Effect of Plowing Conditions on the Tractor Wheel Slippage and Fuel Consumption in Sandy Soil

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1 Interntionl Journl of ChemTech Reserch CODEN (USA): IJCRGG ISSN: Vol.8, No.12 pp , 2015 Effect of Plowing Conditions on the Trctor Wheel Slippge nd Fuel Consumption in Sndy Soil Tyel M.Y.; S. M. Shn nd H.A. Mnsour* Wter Reltions & Field Irrigtion Deprtment, Agric. Division, Ntionl Reserch Centre, Ciro, Egypt. Astrct: The im of this reserch work is study the influence of soil moisture content t plowing trctor speed nd plowing depth on trctor wheel slippge nd fuel consumption. The field experiments were conducted during two successive sesons 2014 nd 2015 in the experimentl frm of Ntionl Reserch Centre t El-Nuri re, El-Buher Governorte, Egypt. Three levels of soil moisture t plowing (Ѳ1=8.60, Ѳ2=10.35, Ѳ3=11.61(w/w), two plowing speed(speed 1 = 1.79 kmhr -1 nd Speed 2 = 9.6 km hr -1 ) nd three plowing depth s (10, 20; 30 cm)were used. Dt could e summrized s following: The effect of soil moisture, trctor speed, nd plowing depth on wheel slippge nd fuel consumption could e put in the following descending orders: Ѳ3>Ѳ2>Ѳ1), (Speed2> Speed1) nd (depth30> depth20> depth10 cm). The interction mong fctors s following: the mximum nd minimum vlues of wheel slippge nd fuel consumption were (significntly t 5%) recorded t Ѳ3 x Speed2 x depth30, nd Ѳ1 x Speed1 x depth10, respectively. In conclusion, it could e noticed tht the est conditions for plowing of the studied soil: 8.6 % (w/w) soil moisture content t plowing, 10 cm plowing depth nd 1.79 kmhr -1 trctor speed. Key words: Sndy soil, Moisture t Plowing, Plowing Depth, Trctor Speed, Fuel Consumption; Wheel Slippge. Introduction Primry tillge is the first mechnicl disturnce of the soil fter hrvest. It is normlly done when the soil is moist enough to llow ploughing nd strong enough to give resonle nd efficient trction. Secondry tillge on the other hnd is ny working of the soil fter primry one. It is usully less shllow nd less ggressive thn primry tillge. Reducing fuel consumption in croplnd griculture is complex nd multifctoril process, where frm mngement plys key role 1. Conventionl tillge with ploughs is one of the most energy-consuming processes in plnt production 2. Mouldord ploughs; tined implements nd disc implements re the min implement types for primry tillge 3.The intensity of tillge depends on the numer of tillge opertions, power trnsmission (ctive y PTO or pssive y drwr power), implement geometry, nd depth of opertion 4,5. Compred to conventionl tillge systems, fuel consumption cn e significntly reduced with conservtion tillge systems 6,7,8. Tillge with high degree of soil disturnce, e.g. ploughing or cultivting, contriutes gretly to soil tillge erosion 9,10.

2 Tyel et l /Int.J. ChemTech Res. 2015,8(12),pp The concept of Wheel slippge in trctors hs lwys een one of the min efficient fctors ffecting fuel consumption y trctors, for oth on-field nd off field frm opertions. Trctor performnce is influenced y trction elements, soil conditions, implement type, nd trctor configurtion 11. According to Oltunji, O. M. et l 12, the soil moisture content nd sher strength contriute to tillge energy requirement. Opertions tht involve mchinery trffic nd soil engging tools, such s tillge nd plnting, on griculturl soil is considered trctle if it cn develop dequte sher resistnce to minimize tire slippge nd soil dmge nd cn s well produce soil tilth without the formtion of clods 13. By decresing soil moisture content, net trction of trctor decresed nd resulted in reduced rolling resistnce. Fenyvesi L. et l 14 found out tht rolling resistnce of wheel will increse y reduction of some key soil prmeters. According to Ahneku I. E. et l 15, griculturl tillge involves soil cutting, soil turning, nd soil pulveriztion which thus, demnds high energy, not just due to the lrge mount of soil mss tht must e moved, ut lso due to inefficient methods of energy trnsfer to the soil. It is known from relted reserch efforts tht the drft resistnce of ploughs nd energy requirement for plowing depend on the plow ody prmeters nd soil properties such s hrdness, density, friction nd dhesion. 16,17,18 Reported tht incresing the plowing depth nd trction power cuses oth the wheel slip nd fuel consumption to increse. 19 Reported tht in every tillge opertion, there re three min fctors tht should e considered for the chievement of desired results. These fctors include personnel (i.e.opertors), tillge tools nd soils with the most importnt of them eing the soils followed y the tillge tools. Trctive efficiency is mesure of the ility of the trctor to trnsfer power from the xle to the drwr through the tire nd soil interfce. This implies tht trctive efficiency depends on wheel slip, soil nd tire conditions s well s drive configurtions. In the reserch work of Incheron K. et l 20, the mesured nd clculted prmeters were rolling resistnce, wheel slip nd trctive efficiency. The inference tken from the work reveled tht wheel slip might e considered higher for primry tillge thn in secondry tillge opertions due to the depth of the two different tillge implements (3-ottom disc plough nd offset disc hrrow) tht were used to work on the soil. The fuel consumption of soil tillge opertions vries widely nd cn e reduced through proper mtching of trctor size, operting prmeters, tillge implement 21. Of the verge fuel consumption for ploughing (25 L h-1), only 5 L h-1 of the fuel energy is used for the drwing of the plough 22, while the remining fuel consumption is due to efficiency losses in the engine, trnsmission, nd wheel/soil interfce 23. The term fuel is used here exclusively to denote diesel fuel. Additionl, soil relted, prmeters, such s soil texture nd orgnic mtter content, influence fuel consumption in soil tillge 24,6. Depending on the soil consistency the fuel consumption increses y 0.5 to 1.5 L h-1 per centimeter of ploughing depth 25,26. Moreover, wheel slip s mesure of trction ffects field performnce nd fuel consumption 27. The improvement of the drwr pulling efficiency through n ll-wheel drive reduced wheel slip during ploughing y 50% nd during cultivting y 67% in comprison to two-wheel drive nd resulted in fuel svings of 2 L h -1, 26. The working depth in tillge processes lso hd lrge influence on fuel consumption nd wheel slip. The ojective of this pper is the studying effect of different soil moisture t plowing, plowing depth, nd plowing speeds on wheel slip nd fuel consumption. Mterils nd Methods The field experiments were conducted during two successive sesons 2014 nd 2015 in the experimentl frm of Ntionl Reserch Centre t El Nuri re, El-Beher Governorte, Egypt to study the influence ofsoil moisture content, trctor speed nd plowing depth on trctor wheel slippge nd fuel consumption in sndy soil condition. Some physicl properties of the studied soil re presented in Tle (1).The previous crop in selected site ws Common Been, Phsolus vulgris. Sprinkle irrigtion system ws used.

3 Tyel et l /Int.J. ChemTech Res. 2015,8(12),pp Soil Depth (cm) Tle (1): Some physicl properties of the soil. Prticle Size distriution, % C. Snd F. Snd Silt Cly Texture Clss Soil θ S (w/w)% F.C. P.W.P. A.W HC (cmh -1 ) BD (g/cm³) Snd Snd Snd Snd FC= field cpcity, P.W= wilting point; AW= ville wter A completely rndomized nd split-split plot design ws pplied. Three soil moisture content θ (8.60, nd11.61% w/w), two plowing speed (1.88 nd 9.6 km/h) nd three plowing depth (10, 20 nd 30cm) were used t plowing. The wheel slippge ws mesured t ll tretments. Plowing process ws conducted using Chisel plow with 7 fixed tines. The trctor wheel slippge cn e descried y the following eqution. S% = (1 V ct / V th ) x Where S is wheels slip (%), V ct. is ctul speed with plow tool (km/h), nd V th is theoreticl speed without plow tool (km/h). V ct. orv th = (D / t) * 3.6 Where D = distnce meter nd t= time (sec.). The fuel consumption ws mesured y refilling the tnk to full nd clculting the mount of fuel consumed (l/fed). The consumption flow rte (L h-1) is clculted ccording Eqution (1). (1) Where, Q is flow rte, L h-1; f is frequency. According to the clirtion protocol KD ws cm -3. The fctor 3.6 in Eqution (1) is dimensionless conversion fctor. A two-wy nlysis of vrince ws crried out on the dt generted with the use of the Generl Liner Fctoril Model in GENSAT Discovery Edit. 3 Softwre. The softwre ws used in nlyzing the % wheel slippge vlues of the 2WD trctor during the different tillge opertions on the different soil surfce conditions of the experimentl plots. Therefter, the Lest Significnt Differences (L.S.D) etween the mens of % wheel slippge were computed t 5 % level of significnce nd used to mke pired comprisons etween the tretment mens. Vlues of fuel consumption nd wheel slippge were sujected to the proper sttisticl nlysis ccording to Snedecor nd Cochrn. et l. 29 Results nd Discussions The concept of wheel slippge in trctors hs lwys one of the min efficiency fctors ffecting fuel consumption y trctors, for frm opertions. The soil moisture content t plowing, soil texture nd sher strength contriute to tillge energy requirement. Tle (2) nd Figures (1, 2 nd 3) illustrtes the effect of three different soil moisture (Ѳ1=8.60%, Ѳ2=10.35%, Ѳ3=11.61%), two trctor speed s (Speed 1 = 1.79 km/h nd Speed 2 = 9.6 km/h) nd three plowing depth (10, 20, 30 cm) on fuel consumption nd wheel slippge. Soil consistence comprises the ttriutes of soil mteril which re expressed in its degree nd kind of cohesion nd dhesion forces or in its resistnce to deformtion or rupture. Consistence phenomen re friility, plsticity, stickiness, nd resistnce to compression nd sher. The men forces responsile for soil consistence re moleculr ttrction (cohesion) nd surfce tension (dhesion).cohesion moleculr ttrction is rought out y the chrges of the cly prticles, y roken onds t the edges of cly pltes nd the ttrction

4 Wheel Slipping % Fuel consumption (l.fed. - 1 Tyel et l /Int.J. ChemTech Res. 2015,8(12),pp from prticle to nother (Vnder Wls forces). Consistence s result of moleculr ttrction cn e lrge only if the soil prticles lie closely together nd hve reltively lrge surfce re of contcts. Regrdless trctor speeds nd plowing depth, the otined of fuel consumption nd soil moisture content could e rnked in the following descending orders: Ѳ3 >Ѳ2 >Ѳ1.Bsed on these results, decresing soil moisture content decresed oth wheel slippge nd fuel consumption tht mesured fuel efficiency usge nd vice vers. Differences in dt of wheel slippge nd fuel consumption etween mens of the studied prmeters were significnt t the 5 % level. While the highest nd lowest vlues of wheel slippges nd fuel consumption were chieved under Ѳ3 nd Ѳ1, respectively. Dt supported y Schreier M. et l 23, Oltunji, O. M. et l 12. Tle (2): Effect of soil moisture, trctor speed nd plowing depth on fuel consumption nd wheel slippge Soil Moisture content t plowing w/w% Ѳ Ѳ Ѳ Trctor plowing Fuel wheel speed depth consumption slippge (km/h) (cm) (L.fed -1 ) (%) speed speed speed speed speed speed LSD Soil moisture % (w/w) Soil moisture % (w/w) (Ѳ1=8.60%%, Ѳ2=10.35%, Ѳ3=11.61%). Fig. (1) Effect of soil moisture content% (w/w) on wheel slippge (%) nd fuel consumption

5 Wheel Slipping % Fuel consumption (l.fed. -1 ) Wheel slipping % Fuel consumption (l.fed. -1 ) Tyel et l /Int.J. ChemTech Res. 2015,8(12),pp Trctor speed (km/h) Trctor speed (km/h) (Speed 1 = 1.79 km/h nd Speed 2 = 9.6 km/h) Fig. (2) Effect of trctor speed (Km/h) on wheel slippge(%) nd fuel consumption (l.fed.-1 ). Soil depth (cm) Soil depth (cm) Fig. (3) Effect of soil depth (cm) on wheel slippge(%) nd fuel consumption(l.fed.-1 ). Since in silt nd snd soil, the structure is open nd oth snd nd silt prticles re nerly spheroid in shpe, the soil prticles together depends on the presence of the three soil phses, Solid (soil prticles), liquid (soil wter), nd the gseous one (soil ir). Soil wter content control the shpe (concve or convex) of wter films round soil prticles nd susequently the forces of onding soil prticles. While surfce tension (film forces per unit re of contct is gretest when the meniscus s curved the most s in soil of limited moisture content of the contct is firly smll under these conditions. As the soil wter increses, the re of contct increses while surfce tension per unit re only little nd susequently consistence increses. At certin point in the wet rnge surfce tension/unit re hs ecome so smll tht even the increse contct re fils to compenste for it. In the cse of moist sndy soil (unsturted) the surfce tension cuses n errnt consistence. This consistence disppers in oth dried nd sturted sndy soil.the increse in trctor speed decreses the time of wheel contct with the soil. Although, the increses in trctor speed increses the field cpcity, fuel consumptive nd wheel slippge, it decreses soil deformtion nd rupture.the increse in plowing depth increses oth wheel slippge nd fuel consumption my ttriute to the overurden pressure of the top soil lyers on the susoil ones nd the decrese in soil orgnic mtter content with depth.

6 Tyel et l /Int.J. ChemTech Res. 2015,8(12),pp Tle (3): Min effect of soil moisture content (w/w), trctor speed nd plowing depth on fuel consumption nd wheel slippge. Tretment Fuel consumption (L/fed) Wheel slippge (%) Soil moisture content (Ѳ1=8.60%). Soil moisture content (Ѳ2=10.35%). Soil moisture content (Ѳ3=11.61%). Trctor speed (S1= 1.79 km/h). Trctor speed (S2= 9.6 km/h). Plowing depth (d1 = 10cm) Plowing depth (d1 = 20cm) Plowing depth (d1 = 30cm) c c c c Tle (2) nd Figures (1, 2 nd 3) show the effect of the studied prmeters, it could e rnked in following descending order: Speed 2 > Speed1. Differences in wheel slippge were significnt t the 5 % level. While the highest nd lowest vlues under Speed1 nd speed2 were chieved t Speed2 nd Speed2, respectively. The effect of plowing depth on wheel slippge nd fuel consumption, it could e rnked in following descending order: depth3 > depth2 > depth 1. Differences in wheel slippge nd fuel consumption were significnt t the 5 % level. This effect my e ttriuting to decrement trctive efficiency y incresing the soil depth, 30. So, the highest nd lowest vlues of wheel slippge nd fuel consumption were chieved t depth 3 nd depth 1, respectively. As it is ovious, incresing the soil moisture content nd tillge depth increse wheel slippge nd fuel consumption due to decresed the trctive efficiency, 31. A:

7 Fuel consumption (L fed -1 cm -1 plowing depth) Tyel et l /Int.J. ChemTech Res. 2015,8(12),pp Ѳ1=8.60% Ѳ2=10.35% Ѳ3=11.61% Plowing depth (cm) B: Fig. (4) The effect of soil moisture content, plowing speed nd plowing depth on fuel consumption efficiency Tle (3)nd Figures (1, 2 nd 3)show tht the interction mong the studied fctors: The mximum nd minimum vlues of wheel slippge nd fuel consumption were recorded in Ѳ3 x Speed2 x depth30, nd Ѳ1 x Speed1 x depth10, respectively, differences in the otined dt mong interctions were significnt t the 5% level. The dt supported y [24], [13], [15], [32]. Dt otined could e explined on the sis of sndy soil consistence. This consistence is due to moleculr ttrction (Cohesion) nd surfce tension (Adhesion). Soil structure of sndy is open. This mens tht ech snd prticle contcts six other prticles since snd prticle is nerly sphericl in shpe the contct will e only in six points. On the other wrds, the dhesion force will e in oth wet nd dry soil, nd this will increse wheel slippge nd fuel consumption. Figure (4 A nd B) depicts the effect of oth soil moisture content t plowing nd plowing speed on fuel consumption per cm plowing depth per fed (4200m 2 ). Dt on hnd reveled tht plowing the sndy soil t 8.6 % (w/w) nd 1.79 Km.hr -1 cused n increse in fuel consumption rnged from 0.22 to 0.27 litre.fed.cm -1 plowing depth.i the cse of % (w/w), fuel consumption vried from to nd from to liter cm -1 depth fed -1 t plowing speed 1.79 nd 9.6 Km hr -1, respectively. Concerning soil contin % (w/w), fuel consumption vried from to nd from to 1.79 liter cm -1 depth fed -1 t plowing speed 1.79 nd 9.6 Km hr -1, respectively. Thus, the suitle conditions for tillge the studied soil re 8.6 % (w/w) plowing speed 1.79 Km hr -1 nd plowing depth 10 cm for oth fuel consumption nd wheel sfety. Conclusion The slippge in tillge opertion is n importnt fctor for nlysis of fuel consumption. Fuel consumption nd wheel slippge of tillge opertion with given implement is gretly ffected y soil moisture, trctor speed nd the working depth. Wheel slippge nd fuel consumption increse with incresing soil depth, trctor speed nd soil moisture vlues under study. The interction etween fctors s following: the mximum nd minimum vlues of wheel slippge nd fuel consumption were (significntly t 5%) recorded t Ѳ3 x Speed2 x depth30, nd Ѳ1 x Speed1 x depth10, respectively. In this study, could e conclude tht very efficient wy of sving fuel is to choose the time which will e ville good soil conditions (soil moisture content 8.60% t plowing), in ddition to10 cm plowing depth nd 1.79 km/h, trctor speed during tillge opertion.

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