The Effect of Seasonal Variation on Physicochemical Properties of Tubewell Water of Latur District (MS), India.

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1 IOSR Journl of Environmentl Science, Toxicology nd Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) e-issn: ,p- ISSN: Volume 11, Issue 10 Ver. I (Octoer. 2017), PP The Effect of Sesonl Vrition on Physicochemicl Properties of Tuewell Wter of Ltur District (MS), Indi. S. N. Birjdr, 1 S. G. Vedpthk, 2 U. B. Chnshetti 3 1 Deprtment of Chemistry, Shnkrro Jwle-Ptil Mhvidyly Lohr, Dist: Osmnd (MH) Indi. 2 Deprtment of Chemistry, S. M. Dnyndeo Mohekr Mhvidyly Klm, Dist: Osmnd (MH) Indi. 3 Deprtment of Chemistry, Arts, Science & Commerce College Nldurg, Dist: Osmnd (MH) Indi. Corresponding uthor: uchnshetti@gmil.com Astrct: The effect of sesonl vrition on physicochemicl properties of tuewell groundwter from vrious sttions in Ltur district of Mhrshtr Stte ws evluted. The smples tken in three sesons (summer, monsoon nd winter) from eleven different sttions nd were nlyzed for mjor physico-chemicl prmeters such s temperture, ph, electric conductivity(ec), totl hrdness (TH), totl dissolved solids (TDS), totl lklinity (TA), C +, Mg +, Cl - y using stndrd nlyticl methods. The nlysis showed tht drinking wter qulity in the study re is rtionlly good nd doesn t show ny most wful level of pollutnts. But it needs modest degree of tretment efore utiliztion s the concentrtion of the prmeters goes eyond the tolerle limits for drinking wter. Keywords: Dissolved oxygen, Electric conductivity, Ltur, Totl hrdness, Tuewell wter Dte of Sumission: Dte of cceptnce: Wter is of gret essence for life. The essentility of wter for living systems is quite pprent s without wter, there is no life. It hs numer of unique chemicl nd physicl properties tht mke it essentil for life. One such property is the only sustnce tht exists nturlly on Erth in ll three physicl forms of mtter (gs, liquid, nd solid). The Erth hs ocens of liquid wter nd polr regions covered y solid wter. Wter vpour is greenhouse gs tht ensnres energy rdited from the surfce of the erth nd ssists to mintin the erth plnet wrm enough to sustin the complex life tht hs evolved in this environment. It is eing used for mny purposes e.g., industril wter supply, irrigtion, drinking, propgtion of fish nd other qutic systems nd genertion of hydro-power plnts. Wter covers out 70% of Erth s surfce. Despite of this, less thn 1% of the wter on erth is ctully fresh nd utilizle. Tht signify only 1% prt is ccessile on lnd for drinking nd domestic purpose, griculture, power genertion, industril utiliztion, trnsporttion nd wste disposl. 1-4 Due to helthy popultion in Indi, the limited sources surfce of wter demnds the need of ground wter resources for drinking wter nd domestic purpose. The groundwter is supposed to e modertely clen nd free from pollution thn surfce wter. But growing popultion, ccelerting industriliztion nd intensifiction of griculture nd lso urniztion exert hevy pressure on our immense ut limited wter resources which results wter pollution nd creted helth prolems. According to WHO orgniztion, out 80% of ll the diseses in humn eings re cused y wter. 3 Hence, there is lwys need for nd concern over the protection nd mngement of surfce wter nd groundwter qulity. At mny plces, tht severely limits the eneficil use of wter for domestic nd industril ppliction. The lkes hve complex nd frgile ecosystem, s they do not hve self clening ility nd redily ccumulte pollutnts. 4-7 Hence it is essentil to check the qulity of wter t regulr time to minimize the wter orn diseses. The im of the present study ws to give n ide out the pollution level of pond wter in terms of physico-chemicl chrcteristics. Considering the ove spects of surfce wter contmintion, the present study ws undertken to investigte the physicochemicl spects of the surfce wter from some selected res of Ltur district of Mrthwd region. Thus, n ttempt hs een mde to ssist the physicl nd chemicl prmeters of tuewell wter, like Temperture (T), ph, electricl conductivity (EC), totl dissolved solids (TDS), chemicl oxygen demnd (COD), totl hrdness (TH), totl lklinity (TA), clcium hrdness (C H), mgnesium hrdness (Mg H) nd chloride (Cl), ws determined. The nlyzed dt were compred with stndrd vlues recommended y WHO. 7 DOI: / Pge

2 I. Experimentl 1.1 Study re The physicochemicl nlysis of wter qulity of tuewell wter of Ltur district, Mhrshtr, Indi ws crried out in the present study. The Ltur district lie in the south-estern prt of the Mhrshtr stte situted on the Blght plteu, 540 to 638 mtrs from the men se level locted etween 17 52' to 18 50' North nd 76 18' to 79 12' Est. The climtic condition of the study re ecomes hot in summer nd cool in winter. Most of the rinfll occurs in the monsoon seson from June to Septemer. Rinfll vries from 9.0 to 693 mm/month. Averge nnul rinfll is 725 mm. In the present study period temperture rnge minimum 29ºC nd mximum of 38ºC. The region gets much rinfll from south west monsoon. The plce gets most of its rinfll from June to Septemer during the monsoon. In Octoer nd Novemer lso incresed rinfll from the north est monsoon. The verge rinfll of this study re is mm. Figure-1 Smpling sites in Ltur district The ground wter collected from the tuewells locted t 12 different sites for Ltur district, Mhrshtr during Mrch 2016 to Ferury 2017 in three sesons (summer, monsoon, winter). The depth of the tuewells rnges from feet in ll these sttions. The smpling loctions, source nd corresponding hitts re shown in Tle Preprtion of wter smples Pre-clened 2.0 litres polypropylene ottles, using stndrd procedure of gr or ctch s per the methods of APHA, 8 were used for the collection of ll smples. Tempertures of the smples were mesured in the field itself t the time of smple collection. The smples were kept in refrigertor mintined t 5 o C. AR grde chemicls nd regents were used for wter nlysis. Tle 1. Smpling sites nd corresponding hitts Sr. No. Smpling Site Code Hitt Source 1 MIDC, Ltur S 1 Commercil Tuewell 2 Hrngul, Ltur S 2 Commercil Tuewell 3 Mitr ngr, Ltur S 3 Residentil Tuewell 4 Shivjingr, Murud S 4 Residentil Tuewell 5 Vishvshnti dhm Chkur S 5 Residentil Tuewell 6 Khrol rod, Renpur S 6 Residentil Tuewell 7 Hshmi ngr, Aur S 7 Residentil Tuewell 8 Vidhy ngr, Nilng S 8 Residentil Tuewell 9 Shirur Tjnd S 9 Residentil Tuewell 10 KGN ngr, Ahmedpur S 10 Residentil Tuewell 11 Khdkli, Udgir S 11 Commercil Tuewell All the smples in three sesons were exmined within three dys of collection for mjor physicl nd chemicl wter qulity prmeters like ph, Electricl conductivity (EC), Totl Dissolved solids (TDS), totl hrdness (TH), C 2+, Mg 2+, s per the method Assessment of Ground Wter Qulity descried in Stndrd DOI: / Pge

3 methods for the exmintion of wter nd wstewter Americn Pulic Helth Assocition (APHA). 8 The ph of ll the wter smples ws determined using ph meter (Model no LI120, Elico), clcium content y EDTA titrimetric method, totl hrdness (TH) y EDTA titrimetric method, chloride content y rgentometric method, methyl ornge for lklinity nd chemicl oxygen demnd (COD), totl dissolved solids (TDS) y stndrd methods, 9 y open reflux method. II. Result nd Discussion The ground wter smples S 1 to S 11, collected from 11 sites in Ltur district in three sesons, were evluted for their physicochemicl prmeters re presented in Tle 2. The temperture of on field smples ws found to e in the rnge etween 17.2 to 32.6 o C. The higher vlues could e ttriuted due to the summer seson nd minimum vlue of 17.2 o C in winter seson previled during the period of investigtion. The ph vlue is n importnt index of cidity or lklinity of drinking wter nd is n importnt ecologicl fctor. This mens tht ph of wter is not physicl prmeter tht cn e mesured s concentrtion or in quntity. The slight lkline nture of most of the wter smples is ttriuted due to presence of crontes nd icrontes. The ph of wter chnges with vrious components like ir temperture. The ph of wter increses s the rte of photosynthetic ctivities reduces, due to lesser sorption of cron dioxide nd icrontes, nd the low oxygen vlues lso coincide with high temperture during summer seson. In the present work, the verge ph rnges from neutrl to lkline vlues rnging from 6.8 to 8.4 (Tle 2). Out of the ground wter nlyzed, the minimum ph (6.5) ws oserved during summer seson t S 5 nd mximum verge ph vlue (8.6) ws recorded in the winter t S 1 nd S 5 (Fig. 2). The ph vlues re lower in summer while higher in winter nd vry in reltively smll rnge nd revels slight lkline nture. Figure-2 Sesonl vritions in ) ph nd ) Electricl Conductivity of Ltur District tuewell wter The Electricl conductivity is mesure to the cpcity of wter to conduct electricl current, it is directly relted to the concentrtion of slts dissolved in wter, nd therefore to the Totl Dissolved Solids (TDS). EC vlues of Ltur district tuewell wter were in the rnge of µs/cm during the present study. The sesonl vritions of present work reveled tht EC ws high during summer sesons (610 µs/cm) indicting the presence of high mount of dissolved inorgnic sustnces in ionized form nd low during winter sesons (180 µs/cm) (Fig. 2). Electricl conductivity shows significnt higher vlues t commercil sites s compred with residentil sites. Figure-3 Sesonl vritions in ) Totl Dissolved Solids nd ) Totl Hrdness of Ltur District tuewell wter DOI: / Pge

4 Tle 2. Physicochemicl prmeters of tuewell wter of Ltur District A totl dissolved solid (TDS) of wter determines the comined content of ll orgnic nd inorgnic sustnces present in it. In the present study, the TDS exhiited wide rnge of disprity with minimum vlue of 250 mg/l in summer seson nd mximum of 880 mg/l during winter seson. During the winter seson, the rnge of the concentrtion of TDS of tuewell wter ws mg/l. The TDS of wter during the study period shows significnt higher vlues of smples tken in summer s compred with winter (Fig. 3). This my e due to the climtic chnge nd presence of decresed wter level of tuewells. The TDS of ll smples ws oserved within the limits (500 mg/l) of WHO for drinking wter except smple S 1, S 4, S 5 nd S 11. Usully the wter smples hve high vlues of TDS mking them unsuitle for drinking purpose. Chemicl Oxygen Demond 8 (COD) is mesure of the oxygen required for the oxidtion of orgnic mtter with the help of strong chemicl oxidnt. High COD my cuse oxygen exhustion on ccount of decomposition of microes to level unfvorle to qutic life. The experimentl COD vlues in ll the sttions re vrying from 9.6 to 13.2 mg/l which is extreme lower thn the permissile limit of COD for drinking wter is 255 mg/l. The COD vlues re lower in winter seson nd higher in summer (Fig. 4). Figure-4 Sesonl vritions in ) Chemicl Oxygen Demnd nd ) Totl Alklinity of Ltur District tuewell wter Totl lklinity shows the presence of nturl slts in wter. Alklinity results due to the contriution of vrious types of slts like icronte, hydroxide, phosphte, orte nd orgnic cids. 10 Totl lklinity otined in the rnge of 90 mg/l to 430 mg/l. The highest vlue shows during the winter months nd lowest in the summer months during oth the study period (Fig. 4). The vlues of lklinity in the tuewell wter of present study exceeded the desirle limit of potle wter (120 mg/l) 9 in ll sttions except S 5, S 7, nd S 9. Hrdness of wter is significnt mesure to resolve the usility of wter for domestic, drinking nd mny industril supplies. 11 Clcium content in wter plys very importnt role in growth nd metolism of DOI: / Pge

5 qutic orgnisms nd its presence gives lkline nture to the wter. In the present investigtion clcium content rnges from minimum of 20 mg/l in winter seson (Smple S 8 nd S 9 ) nd mximum of 200 mg/l in summer seson (Smple S 1 ) (Fig. 5). These vlues re fr wy from the tolerle limit vlues s prescried y ICMR, BIS nd WHO. A grdul decrese in the concentrtion of clcium in ll smpling sites ws oserved from summer to winter seson due to incresed wter level of tuewells. The mgnesium content of tuewell wter vries from 20 mg/l to 110 mg/l which re fr wy from the permissile limit s prescried y WHO for drinking wter (Fig. 5). Figure-5 Sesonl vritions in ) Clcium nd ) Mgnesium hrdness of Ltur District tuewell wter Chloride is elieved s one of the most importnt inorgnic nion in wter. Due to its high soluility chrcter, it occurs nturlly in ll types of wter nd lso lrgely ttriuted due to evportion nd precipittion. 12 In the present study, chloride content vlue rnges etween 10 mg/l to 140 mg/l. In the present investigtion, minimum chloride ws recorded during winter seson nd mximum during the summer seson (Fig. 11). III. Conclusion The overll qulity ssessment of selected sites of Ltur district shows tht most of the prmeters re within the level of pollution recommended y WHO for drinking wter qulity with few exceptions. The study lso revels tht the ph, totl hrdness, COD, clcium nd chloride ion vlues re well within the permissile limits. All the physicochemicl prmeter vlues increses grdully from summer to winter through monsoon except lklinity where exctly opposite trend hs een oserved. The TDS of S 4 ws well ove the desirle limit nd the verge of lklinity hs lso within the desirle limits. In conclusion, the tuewell wter from selected sites of Ltur district is good for domestic nd drinking purpose ut necessitte some mount of tretment to reduce the contmintion especilly TDS nd lklinity. Acknowledgements The uthors thnkful to The Principl, Arts, Science & Commerce College, Nldurg (MH) Indi, for providing fcilities to crry out this work. References [1]. S.A. Mkwn,, C. G.Ptel nd T. J. Ptel, PhysicoChemicl nlysis of drinking wter of Gndhingr District, Archives of Applied Science Reserch, 4(1), 2012, [2]. J. Dhrmrj, S. Vdivel nd E. Gneshkrthick, PhysicoChemicl Anlysis of Ground Wter Smples of Selected Districts of Tmilndu And Kerl, Interntionl Journl of Scientific & Technology Reserch, 1(5), [3]. R. Kvith nd K.. Elngovn, Review rticle on Ground wter qulity chrcteristics t Erode district, (Indi), of I.J.E.S., 1(2), [4]. S.J. Rnee nd S. Vsnth, Physicochemicl nlysis of ore well wter smples of niyur re in Mduri district, Tmilndu, Indi, Journl of Current Science, 15(2), 2010, [5]. R.E. Rj, L. Shrmil, P. Merlin nd G. Chritopher, Physico-Chemicl Anlysis of Some Groundwter Smples of Kotputli Town Jipur, Rjsthn, Indin Journl of Environmentl Protection, 22(2), 2002, 137. [6]. R. Petrus nd J.K. Wrchol, Hevy metl removl y clinoptilolite, An equilirium study in multi-component systems, Wter Resources, 39, 2005, [7]. H. Lokeshwri nd G.T. Chndrpp, Impct of hevy metl contmintion of Bellndur Lke on soil nd cultivted vegettion, Current Science, 91(5), 2006, 584. [8]. ) APHA, Stndrd methods for nlysis of wter nd wstewter.18th Ed. Americn Pulic Helth Assocition, Inc., Wshington D C ) APHA, Stndrd APHA Methods for the exmintion of Wter, 22ND Edition, DOI: / Pge

6 [9]. W.H.O, Guidelines for drinking wter qulity, Vol.1, Recommendtions WHO, Genev, [10]. R.G. Wetzel, Limnology, (Second Edition, Michign Stte University, CRS College Pulishing Phildelphi, New York, Chicgo, 1983, 784. [11]. S. Mithrwl, R.D. Ydv nd R.C. Angsri, Rsyn Journl of Chemistry, 2, 2009, 920. [12]. W.R. Kelly, S.V. Pnno nd K. Hckley, (2012). The Sources, Distriution, nd Trends of Chloride in the Wters of Illinois, Chmpign, Illinois. Bulletin B-74. S. N. Birjdr. The Effect of Sesonl Vrition on Physicochemicl Properties of Tuewell Wter of Ltur District (MS), Indi.. IOSR Journl of Environmentl Science, Toxicology nd Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT), vol. 11, no. 10, 2017, pp DOI: / Pge