Aiport Terminal Planning and Design, A Focus on Wayfinding and Roadways. December 6, 2012 December 5, 2011

Transcription

1 Aiport Terminal Planning and Design, A Focus on Wayfinding and Roadways December 6, 2012 December 5, 2011

2 Fall 2012 ACRP Webinar Series Oct. 10 Greenhouse Gas Reduction and Sustainable Construction Strategies for Airports Nov. 14 Airport Governance and Ownership Dec. 6 Airport Terminal Planning and Design: A Focus on Wayfinding and Roadways

3 Today s Speakers Moderated by Danielle Rinsler, Assistant Manager, Planning and Environmental Division, FAA 1) Overview of ACRP Report 25: Airport Passenger Terminal Planning and Design Bruce Anderson and Matt Lee of Landrum & Brown 2) Overview of ACRP Report 52: Wayfinding and Signing Guidelines for Airport Terminals and Landside Jim Harding of Gresham of Smith and Partners 3) Overview of ACRP Report 40: Airport Curbside and Terminal Area Roadway Operations Gavin Duncan of LeighFisher

4 What is the Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP)? Industry-driven, applied research program that develops near-term, practical solutions to problems airport operators face Began in 2006, authorized by Congress Managed by the Transportation Research Board (TRB) of the National Academies Sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration Research is conducted by you individuals and firms selected on the basis of competitive proposals

5 Ways to Get Involved in ACRP Submit a research idea, also called a Problem Statement Prepare a proposal to conduct research Volunteer to participate on a project panel; Travel expenses are reimbursed Apply to be an ACRP Ambassador or member of the ACRP Speakers Bureau Use our research results

6 For More Information Regular news and updates on: o Upcoming and ongoing research projects o New publications o Success stories o Announcements Find ACRP on Facebook and LinkedIn

7 ACRP Report 25: Airport Passenger Terminal Planning and Design Guidebook and Spreadsheet Models Bruce Anderson Matt Lee Brian Poe Thursday, December 6,

8 Combined two research projects: ACRP Terminal Planning Spreadsheet Models and ACRP Airport Passenger Terminal Planning Guidebook Into, ACRP REPORT 25 Volume 1: Guidebook Volume 2: Spreadsheet Models 2

9 Report 25: Airport Passenger Terminal Planning Volume 2: Spreadsheet Model ACRP Project Research Agency: Landrum & Brown Principal Investigator: Matt Lee Subcontractors: Hirsh Associates Planning Technology, Inc. Presentations & Design, Inc. 3

10 ACRP Project Panel Chair Nadine Jones Director of Planning and Environmental Programs Hillsborough County Aviation Authority Members Donald Andrews Vice President Aviation Reynolds Smith and Hillls, Inc. Jon Cimperman Engineering Project Manager Port of Oakland Danielle J. Rinsler, AICP Consultant Doug Wendt Terminal Simulation Analyst City of Atlanta Department of Aviation James Wilson Senior Terminal Airport Planner/Programmer Hellmuth, Obata + Kassenbaum (HOK) ACRP Project Manager Theresia Schatz, A.A.E. Senior Program Officer Transportation Research Board FAA Liaison Elisha Novak Senior Airport Planner Federal Aviation Administration Thomas Wade Capacity Manager Federal Aviation Administration TRB Liaison Christine Gerencher Senior Program Officer Transportation Research Board 4

11 Report 25: Airport Passenger Terminal Planning Volume 1: Guidebook ACRP Project Research Agency: Landrum & Brown Principal Investigator: Bruce Anderson Subcontractors: Hirsh Associates Kimley-Horn and Associates Jacobs Consultancy The Strategic Airport -Planning Group TranSecure, Inc. Steven Winter Associates, Inc. Five Star Systems (G&T Conveyor) Presentation & Design, Inc. 5

12 A07-05 Project Panel Chair Dr. Robin R. Sobotta Department of Business, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Members Dr. Manuel Ayres Senior Engineer Applied Research Associates Blair K. Hanuschak Principal, Director of Airport Projects Walter P. Moore and Associates Dr. Lloyd McComb President & CEO Greater Toronto Airports Authority C. Allen McRee Senior Architect Freese and Nichols, Inc. Rudolph R. Mueller, III Director of Architecture Hillsborough County Aviation Authority Dr. Stephen Quilty, A.A.E. Principal, SMQ Airport Services George P. Vittas Senior Vice President AECOM Technology Corp. ACRP Project Manager Theresia Schatz, A.A.E. Senior Program Officer Transportation Research Board FAA Liaison Elisha Novak Senior Airport Planner Federal Aviation Administration Krystal Ritchey Program Manager Federal Aviation Administration TRB Liaison Christine Gerencher Senior Program Officer Transportation Research Board 6

13 Bruce Anderson LEED AP BD+C Landrum & Brown ACRP REPORT 25 Airport Passenger Terminal Planning and Design Volume 1: Guidebook 7

14 Relevance to the Aviation Industry Aimed at the general airport planning and design industry Guidebook is broad in scope with basic level of detail supplemented by detailed treatise on selected topics, for example, the development of facility requirements. Guidebook attempts to bring into one location the various sources of information needed to plan a terminal, in particular, FAA AC references with typical information on how to get updates through the web. The Guidebook is more of a how to approach based on the latest accepted practices as compared to research. Our approach was to provide guidelines as a point of departure from which various practicionaries can then impart their creativity. 8

15 Guidebook Table of Contents CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION CHAPTER II: THE TERMINAL PLANNING AND DESIGN PROCESS CHAPTER III: PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS CHAPTER IV: FORECASTS CHAPTER V: TERMINAL AIRSIDE FACILITIES CHAPTER VI: TERMINAL BUILDING FACILITIES CHAPTER VII: TERMINAL LANDSIDE FACILITIES APPENDICES: A CHECKLISTS B OTHER PERTINENT TRB STUDIES C FAA WHITE PAPERS D - AIRCRAFT CRITERIA E AIRLINE EQUIPMENT F REGULATIONS G ISSUES AND TRENDS H REFERENCES I ACRONYMS J GLOSSARY K QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE FOR SPREADSHEET MODELS 9

16 Selected Best Practices 1. Follow a Thorough Planning Process 2. Include a Balance to Key Planning Components 3. Use Appropriate Metrics for Performance 4. Make Flexibility a Major Goal of Planning 5. Build on Reliable Facility Requirements 6. Simplify Flows and Decision Points to Enhance Intuitive Wayfinding 7. Awareness of New Issues & Trends 10

17 1. Follow a Thorough Planning Process CHAPTER 2: THE TERMINAL PLANNING AND DESIGN PROCESS 1. Defining the Terminal Complex 2. Terminal Planning and Design Project Process 3. Terminal Planning and Design Project Approach 11

18 2. Include a Balance to Key Planning Components CHAPTER 3: PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS 1. Airport Master Plan 2. Land Use Compatibility 3. Ground Access Transportation 4. Terminal Site Planning 5. Airport Security 6. Information Technology and Communications 7. Environmental 8. Sustainability 9. Business Planning The integration of a new passenger terminal with a major multi-modal ground transportation center and associated commercial and residential developments at the Shanghai Hongqiao Airport is another example. Figure III-1 is from Graphic Illustration of Hongqiao Integrated Transportation Hub. 12

19 3. Use Appropriate Metrics for Performance CHAPTER 5: TERMINAL AIRSIDE FACILITIES 1. Airside Planning Requirements 2. Terminal Apron Planning 3. Aircraft Gate Requirements NarrowBody Equivalent Gate (NBEG) This metric is used to normalize the apron frontage demand and capacity to that of a typical NarrowBody aircraft gate. The amount of space each aircraft requires is based on the maximum wingspan of aircraft in its respective aircraft group. 13

20 4. Make Flexibility a Goal of Planning CHAPTER 5: TERMINAL AIRSIDE FACILITIES 1. Airside Planning Requirements 2. Terminal Apron Planning 3. Aircraft Gate Requirements 14

21 5. Build on Reliable Facility Requirements CHAPTER 6: TERMINAL BUILDING FACILITIES 1. Terminal Planning and Design Considerations 2. Terminal Concept Development 3. Terminal Facility Requirements 4. Other Facility Considerations Figure VI-28 depicts a typical holdroom configuration. 15

22 6. Simplify Flows and Decision Points to Enhance Intuitive Wayfinding 16

23 7. Awareness of New Issues & Trends Capacity more frequency use of computer simulations Construction Costs earlier in the planning process Level of Service less about space & more about less anxiety Security TSA s new emphasis on Pre-Check Revenue Maximization even more important than ever Common Use Facilities increased pressure for potential use Low Cost Carriers maturation of the LLCs Self-Service Processing passenger empowerment and self-tagging of bags Remote Processing continued growth Information Technology increasingly more important component of the planning process 17

24 For additional information: ACRP Report 25: Airport Passenger Terminal Planning and Design Guidebook and Spreadsheet Models Bruce Anderson o banderson@landrum-brown.com 18

25 Matt Lee Landrum & Brown ACRP REPORT 25 Airport Passenger Terminal Planning and Design Volume 2: Spreadsheet Models 19

26 Purpose of Spreadsheet Models and Relationship to Guidebook Developed as a simple MS Excel tool to supplement the learning from the Guidebook with practical experimentation, while linking key concepts Example: Gates and Gate Demand The Guidebook explains the methodology behind determining the number of gates necessary to meet the demand level based on a forecast period or based on a design day flight schedule in addition to explaining the key characteristics (physical and operational) of gate use, gate sizing and related airfield requirements. The spreadsheet models apply the methodology with additional assumptions and details to assist the reader or user in following the path that incorporates concepts, data and inputs into results and planning level interpretation. Annual Enplanements per Gate Approach Daily Departures per Gate Approach Analysis of a Design Day Flight Schedule (DDFS) 20

27 Spreadsheet Model Highlights: USER S GUIDE EXAMPLE Each User s Guide section provides a more detailed and specific set of instructions on how to proceed through the steps of the model as well as provides additional background information and excerpts from the Guidebook. 21

28 Key Areas of Passenger Flow 22

29 Key Model Components F L O W INT Bags Carts EDS/ETD 1. Design Hour Determination 2. Gate Requirements 3. Curbside Requirements 4. Ticketing/ Check-in 5. Baggage Screening 6. Bag Make Up 7. Security Screening 8. Holdrooms 9. CBP/FIS 10.Circulation 11.Baggage Claim 23

30 Key Functional Passengers Areas Focus is directed at the key stops for passengers and baggage that require some processing and provide Level of Service (LOS) metrics throughout the inbound and outbound flows. Key Model Areas Primary Data Required Primary Goals, Requirements Curbside Traffic profiles, peak demand Curb Frontage, # of Lanes Check-In/Ticketing Passenger profiles, transaction times, peak demand # of Positions, Queue area Baggage Screening Passenger profiles, equipment characteristics, peak demand # of Units/Systems, Total area Security/Passenger Screening Passenger profiles, transaction times, peak demand # of Lanes, Queue area, Total area Baggage Make-Up Passenger profiles, peak demand Make-up area, Circulation area Holdrooms & Gates Passenger profiles, peak demand Total area, # of Gates by ADG type Baggage Claim Passenger profiles, peak demand Linear frontage, # of Units, Total area Circulation Desired concourse/gate configurations Corridor widths and Total area FIS/CBP CBP standards, passenger profiles, peak demand Positions, Claim frontage and units, Total area 24

31 Spreadsheet Model Outputs Functional Requirements Standard outputs suggest necessary inventory levels in units, linear frontage or area components Example of Check-In Results: Total Positions (standard, kiosk, and curbside) Total Check-in/Ticketing Area, Total Queuing Area Maximum and Average Wait times, and Maximum number of Passengers in the Queue Equivalent Positions per EQA Factor Variable inputs provide simple sensitivity analysis and a useable output range. Outputs can be high level order of magnitude for a Ball Park determination of adequacy or detailed to the exclusive-use airline requirement level; all dependent upon the accuracy of the inputs and available data. Detailed inputs can provide accurate future requirements and estimate when brake-points in LOS may occur. 25

32 Spreadsheet Model Highlights: 26

33 Spreadsheet Model Highlights: Kiosk and Curbside checkin positions are determined in a similar fashion as are staffed positions Space requirements associated with the number of positions are provided in a Space Summary for Check-In 27

34 Application of Results Easily perform sensitivity analysis to compare the impact of certain inputs. Determine acceptable ranges for desired Level of Service. Estimate break points where desired Level of Service will no longer be met. Plan development phases according passenger forecast demand. Use as a starting point before performing more costly simulation work. 28

35 Model Limitations Not an all-inclusive or total model. Limited to current inputs; not buildable. Inherent assumptions are sometimes broad and not as detailed as simulations. Passenger interactions not modeled as in simulations. Representative of a small sample set of data or a general average approach. 29

36 Potential Value and Lessons Learned Provides quick results and allows for rational sanity checks for plausibility. Easily compare conditional scenarios and question feasibility before proceeding. Can perform analysis on one functional area at a time, but still link consecutive processes. In a sense the Guidebook and Spreadsheets research reflects a current slice in time where the ACRP 07-01, Innovations for Airport Terminal Facilities looks ahead to the future with new and creative planning ideas as compared to current tried and true industry accepted guidelines. 30

37 For additional information: ACRP Report 25: Airport Passenger Terminal Planning and Design Volume 2: Spreadsheet Models Matt Lee o mlee@landrum-brown.com 34

38 Thank You! 35

39 ACRP Report 52 Wayfinding & Signing Guidelines for Airport Terminals and Landside Jim Harding, ACRP Role Principal Investigator Gresham, Smith and Partners December 6, 2012

40 Purpose To facilitate the safe and efficient movement of passengers within each airport and from one airport to another through the uniform application of the guidelines.

41 Research Team The GS&P research team was comprised to address four key functional areas: Experienced wayfinding design professionals from Gresham, Smith and Partners. Aviation technology experts from Big Sky, Inc. Sign research design and evaluation experts from the Texas Transportation Institute and Human Factors North, Inc. Key stakeholder representatives Craig Berger with SEGD and Tom Esch from SJC

42 Research Approach Philosophy Goal: Holistic wayfinding solutions

43 Research Approach Philosophy Goal: Holistic wayfinding solutions How: Understanding the WHY behind the WHAT

44 Research Approach The WHY is supported with tools based on: Research Standards, (i.e. MUTCD) Wayfinding principles Best practices Case studies + Lots of visual examples

45 Case Study - Symbols

46 Best Practices

47 Research Approach Organization logical & user friendly 1. History 2. Signing Process Developing Wayfinding Strategy & Logic 3. Roadway 4. Parking 5. Curbside & Ground Transportation 6. Terminal 7. Technology 8. Codes

48 DTW Signing Process - Continuity

49 DTW Signing Process - Continuity

50 DTW Signing Process - Continuity

51 Signing Process - Continuity DFW DTW

52 Signing Process - Connectivity ATL

53 Signing Process - Consistency DFW

54 Signing Process - Celebratory MKE

55 DTW Celebratory

56 JAX Celebratory

57 Roadway MUTCD standards vs. Airport needs Legacy roadways & Geographic constraints BOS

58 Parking Parking an integrated Parking Guidance System (PGS) helps motorist find preferred parking easily and efficiently. This can increase parking revenues and save staff time managing parking products. TPA

59 Terminal Terminal advances in LED lighting technology over other light sources like fluorescent yield significant savings in both energy consumption and reduced maintenance costs. PHX Images courtesy of 115 West & Insight Lighting

60 Takeaways For Airports Chapter 2 Develop a Wayfinding Strategy Buy-in Lost PAX = Lost revenue Value Wayfinding as a building system

61 Value Importance of Wayfinding Research - Studies give wayfinding significant weight with respect to the overall passenger LOS Correia et al. (2008), for wayfinding was the 3rd most important of 10 LOS variables de Barros et al. (2007), found wayfinding the 4th most important of 21 variables Bottom Line Happy PAX spend more money Good wayfinding can help improve an airport s bottom line

62 Takeaways Airport Planners & Architects Global Perspective - Considering Users in Design Effective signing begins with airport layout Therefore, it is imperative that airport planners understand the importance of wayfinding as part of the design process to create more intuitive architectural spaces where passengers know things instinctively. Conversely, wayfinding systems must account for complex architectural spaces in the planning and design process.

63 Consequences PRG

64 Takeaways Project Managers Scope TPA

65 Takeaways Project Managers Scope TPA

66 Thank you!

67 ACRP Report 40: Airport Curbside and Terminal Area Roadway Operations Gavin Duncan LeighFisher

68 ACRP Report 40: Airport Curbside and Terminal Area Roadway Operations Research objective: Develop a guide for the analysis of airport curbside and terminal-area roadway operations Guide should include: Recommended and quantifiable performance measures reflecting the perception of airline passengers, commercial vehicle drivers, and airport staff Easily used and valid analytical tools and models that predict airport curbside and roadway operations Guidelines for evaluating curbside & roadway operations A toolbox of measures to improve airport curbside and roadway operations Published July 2010

69 Guide Contents A. Users and types of airport roadways B. Alternative methods of estimating airport roadway traffic volumes C. Analysis of airport roadway operations: Uninterrupted and interrupted flows Low-speed weaving sections Curbside roadways D. Analytical framework hierarchy E. Overview of capacity and LOS concepts F. Quick Analysis Tool for Airport Roadways (QATAR) G. Toolbox

70 Presentation Overview A. Users and types of airport roadways B. Alternative methods of estimating airport roadway traffic volumes C. Analysis of airport roadway operations: Uninterrupted and interrupted flows Low-speed weaving sections Curbside roadways D. Analytical framework hierarchy E. Overview of capacity and LOS concepts F. Quick Analysis Tool for Airport Roadways (QATAR) G. Toolbox

71 Users of Airport Roadways Airport roadways accommodate a wide range of users Private vehicles Rental cars Taxicabs (prearranged and on-demand) Limousines (prearranged and on-demand) Shared-ride vans Scheduled vans and buses Courtesy vehicles Charter buses Public transit services Service and delivery vehicles Other

72 Types of Airport Roadways Airport roadways may include Freeways Low-speed free-flow facilities Curbsides Service roads Over 50% of traffic on the airport may be generated by uses other than the terminal building(s)

73 What Makes Airport Roadway Operations Unique What makes airport roadway operations unique High proportion of unfamiliar users Many complex directional signs Stressful conditions High proportion of large vehicles Mix of experienced and inexperienced drivers Recirculating traffic

74 Analysis of Uninterrupted and Interrupted Flows Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) methods appropriate for analysis of airport roadways having: Uninterrupted traffic flows of 35 mph and higher Traffic flows controlled by signals and stop signs HCM methods were extrapolated to include 30 mph and 25 mph roadways with uninterrupted flow New methods developed for low-speed weaving and curbside roadways

75 Level of Service: Airport Terminal Area Access and Circulation Roadways Level of service Criteria A B C D E Free-flow speed = 35 mph Minimum speed (mph) M aximum volume/ capacity ratio M aximum service flow rate (passenger cars/ hour/ lane) ,300 1,700 Maximum flow (vehicles/ hour/ lane) (a) ,050 1,370 mph = miles per hour (a) Flow rates adjusted to account for 0.95 heavy vehicle factor and 0.85 driver population factor due to occasional or unfamiliar users. Sour ce: Jacobs Consultancy, based on information presented in Transportation Research Board, N ational Research Council, Highway Capacity M anual, Exhibits 21-2 and 21-3, December 2000.

76 Analysis of Low-Speed Weaving Operations Weaving occurs when traffic streams cross each other Drivers may make multiple lane changes in a short distance HCM methods are not usually applicable to airport roadways

77 Analysis of Low-Speed Weaving Operations HCM not intended for analyzing low-speed weaving operations (< 30 mph) Commercially available software prohibits analyses of weaving sections having free-flow speeds < 35 mph Low-speed weaving analysis developed as a result of this research Minimum speed reduced to 10 mph and LOS traffic densities developed for airport roadways Used video recordings of airport roadway weaving operations to validate method

78 Analysis of Curbside Roadway Operations Analysis required of: Curbside pickup/drop-off lanes and bypass lanes Interaction of activity occurring in both Developed capacities representing that interaction Calibrated using microsimulation Validated using field observations Pickup/drop-off lane capacity depends on airport management policy (i.e., double-parking) LOS definitions validated through numerous focus groups

79 Curbside Levels of Service A B C E

80 Recommended Curbside Performance Measures

81 Overview of QATAR (Quick Analysis Tool, Airport Roadways) Curbside Module Analyzes changes in traffic volumes, passenger activity, vehicle mix, curbside allocation, and dwell times Compares vehicles attempting to stop simultaneously in each curbside zone with the capacity (number of available spaces) Compares bypass traffic volumes with capacity of bypass lanes Determines LOS for each curbside zone after determining interaction between the curbside zone and bypass section; poorest LOS governs Weaving Module Expands 2010 HCM methodology to roadways operating slower than 35 mph

82 QATAR Curbside Module Inputs and Outputs Inputs Curbside geometry Hourly traffic volumes Thru vs. curbside volume Vehicle mix* Dwell times* Vehicle stall length* Adjustment factors Propensity of vehicles to double park* Crosswalks Regional Outputs Level of service (graphical and tabular) Curbside utilization ratio by zone Volume/capacity ratio for thru lanes, by zone * default values available

83 QATAR Curbside Module Screenshot

84 QATAR Curbside Module Screenshot Curbside lane assessment

85 QATAR Curbside Module Screenshot Travel lane assessment

86 Benefits of QATAR Does not require large amount of data Tests range of physical and operational strategies Rapidly tests numerous strategies and combinations of strategies Displays results in a form easily understood by airport staff Can be used to screen multiple alternatives to identify those that might require refined analysis

87 Toolbox 19 typical airport roadway and curbside problems 44 potential physical, operational, and policy improvements Relative benefits resulting from implementation of improvements

88 Toolbox Typical Terminal Area Roadway Problems and Improvement Measures

89 Toolbox Typical Curbside Roadway Problems and Improvement Measures

90 For additional information: ACRP Report 40: Airport Curbside and Terminal Area Roadway Operations aspx Gavin Duncan