fuel in power Fig.5. CO 2 emission and reduction C. Per capita CO 2 emission and CO 2 emission/gdp In 2005, the per capita CO 2 emission of Bangladesh was 0.23ktCO 2. In 2025, it will be increased up to 1.34ktCO 2 in 2025BaU. However it is still much lower than current per capita emissions of most of the other countries in the world, it can be reduced to 0.74ktCO 2 in 2025CM case (Fig. 6). CO 2 emission per GDP in 2005 was about 8.07 gco 2 /taka, which increased to about gco 2 / taka by 2025BaU and decreased to 9.24 gco 2 /taka in 2025CM (Fig. 7). D. Lowcarbon measures In 2025BaU, residential was the largest CO 2 emission and the emission is about 63% of total. The next is industrial 23%, commercial 7% and transport 7%. The largest CO 2 emission reduction of MtCO 2 can be achieved by improving energy efficiency, where residential and commercial s accounted 58.64MtCO 2, industrial 5.06 MtCO 2 and transport (passenger and freight) 7.09 MtCO 2. The second largest reduction can be achieved by power supply (reducing transmission loss and fuel switch to renewables and nuclear) which contributed about MtCO 2. A sum of fuel switch (from oil to gas) in all demand s also contributed 5.80 MtCO 2 where major share was covered by residential, commercial and industrial by 5%. Fig. 8 shows the CO 2 emission reduction by s by category of measures BaU CM Fig. 6. Per capita CO 2 emission BaU CM Fig.7. CO 2 emission per GDP

8 Residential CO2 emission reduction (MtCO2 ) Commercial Passenger Transport Freight Transport Jilani et al. Fig. 8. CO 2 emission reduction potential by lowcarbon measures i) Residential : CO 2 emission will be increased to 151MtCO 2 that is 12.8 times larger in 2025BaU than in About 75.85MtCO 2 of CO 2 emission reduction can be achieved by adopting low carbon measures e.g. energy efficiency improvement of electrical appliances, fuel shift and improvement in power (it reduces emission from electricity generation which is consumed by residential ). Efficient lighting, refrigerator and cooling options had the largest potential and covered 53MtCO 2 or 71% of reduction of CO 2 emission in this. ii) Industrial Modal shift Modal shift Modal shift Energy efficiency improvement Energy efficiency improvement Fuel shift Improvement in Power Energy efficiency improvement Fuel shift Improvement in Power Energy efficiency improvement Fuel shift Improvement in Power 21.3 Commercial : CO 2 emission of 16MtCO 2 in 2025BaU is 11.6 times greater than In 2025CM, low carbon measures e.g. improvement in energy efficiency (electric devices, insulation buildings), efficiency improvement in power and fuel switch were the potential options for CO 2 emission reduction, reduces about 9.56MtCO 2 which contributed about 9% of the total emission reduction. iii) Industrial : Without adopting any lowcarbon measure in 2025BaU; the CO 2 emission will be increased to 56MtCO 2, about 4 times larger than in In 2025CM, by adopting lowcarbon measures e.g. energy efficiency improvements and fuel switch, CO 2 emission will be decreased to 41MtCO 2. iv) Transport : The CO 2 emission from passenger transport will be increased to 4.6 MtCO 2 in 2025 BaU from 1.6 MtCO 2 in However, in 2025 CM by adopting possible lowcarbon measures e.g. energy efficiency improvement and modal shift; emission will be reduced to 2.5 MtCO 2 which contributed about 3% of CO 2 emission reduction. This study excluded fuel switch measure from oil to natural gas (Compressed Natural Gas, CNG) due to minimize the growing pressure on natural gas reserves, which can meet national demand until 2016 in Bangladesh [7]. CO 2 emission in freight transport will be increased to 12 MtCO 2 in 2025 BaU. In 2025 CM, energy efficiency improvement contributed about 6.6 MtCO 2 reduction or 5% of the total emission reduction. v) Power : In 2025CM, lowcarbon measures, e.g., reduction of transmission loss and fuel switch from nonrenewable to renewable energy (solar, hydro, nuclear energy) reduced the emissions by MtCO 2 and contributed about 29% of total CO 2 emission reduction. In 2025 CM, this study introduced nuclear energy and renewables (solar, wind) and reduced share of coal reduce CO 2 emission.

9 Lowcarbon society in Bangladesh VII. CONCLUSION For Bangladesh, building a lowcarbon society will be both a challenge and an opportunity. Lowcarbon society concept not only serves the potential of CO 2 emission reduction but also efficient energy system for the country to proceed towards economic development. This LCS study in Bangladesh projected final energy demand will be reduced about 24% and CO 2 emission about 45% in 2025CM by adopting some effective and feasible lowcarbon measures. Therefore, Bangladesh needs to move to a lowcarbon paradigm to facilitate the effective medium and long term strategies for socioeconomic development and also set a CO 2 emission reduction target in long term plan. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The preliminary version of the paper was presented at the 1 st International Conference on climate change effects and energy development of Bangladesh (ICCEB). The first author is grateful for the financial support by the Monbukagakusho Scholarship under the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. REFERENCES [1] Ministry of Environment and forests, Government of People s Republic of Bangladesh, 2010, Summary of Second National Communication of Bangladesh. [2] Bangladesh Development Research Center, 2010, the Impact of Development on CO 2 Emissions: A Case Study for Bangladesh until [3] Mondal MAH, Mathur J, and Denich M. 2011, Impacts of CO 2 emission constraints on technology selection and energy resources for power generation in Bangladesh. Energy Policy, 39, p [4] Khan S. 2009, PDB Plans big for six coalfired power plants, Dhaka, The Daily Star June 9. [5] [6] Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics/Planning Division, Ministry of Planning, 2006, Sectoral Needbased Projections in Bangladesh. [7] Ministry of Environment and forests, Government of People s Republic of Bangladesh, 2009, National Adaptation Plan of actions. [8] dthepacific/bangladeshoverviewofeco NOMY. [9] Planning commission of Bangladesh, 2010, Outline Perspective Plan of Bangladesh Making Vision 2021 a Reality. [10] Ministry of Power, Energy & Mineral Resources, Government of People s Republic of Bangladesh, 2010, Energy and power. [11] Sun JW and Kuntsi E. 2004, Environmental impact of energy use in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Thailand, Global Environmental Change 14, [12] Ministry of Power, Energy & Mineral Resources, Government of People s Republic of Bangladesh, 2004, National Energy Policy. [13] Ministry of Environment and forests, Government of People s Republic of Bangladesh, 2008, Bangladesh Climate Change Policy and Action plan. [14] Asaduzzaman M, Barnes DF, Khandker SR. 2010, Restoring Balance, Bangladesh s Rural Energy Realities; The World Bank. [15] Thailand, Thammasat University, Asian Institute of Technology, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Mizuho Information & Research Institute, 2010, LowCarbon society vision 2030, AsiaPacific Integrated model. [16] Gomi K, Ochi Y, Matsuoka Y. 2010, A concrete roadmap toward a low carbon society in case on Kyoto city, Journal of renewable and sustainable energy 2, , International Journal of Environment, 2(2):