International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences Ogundijo et al., Vol. 2. No.1 ISSN:

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1 Interntionl Journl of Bsic n Applie Sciences Ogunijo et l., Vol. 2. No.1 ISSN: Interntionl Journl of Bsic n Applie Sciences Vol. 2. No Pp Copyright y CRDEEP. All Rights Reserve. Full Length Reserch Pper Evlution of Clcium n Phosphorus Relese Pttern n Composition of Bulklene NPK 2:: Fertilizer formulte using Ogun Phosphte rock s the P source. Oll Noh Olugemig 1, Aetunji Michel Tune 2, Ogunijo Dyo Stephen 2 1. Deprtment of Agriculturl Technology, Oyo Stte College of Agriculture, P.M.B, Igoor, Nigeri. 2. Deprtment of Soil Science n Ln Mngement, Feerl University of Agriculture, P.M.B 224, Aeokut, Nigeri. Corresponing Author: Ogunijo Dyo Stephen Astrct Experiment ws conucte in the lortory t the University of Agriculture, Aeokut, Southwest Nigeri to evlute the composition n nutrient relese pttern of ulk-lene NPK 2:: fertilizer formulte using Ogun phosphte rock s the P source. The gre, stility n incution stuies on the Gtewy fertilizer compre to Stnr fertilizer were crrie out in the lortory. The relese pttern of phosphorus in the ulk-lene prouct ws etermine y n incution stuy in the lortory. 25g of soil ws mixe with 5g fertilizer, moistene with istille wter to fiel cpcity, n incute in sele polythene g for perio of four months. The soil ws thoroughly mixe with the fertilizers (Stnr n Gtewy) n smple every two weeks for nlysis of ville P, exchngele C 2+ n ph. The two fertilizers were compre using two soil series nmely; Agege (Arenic tropult) n Iwo (Knic plenstlf).. Lortory nlysis showe tht the gre of the Gtewy fertilizer ws :5:7 n the Stnr 12:9:6. Stility stuy fter four months revele tht P content ecrese y 34. n 41.1 %, respectively in Gtewy n the Stnr fertilizers. Incution with soil for 14 weeks le to 4.6 n 6.5 % P ecrese, respectively in Gtewy n Stnr fertilizer. However, C content increse with incution while chnges in ph were inconsistent. It is importnt to note tht highest P vlues were recore for the two fertilizers uner Agege soil series thn Iwo series. It ws conclue therefore tht Gtewy fertilizer will enefit ci soils ut the nutrient content shoul e improve upon to meet the stte nlysis on the g. Key wors: Phosphte rock, ville P, ulk lening, incution, stility. Introuction Phosphorus is n essentil element for ll living orgnisms. However, most tropicl soils re inherently low in phosphorus (P) ue to nutrient mining, mong other fctors. Therefore there is nee for P inputs to mintin crop prouction in these soils (Kene, 21; Snchez, 24; Amerger, 26; Syers et l., 2). Also with the nee to increse foo prouction to fee the incresing popultion in tropicl countries, P fertilizers use hs ecome very importnt in this prt of the worl. The high cost n non-vilility of mnufcture P fertilizers is mjor constrint to plnt P nutrition in most eveloping countries. The high cost of P fertilizers (prouction n trnsporttion) hs le to its low input y most frmers n thus ecline in crop yiels. The goo news however, is tht phosphte rock (PR) is foun in mny Africn countries. Mokwunye (24) oserve tht pplying phosphte rock my e the est lterntive to the mnufcture wter- solule P fertilizers ecuse West Afric hs unnt supplies of phosphte rock. The ility of some inigenous PRs to supply phosphorus for crop prouction hs een well ocumente (Rjn et l., 1996; Johnston n Syers, 199; Mokwunye, 24). Nigeri is lso lesse with mny PR eposits with tht of Ogun phosphte rock (OPR) n Sokoto phosphte rock (SPR) eing the well known of these eposits. The nlysis of OPR revele tht it contins 31.3% P 2 O 5 n 31.6% CO (Jones n Dempster, 1969). Severl uthors hve ientifie the potentils of OPR s P source for griculturl prouction purposes n foun tht it is fesile (Akintokun et l., 23; Shoklu, 23; Akne, 25, Oll et l., 2). Moreover, the potentil of P minerl fertilizers to improve the prouctivity of mny soils h een reserche in Nigeri (Aepetu, 193; Aetunji, 1994, 1994, 1995, 1997). However, only recently hs ttempt een me to use the OPR in compouning NPK fertilizer in ulk lening. This stuy ws therefore conucte to 17 Online version ville t:

2 Interntionl Journl of Bsic n Applie Sciences Ogunijo et l., Vol. 2. No.1 ISSN: etermine the nlyze gre, stility n evlute the nutrient relese pttern of phosphorus in the ulk lene NPK 2: : formulte using OPR s the P source in the lortory. Mterils n Methos Loction The experiment ws crrie out in the Deprtment of Soil Science n Ln Mngement lortory, Feerl University of Agriculture, Aeokut, Nigeri. The University is locte etween Ltitue 7 o.14 1 N n Longitue 3 o.26 1 E. The re lies in the erive svnn ecologicl zone of Ogun Stte, Southwest of Nigeri. The rinfll, which is imol, commences in lte Mrch to erly April n ens in lte Octoer to erly Novemer with short ry spell in August. The men nnul rinfll is out 77 mm with the mximum in July n Septemer. The men monthly temperture vries etween 2 o C n 32 o C. Fertilizer Anlysis Two fertilizers were use for this stuy. The NPK 2:: (stnr) tht is, the one lrey in the mrket ws formulte y Golen fertilizer compny Nigeri while the Gtewy fertilizer (use OPR s the P source) ws formulte y Gtewy fertilizer compny, Ogun Stte. The two fertilizers were nlyze for % totl N, % P 2 O 5 n % K 2 O. Totl N ws etermine y the regulr mcro-kjelhl metho (IITA, 1979). Aville P ws etermine colorimetriclly from spectrophotometer using mmonium molyte metho (Bry n Kurtz, 1945). Exchngele K ws etermine in NH 4 OAc extrct using the flme photometer (IITA, 1979). Stility test ws crrie out on oth the Stnr fertilizer n Gtewy fertilizers to evlute the storility of the fertilizer. The fertilizer ws smple monthly for the nlysis of ville P (mmonium molyte metho) n ph only. The relese pttern of phosphorus in the ulk-lene prouct ws etermine y n incution stuy in the lortory. 25g of soil (psse through 2mm sieve) ws mixe with 5g fertilizer, moistene with istille wter to fiel cpcity, n incute in sele polythene g for perio of four months. The soil ws thoroughly mixe with the fertilizers (Stnr n Gtewy) n smple every two weeks for nlysis of ville P, exchngele C 2+ n ph. The two fertilizers were compre using two soil series nmely; Agege n Iwo. Txonomiclly, Agege series elong to Arenic tropult while Iwo series elong to Knic plenstlf ccoring to USDA clssifiction (Aioni, 21 n ). Soil Anlysis Soil ph (1:2) in wter ws etermine using glss electroe ph meter. Aville P ws mesure using Bry-1 P metho n P content etermine colorimetriclly from spectrophotometer using mmonium molyte metho (Bry n Kurtz, 1945) while exchngele C 2+ ws etermine in NH 4 OAc extrct using tomic sorption spectrophotometer (AAS) (IITA, 1979). Dt Anlysis All the t collecte were sujecte to nlysis of vrince, using SAS sttisticl pckge (19), n tretment mens seprte using Duncn Multiple rnge Test (DMRT) t P=.5. Results n Discussion The chrcteristics of the two soils use for the stuy re presente in Tle 1. The tle inicte tht the soils re generlly low to meium in totl nitrogen, orgnic cron n ville P. The soils re slightly ciic n elong to texturl clss sn. Chemicl composition of the fertilizer smples The nlyticl vlues of the Gtewy n the Stnr fertilizer proucts re given in Tle 2. The result showe tht the nlyze gres for the Gtewy fertilizer re pproximtely : 5: 7 n 12: 9: 16 for the Stnr fertilizer, inste of the specifie gre of 2:: for oth fertilizers. Thus, Gtewy n Stnr fertilizers h nutrient contents lower thn stipulte. This my e ue to poor or ineffective qulity control in this compny. A similr oservtion ws me y IFDC (1995) tht nutrient eficiencies in lens seem to e the result of poor process control n /or poorly size mtche rw mterils. Nigeri ws rnke higher thn Benin repulic n Ghn in terms of the percentge of nutrient- eficient fertilizers (IFDC, 1995). Tle 1: Some chemicl n physicl properties of the soils use Soil property Iwo Agege ph (H 2 O) Org C (%) Totl N (g kg -1 ) Av.P Bry1 (mg kg -1 ) Exchngele C (cmol kg -1 ) Online version ville t:

3 Interntionl Journl of Bsic n Applie Sciences Ogunijo et l., Vol. 2. No.1 ISSN: ,, Mg (cmol kg -1 ) ,, K (cmol kg -1 ).37.13,, N (cmol kg -1 ) CEC (cmol kg -1 ) Sn Silt.4.3 Cly Texturl clss Sn Sn Tle 2: Nutrient contents of the NPK 2:: fertilizer Nutrient content (%) Fertilizer N P 2 O 5 K 2 O Gtewy Stnr Stility stuy Chnges in ph n ville P contents of the two fertilizers monitore over perio of four months re presente in Figures 1 n 2 respectively. Chnges in fertilizer ph were significnt only in Gtewy fertilizer. However, the chnge in ph i not give ny efinite tren in oth fertilizers. Chnges in ville P vlues were significnt in oth fertilizers. The ville P reuce with storge perio. The tren ws more consistent in the Stnr fertilizer. After four months, the P content h ecrese y 34% in Gtewy fertilizer n 41.13% in Stnr fertilizer in oth Agege n Iwo soil series. Consequently, the mounts of P tht these fertilizers cn supply will lso ecrese s the perio of storge increses st month 2n month 3r month 4th month ph (H 2 O) Gtewy Fertilizer Perio of storge (months) Stnr Fertilizer Figure 1: Chnges in ph of the inorgnic fertilizers over storge perio of four months. Mens within fertilizer tretment followe y the sme letters re not significntly ifferent t 5% level of proility using Duncn s Multiple Rnge Test. 19 Online version ville t:

4 Interntionl Journl of Bsic n Applie Sciences Ogunijo et l., Vol. 2. No.1 ISSN: Aville P (mg/kg) st month 2n month 3r month 4th month c 4 2 Gtewy Fertilizer Stnr Fertilizer Perio of storge (months) Figure 2: Chnges in phosphorus contents of the inorgnic fertilizers over storge perio of four months. Mens within fertilizer tretment followe y the sme letters re not significntly ifferent t 5% level of proility using Duncn s Multiple Rnge Test. Incution stuy The chnges in ph, ville P n exchngele C uring incution of the fertilizer mterils with two soil smples over perio of 14 weeks in the lortory re presente in Figures 3, 4 n 5 respectively. Initilly chnges in fertilizer ph were significnt in oth fertilizers, however, s the incution time progresse oth fertilizers were not significntly ifferent in their ph vlues. Chnges in ville P vlues were significnt in oth fertilizers. The ville P vlues ecrese with incution perio in oth fertilizers in the two soils use for the experiment. After 14 weeks of incution in the lortory, P content h reuce y out 9.62 mg kg -1 in Gtewy n mg kg -1 in Stnr fertilizer in Iwo soil series while ecrese of out mg kg -1 in Gtewy fertilizer n 14.2 mg kg -1 in Stnr ws oserve in Agege soil series. In contrst to the tren oserve in ville P, the mounts of exchngele C present increse s the weeks of incution increse except in the Stnr fertilizer with Agege soil series. The chnges oserve in the C concentrtion were significnt in oth fertilizers except in Stnr uner Iwo soil series. It is importnt however, to note tht highest P vlues were recore for the two fertilizers uner Agege soil series thn Iwo series. This might e unconnecte with the low ph, low exchngele C 2+ n ville P of the soil (Tle 1). Low ph, low exchngele C 2+ n low P concentrtion re common chrcteristics of mny tropicl, wethere soils. Also ci soils re more conucive to PR issolution thn C 2+ rich lkline soils (Hmmon et l., 196). The reuction in ville P with the length of incution might result from the increse in exchngele C 2+ in oth soils where GF ws pplie. The ecrese in ville P is consistent with previous oservtions tht lower concentrtion of C 2+ fvoure the issolution n the relese of P from the phosphte rock (Rjn et l., 1996). This my explin the higher level of ville P oserve in soils where SF ws pplie compre with the GF. The reson might e ecuse most phosphte rocks re known to contin certin percentge of C 2+ in their ptite of which OPR (31.6 %) is not n exception. The increse in the mount of exchngele C 2+ with length of incution is in greement with erlier oservtion me y Akne (25). Summry n Conclusion The use of phosphte rocks to replce the expensive wter- solule sources of P fertilizer is gining groun every y. However, the use of OPR in compouning NPK fertilizer in ulk lening hs not receive ny ttention in reserch. This stuy ws conucte therefore, to investigte the lene prouct for its nlyze gre, stility n the nutrient relese pttern of phosphorus in the ulk lene NPK 2: : formulte using OPR s the P source in the lortory. From the finings in this stuy, the following oservtions n conclusions coul the rwn: The nlyticl vlues of Gtewy fertilizer showe tht it ws elow the specifie gre of NPK 2: :. Phosphorus content of the Gtewy fertilizer reuce with time of storge resulting in reuction in the nutrient (P) it cn supply to plnts over time. The ph n C content of the soil increse s the P content ecrese uring the incution perio of the ulk- lene prouct 2 Online version ville t:

5 Interntionl Journl of Bsic n Applie Sciences Ogunijo et l., Vol. 2. No.1 ISSN: c Week 2 Week 4 Week 6 Week Week Week 12 Week 14 c c c c c 7 ph (H 2 O) Gtewy Fertilizer Stnr Fertilizer Gtewy Fertilizer Stnr Fertilizer Iwo series Agege series Perio of incution (weeks) Figure 3: Chnges in ph of the inorgnic fertilizers fter fourteen weeks of incution. Mens within fertilizer tretment followe y the sme letters re not significntly ifferent t 5% level of proility using Duncn s Multiple Rnge Test. Vlues not etermine. 35 Aville P(mg/kg) c c c c c c c c c c c Week 2 Week 4 Week 6 Week Week Week 12 Week 14 5 Gtewy Fertilizer Stnr Fertilizer Gtewy Fertilizer Stnr Fertilizer Iwo series Agege series Perio of incution (weeks) Figure 4: Chnges in ville phosphorus of the inorgnic fertilizers fter fourteen weeks of incution. Mens within fertilizer tretment followe y the sme letters re not significntly ifferent t 5% level of proility using Duncn s Multiple Rnge Test. 21 Online version ville t:

6 Interntionl Journl of Bsic n Applie Sciences Ogunijo et l., Vol. 2. No.1 ISSN: Exchngele C (cmol/kg) Week 2 Week 4 Week 6 Week Week Week 12 Week 14 Gtewy Fertilizer Stnr Fertilizer Gtewy Fertilizer Stnr Fertilizer Iwo series Agege series Perio of incution (weeks) Figure 5: Chnges in exchngele C contents of the inorgnic fertilizers fter fourteen weeks of incution. Mens within fertilizer tretment followe y the sme letters re not significntly ifferent t 5% level of proility using Duncn s Multiple Rnge Test. Vlues not etermine. References Aepetu, J.A. (193). Phosphorus fertiliztion of tropicl crops. In: Ensmn Mutscher n Frnke (es.), Nutrient supply to tropicl crops. Institute of Tropicl Agriculture, Leipzig. Puliction, pp Aetunji, M.T. (1994). Phosphorus requirement of mize- cowpe sequentil cropping on Pleuult. Fert. Res. 39: Aetunji, M.T. (1994). Evlution of P supplying cpcities of South Western Nigerin soils J. In. Soc. Soil Sci. 42: Aetunji, M.T. (1995). Equilirium phosphte concentrtion s n estimte of phosphte nees of mize in some tropicl Alfisols Trop. Agric. (Trini) 72: Aetunji, M.T. (1997). Phosphorus sorption cpcity of low ctivity cly soils of South Western Nigeri n its usefulness in evluting P requirement of Rice. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosystem 47: Aioni, V. U., (21). Chrcteristics n clssifiction of soils of representtive topogrphic loction in the University of Agriculture, Aeokut. Asset Series A 1 (1): Aioni, V. U., (21). Chrcteriztion of some soils uner ifferent ln uses long toposequence in In, Nigeri. Asset Series A 1 (1): Akne, M.O. (25). Response of mize n cowpe grown sequentilly to irect ppliction of phosphte rock. Ph.D. Thesis, 156 pp. University of Agriculture, Aeokut. Akintokun, O.O., Aetunji, M.T., n Akintokun P.O. (23). Phosphorus vilility to soyen from n inigenous phosphte rock smple in soils from Southwest Nigeri. Nutr. Cycl. in Agroecosystems 65: Bry, R. H., n Kurtz, L. T. (1945). Determintion of totl n ville forms of phosphte in soils. Soil Sci. 59: IFDC (1995).The qulity of fertilizer in West Afric. Miscellneous Fertilizer Stuies No. 13 p IITA, Selecte Methos for Soil n Plnt Anlysis. Interntionl Institute of Tropicl Agriculture Mnul Series No 1. Pg Jones, H. A., n Dempster, A. N. (1969). The ee phosphte of Aeokut province. G. S. N. Report Johnston, A. E., n Syers, J. K. (199). Nutrient mngement for sustinle crop prouction in Asi. CAB Interntionl, Wllingfor, UK. Kene, J. S. (21). Foo for the soil: Rock phosphte s fertilizer. http//: Mokwunye, U. (24). Priorities for ction. Perspectives from the regions (West Afric). In: Assuring Foo n Nutrition Security in Afric y 22; Proceeings of n All-Afric Conference, Interntionl Foo Policy Reserch Institute, Wshington, DC. Pg. 45. Oll, N. O., Aetunji, M. T., Blol, O. A., n Elemo, K. A. (2). Agronomic efficcy of NPK 2:: fertilizer formulte from Ogun Phosphte Rock. Nigerin Journl of Soil Science 2(1): Rjn, S.S.S., Wtkinson, J.H., n Sinclir, A.G. (1996). Phosphte rocks for irect ppliction to soils. Avnces in Agronomy. 57: Snchez P. (24). Rising griculturl prouctivity. Proceeings of n All - Afric Conference, Interntionl Foo Policy Reserch Institute, Wshington, DC. Pg Online version ville t:

7 Interntionl Journl of Bsic n Applie Sciences Ogunijo et l., Vol. 2. No.1 ISSN: Syers, J. K., Johnston, A. E., n Curtin, D. (2). Efficiency of soil n fertilizer phosphorus use: Reconciling chnging concepts of soil with gronomic informtion. FAO, Rome. pp. SAS, (19). SAS users guie sttistics version (6 th eition). Sttisticl Anlysis System Institute, Cry NC, USA. Shoklu, A.O. (23). Soyen (Glycine mx (L.) Merr.) Response to phosphorus n zinc ppliction. Mster s Disserttion 3pp, University of Agriculture, Aeokut. 23 Online version ville t: