Resurgence of Bacterial Ring Rot in Idaho

Transcription

1 Resurgence of Bcteril Ring Rot in Idho Jeff Miller 1

2 Courtesy Dr. Neil Gudmestd Bcteril Ring Rot Clvibcter michignensis subsp. sepedonicus (Cms) First recognized in US in sttes reported problems in 194. Erly reserch Cutting knife experiment Up to 24 pieces infected Infected/helthy seed piece contct 69% trnsmission Surfce contmintion 33% trnsmission BRR Epidemiology Enters through wounds Seed cutters Pick plnters Hndling Survives bout 1 dys in surfce wter Lives on mteril surfces for > 2yers Iron, wood, rubber, plstic Low RH, temps below 5 F (1 C) Does not survive in soil 2

3 Where cn BRR come from? Infected seed Infected culls (e.g. cttle feed) Contminted equipment (e.g. trucks, seed cutter) Mn/nimls from neighboring infected crop. Insufficient clen-up fter ring rot occurrence. Mintennce of ltent infection on frm Albert Agriculture nd Forestry Cms Survivl % Survivl Low RH 12% Months in Storge Burlp, 41 Burlp, 68 Plstic, 41 Plstic, 68 Plywood, 41 Plywood, 68 Nelson, 198, Americn Potto Journl 57:595-6 Cms Survivl % Survivl High RH 94% Months in Storge Burlp, 41 Burlp, 68 Plstic, 41 Plstic, 68 Plywood, 41 Plywood, 68 Nelson, 198, Americn Potto Journl 57:

4 Cn BRR be erdicted? Erly detection Snittion Economic fctors Commitment of entire industry Chllenges Cms persistence nd ltency Inoculum potentil Difficulties in Detecting BRR Ltent nture of disese. Nture of potto cultivtion. Blnce between prcticlity nd ccurcy. BRR Testing Serelogicl tests Immunofluorescence (IFA) Elis PCR Cms5/72/85 CelA primer 4

5 Constrints of BRR Testing Testing cnnot prove lot is 1% clen. Extension of visul inspection. Sensitivity limited by smple size nd qulity of test. Positive test = Ring rot is present. Negtive test = If infection is present, it is below detection level. Albert Agriculture nd Forestry Albert Agriculture nd Forestry BRR Testing Requirements Idho A rndom smple of stems or tubers obtined from ll seed lots G1 or higher, shll be lbortory tested for bcteril ring rot. The required testing must be completed prior to finl certifiction. The minimum smple size shll be 1% of the stems or tubers to mximum of 2 stems or tubers for seed lots.1 cres or less, nd 4 stems or tubers for seed lots exceeding.1 cres. Idho Crop Improvement Potto Certifiction Rules 5

6 Seed Certifiction Two summer field inspections Storge inspection Post hrvest test Shipping point inspection Idho Seed Certifiction Stndrds Bcteril ring rot, corky ring spot nd root-knot nemtode re zero tolernce fctors. Any seed lot, regrdless of genertion, shll be rejected from certifiction t ny time when ny of these fctors is confirmed by lbortory testing. A rndom smple of stems or tubers obtined from ll seed lots entered for certifiction, G1 or higher, shll be lbortory tested for bcteril ring rot. Idho Seed Certifiction Stndrds - Lnd A field will not be eligible to produce certified seed pottoes if noncertified pottoes or pottoes tht hve been confirmed to be Bcteril Ring Rot infected by lbortory test were grown in this field the previous two growing sesons. A field must hve been frmed with crop other thn pottoes immeditely following the growing seson in which pottoes were disqulified for Bcteril Ring Rot. 6

7 Idho Seed Certifiction Stndrds All contct lots on frming opertion shll be ineligible for recertifiction if ny lot of seed on tht frming opertion is rejected for certifiction becuse of bcteril ring rot. Contct lots cn be recertified Negtive 12 stem/tuber smple Sister lots cn be recertified Negtive 44 stem/tuber smple If BRR is present t.1% in seed crop Probbility of Detection Smple Size (Tuber Number) Clyton nd Slck, APJ 65:

8 Cn we do better? Are certifiction rules dequte? Improvement in smpling? Improvement in snittion (clening)? Greter will for tolernce? Improved snittion with equipment hndling seed? Trucks Cutters Plnters Univ. of Idho Extension CIS Clening/Disinfecting Equipment 1. Remove plnt debris nd foreign mteril 2. For storge: remove 1-2 inches of soil, replce with non-potto soil 3. Wsh with sop nd hot wter or stem, rinse with wter Bewre of biofilms! Exposure to sunlight is helpful 4. Apply disinfectnt to ll surfces keep wet for 1 minutes Lbeled for porous nd non-porous surfces? Lbeled for storge or potto hndling equipment? Finl rinse required? Lbeled only for seed fcilities nd equipment? Adpted from U of I CIS 118 8

9 Clening/Disinfecting Equipment (cont.) C nd N hypochlorites corrosive on metl surfces Hypochlorites nd peroxides inctivted by orgnic mtter Not s effective on soil nd wood Buffer chlorine-bsed products to ph For storge disinfect for 1-15 minutes, close storge for 2 weeks Use of storge service provider Adpted from U of I CIS 118 Common Chemistries Sodium hypochlorite Clcium hypochlorite Ammonium hypochlorite Chlorine dioxide Copper quinolinolte Quternry mmonium Hydrogen peroxide nd/or peroxycetic cid mixtures Adpted from U of I CIS 118 Recent Disinfectnt Reserch Tested NOCl, H 2 O 2, quternry mmonium Tested on concrete, steel, rubber, polycrbonte, wood Biofilms more resistnt thn plnktonic cells Biofilms NOCl = most effective on wood H 2 O 2 = most effective on steel All disinfectnts similr on concrete, rubber, polycrbonte surfces Howrd et l., Cn. J. Plnt Pthol. 37:

10 Rhizoctoni nd Fusrium Seed Piece Decy Mngement Rhizoctoni Cnker nd Blck Scurf Effect of Yer on Rhizoctoni Severity Russet Burbnk; 3-yer rottion; non-inoculted % Severity in UTC Mid July Mid August Environment hs lrge effect. 1

11 Wht is the best fungicide ppliction method? Seed Best for treting seed inoculum? In-furrow Best for treting soil inoculum? From Mike Thornton, University of Idho Not ll Rhizoctoni is the sme 3-PT 2-2IIIB 4HG-I 4HG-III 5 A R Totl Blck scurf Stem cnker Stolon cnker 1 1 Elephnt hide Growth crck nd elephnt hide Anstomosis Group Potto rhizosphere soil Corky spots Totl Muzhinji et l., 215, Plnt Dis. 99: Rhizoctoni Control Options Seed tretments Tops MZ Mxim MZ Mxim 4 FS Moncot MZ CruiserMxx Potto CM Potto Extreme Emesto Silver In-furrow fungicides Qudris Moncut Prixor Vertisn Blocker Serende Soil Eltus Ethos 2

12 Russet Burbnk 217 Rhizoctoni Tril Plnted My 3: 34 rows, 12 seed, 3 cwt/cre Inoculted (.45 g/row ft) Stem cnker evlution June 21 (49 DAP) July 26 (84 DAP) Blck scurf evluted fter hrvest 217 Emergence UTC Moncut Vertisn Ethos (16) Ethos (24) Prixor Qudris Eltus 3

13 Rhizotoni on June 21 Rhizoc on Stolon 4

14 Severe Stem Rhizoctoni % Severity Rhizoctoni Stem Cnker, June 21, 49 DAP b UTC Moncut Vertisn Ethos (16) c Ethos (24) b b Prixor Qudris c Eltus % Severity b Rhizoctoni Stem Cnker, d July 26, 84 DAP UTC Moncut Vertisn Ethos (16) c b Ethos (24) c d Prixor Qudris d Eltus 5

15 Mrketble Yield 6 5 b b 4 c c c cwt/cre UTC Moncut Vertisn Ethos (16) Ethos (24) Prixor Qudris Eltus Tuber Qulity Eltus Qudris Prixor Ethos (24) Ethos (16) Vertisn Moncut UTC % 2% 4% 6% 8% 1% US#1 US#2 < 4 oz Culls Tuber Blck Scurf

16 Tuber Blck Scurf Severity Index bc d b bcd cd e 1 UTC Moncut Vertisn Ethos (16) Ethos (24) Prixor Qudris Eltus Russet Burbnk 211 Rhizoctoni Tril Plnted My 1: 36 rows, 14 seed, 19 cwt/cre Stem cnker evluted on July 13, August 5 Blck scurf evluted fter hrvest Efficcy of In-Furrow Fungicides on Rhizoc July 13 (69 DAP) Untreted check Hedline SC (9) d-g Moncut (.75) bcd Vertisn (23.2) Moncut (1) Evito (3) fgh e-h e-h Aproch (18.9) Prixor (6.7) d-g cde Qudris (8.7) fgh % root re ffected 7

17 Efficcy of In-Furrow Fungicides on Rhizoc August 5 (92 DAP) Untreted check Hedline SC (9) Moncut (.75) b-f bc Vertisn (23.2) Moncut (1) c-g c-g Evito (3) c-g Aproch (18.9) Prixor (6.7) d-g d-g Qudris (8.7) g % root re ffected Efficcy of In-Furrow Fungicides on Blck Scurf Untreted check Hedline SC (9) Moncut (.75) bc bc Vertisn (23.2) bc Moncut (1) Evito (3) c bc Aproch (18.9) bc Prixor (6.7) c Qudris (8.7) bc % tubers with blck scurf Yield nd Qulity Yields were similr for ll tretments Averge = 435 cwt/cre Tretments with fewer culls thn the UTC Vertisn Evito Economic return ($/cre) similr 8

18 Seed Tretments for Rhizoc Cnker % Root System Affected UTC CruiserMxx Potto CMP Extreme Emesto Silver 18-Jun 2-Jul Seed Tretments for Blck Scurf 6 Disese Severity Index (-1) UTC CruiserMxx Potto CMP Extreme Emesto Silver Effective Rhizoc Fungicides Seed Tretments Fludioxonil Mxim MZ, Mxim 4 FS Spirto CruiserMxx Potto Flutlonil Moncot MZ Fludioxonil + Difenoconzole CruiserMxx Potto Extreme Penflufen + Prothioconzole Emesto Silver* In-Furrow Fungicides Qudris (Azoxystrobin) Evito (Fluoxstrobin) Moncut (Flutlonil) Vertisn (Penthiopyrd) Prixor (Fluxopyroxd + Pyrclostrobin) Eltus (Benzovindiflupyr + Azoxystrobin)* *Newer, MRL issues 9

19 Dry Rot Disese Cycle Spores from infected seed infest dughter tubers nd get relesed in the soil. Tubers become infected when wounded. Seed tubers with Fusrium coeruleum Dry rot develops quickly when tubers re stored t 6-7 F Fusrium Seed Piece Decy 1 88 LSD Effect of Seed Tretments on Fusrium Seed Piece Decy % of Seed Pieces Decyed UTC Alder Brk Brk lone is not effective. Mxim MZ (.5) 1

20 Effect of Seed Tretments on Fusrium Seed Piece Decy % of Seed Pieces Decyed UTC Mxim MZ (.5) c Moncot MZ (.75) bc Mxim 4 FS (.4) b Mxim 4 FS (.8) bc Qudris IF (8.7) In-furrow pplictions re not effective. Efficcy of Post Hrvest Appliction on Dry Rot Dr. Nor Olsen, University of Idho Incidence % Wter Post-Hrvest Tretment Stdium MRL issues need to be resolved. Mnging Fusrium Seed Piece Decy Plnt seed with little or no Fusrium Avoid injuries Risk increses with pre-cut seed Tret with n effective seed tretment MZ, Moncot MZ Mxim MZ, Mxim 4FS, Cruiser Mxx Potto, Spirto FS Post hrvest ppliction of Stdium (when vilble) 11

21 Seed Tretments for SPD 1. In generl, seed tretment products combined with mncozeb protect best ginst Fusrium seed decy. 2. In-furrow pplictions do not enhnce the control Fusrium seed decy. 3. Desire to move wy from dust for worker protection/sfety issues. Acknowledgments Idho Potto Commission Actgro Aryst LifeSciences BASF DuPont FMC Gown Syngent Crop Protection 12

22 Comprison of Fumigtion Methods in Pottoes Shne Hnsen Potto Erly Dying Primrily cused by Verticillium dhlie Interction with the root lesion nemtode Metm Sodium nd Potssium Effective ginst Verticillium dhlie. Some nemticide ctivity Root lesion Root knot Some weed control High ctive ingredient lod 4 gllons/cre = 17 lb.i. Expensive $4.9/gllon x 4 gllon/cre = $196/cre Regultory hedche 1

23 Chloropicrin Suppresses Verticilium dhlie Good Nemticide Active Ingredient Lod 8.5 gl/cre=19 lbs.i. Two Active Ingredients Chloropicrin 8% 1,3-Dichloropropene 2% Expensive $56/gllon x 8.5=$476/cre Brodcst Fumigtion Metm 4 gl/cre Brodcst Fumigtion 2

24 In-Row Fumigtion 2-3 gl/cre lb i/cre $98-$147/cre One less pss through field Metm 3 gl/cre 8.5 gl/cre In-Row Fumigtion 217 Plnt Vigor Russet Burbnk % Cnopy Helth b b b 1-Aug 22-Aug Check Vpm In-Row Vpm Brodcst Chloropic In-Row 3

25 Check In-Row Vpm Brodcst Vpm In-Row Chloropic 217 Plnt Vigor Russet Norkoth 296 % Cnopy Helth c bc b b 1-Aug 22-Aug Check Vpm In-Row Vpm Brodcst Chloropic In-Row 217 Effect on Nemtodes 3 25 #/5cm Northern Root Knot Stubby Root Check Vpm In-Row Vpm Brodcst Chloropic In-Row Very little root lesion nemtodes 4

26 214 Columbi Root Knot #/5cm Check Vydte progrm Vydte + Vpm (2) Vpm (4) 214 Stubby Root 14 #/5cm Corky ringspot (TRV) Check Vydte progrm Vydte + Vpm (2) Vpm (4) 217 Totl Yield Cwt/cre b 681 b 66 b 612 c Burbnk Norkoth 296 Check Vpm In-Row Vpm Brodcst Chloropic In-Row 738 5

27 217 Mrketble Yield Cwt/cre b 511 b 433 c Burbnk Norkoth 296 Check Vpm In-Row Vpm Brodcst Chloropic In-Row % US #1 % US # b 58 b 48 c Burbnk Norkoth 296 Check Vpm In-Row Vpm Brodcst Chloropic In-Row Gross Return Burbnk $/cre c b 4131 b 2712 c 3877 b b 2 1 Processing Fresh Pck Check Vpm In-Row Vpm Brodcst Chloropic In-Row 6

28 217 Net Return Burbnk $/cre Processing 22 Vpm In-Row Vpm Brodcst Chloropic In-Row 217 Net Return Burbnk $/cre Fresh Pck Vpm In-Row Vpm Brodcst Chloropic In-Row 217-Dollr Return Processed In-Row Vpm $1 $5.7 Brodcst Vpm $ In-Row Chloropicrin $1.46 7

29 217-Dollr Return Fresh Pck In-Row Vpm $1 $6.93 Brodcst Vpm $ In-Row Chloropicrin $ Gross Dollr Return Norkoth $/cre b Fresh Pck Check Vpm In-Row Vpm Brodcst Chloropic In-Row Summry 217 Nemtode counts very low. In-Row Vpm provides highest totl yield for Burbnk. Brodcst Vpm results in incresed qulity nd size in Burbnk. All methods similr for yield nd qulity on Norkoth

30 Pst Reserch to Consider In 214, in-row nd brodcst were similr for Burbnk. In 214 nd 215, brodcst ws more effective thn in-row for Norkoth. Work still in progress Stem sections quntifiction of V. dhlie infection Optimizing Shnk Injection Fumigtion Using Metm Sodium Cooler tempertures re better (< 5 F) 39 F ws better thn 59 F or 55 F MITC movement in soil is slower Single injection depth just s effective s two 1 vs Metm rte more criticl t higher temps Rte response (4, 5, 6, 7 gllons) t 55 F Higher (7 gl) cn be more effective thn lower (4 gl) All rtes similr t 39 F Mrketble yield higher t 39 F fumigtion -Neil C. Gudmestd, Ph.D 9

31 Using All the Avilble Tools to Mnge Pink Rot nd Lek Jeff Miller Thnk You! Pink Rot Phytophthor erythroseptic Survives s oospores in the soil. Infection primrily through roots nd stolons. Lte-seson stem decy Typicl tuber symptoms 1

32 Pink rot Pythium lek Combintions of the two Pink Rot Mngement 1. Field selection/crop rottion 2. Adjust soil ph by lime ppliction in low ph soils 3. Plnt less susceptible vrieties 4. Proper irrigtion mngement 5. Use pproprite fungicides 6. Avoid disese-fvorble conditions t hrvest 7. Apply post-hrvest fungicides 8. Reduce tuber pulp tempertures to 55 F or lower 9. Grde out infected tubers going into storge 2. Adjust soil ph by lime pplictions in low ph soils b.9 bc IC IC cd.8 b.8 d ph C (mg/l) From Benson et l., 29, Am. J. Potto Res. 86: nd Benson et l., 29, Am. J. Potto Res. 86:

33 3. Plnt less susceptible vrieties Gem Russet Bnnock Russet Atlntic Russet Burbnk Summit Defender Alturs Rnger Russet FL1533 Umtill Yukon Gold Id Rose Chipet Shepody Norkoth Ivory Crisp % Tubers with Pink Rot Test conducted 22 in Rexburg, ID with nturl infection. 4. Proper Irrigtion Mngement % PR Tubers Effect of Irrigtion Frequency on PR Incidence 1 b 8 b X,.75" 2X, 1.12" 1X, 2.25" cwt/cre Effect of Irrigtion Frequency on Yield 5 45 b 4 b X,.75" 2X, 1.12" 1X, 2.25" Irrigting more frequently with less wter decreses pink rot pressure. Test conducted 21 in Minidok, ID with nturl infection. 5. Use Approprite Fungicides Timing Two Anlogies Dose 3

34 Fungicide Sensitivity is Importnt! Mefenoxm resistnce common in Idho Occurrence in Columbi Bsin? Few smples nlyzed About 25% resistnt Pink rot cn be tested: Crrie Wohleb Rchel Bomberger Effect of Fungicide Progrms on Pink Rot, 21 My 4 In-furrow July 5 Dime-size (DS) July 19 DS + 14 dys Aug 2 DS + 28 dys Aug 16 DS + 42 dys (Untreted check) Ridomil Gold bcd Ridomil GoldCu, 2lb bc MetStr, 12.8 fl oz b Crop-phite, 1 pt d Crop-phite, 7.5 pt cd Mixed popultion (mefenoxm sensitive nd resistnt) Effect of Phosphite Rte nd Timing on Pink Rot Russet Norkoth, nturl infection, Minidok, ID, 28 % Pink Rot Tubers c Untreted Phostrol (1) Phostrol (5) Phostrol (5) 3 pplictions 6 pplictions 5 pplictions Dime-size tubers, Dime-size tubers, Dime-size tubers, +14 dys, + 14 dys Every 7 dys Every 14 dys bc b 4

35 Effect of Fungicide Timing on Pink Rot 25 On time = June 21, July 3 Rescue = July 3, August 6, August 13 2 % Pink Rot Tubers 15 1 b 5 Check Rescue - Phos Acid Rescue - Ridomil Gold Brvo On-Time - Ridomil Gold Brvo Effect of Irrigtion Frequency on Pink Rot % Pink Rot Tubers b 3X 2X 1X UTC MetStr Sme mount of wter pplied ech week. Difference ws frequency of irrigtion. Pink Rot Fungicide Tril, % Pink Rot Tubers cde cd b Check 1 Orondis Gold (1.8) Ridomil Gold Brvo (2.5) Rnmn IFAP Folir 2X IFAP 5

36 5. Use Approprite Fungicides Mefenoxm/metlxyl Cyzofmid Ridomil Gold products Rnmn Ultr Flourish MetStr Phosphorous cid Phostrol Resist 57 Phiticide Others Oxthipiprolin + Mefenoxm (in-furrow only) Orondis Gold 6. Avoid Disese Fvorble Conditions t Hrvest 6 F 7 F Incidencce b c Wound High Medium Low Non-wound b c Wound High Medium Low b Non-wound Wounding increses likelihood of disese. Wrmer pulp tempertures increse likelihood of disese. 7. Apply Post-Hrvest Fungicides Phosphorous cid: 12.8 fl oz/ton tubers Apply in.5 gl wter/ton tubers 6

37 7. Apply Post-Hrvest Fungicides Disinfect vs. Disinfest Effect of Post-Hrvest Applictions on Pink Rot 1-Ton Bin Tril 1 Incidence b 2 b c UTC HPPA 1:25 PA (3.2) PA (6.4) PA (12.8) Dilution rte Product rte in fl oz/ton 7

38 Effect of Post-inocultion Intervl on Incidence of Pink Rot 1 Incidence Untreted HPPA PA Post-inocultion Intervl (Hours) Reduce Tuber Pulp Tempertures in Storge Operte fns nd humidity s soon s the first duct is covered. Reduce tuber pulp tempertures to 55 F in stir step mnner, setting temps 2 cooler thn your coolest tubers. During the rmping period, ensure the temperture differentil between the top nd bottom of the pile is.5-2 F. Nor Olsen, University of Idho 9. Grde Out Infected Tubers Prior to Storge 8

39 Pink Rot Mngement 1. Field selection/crop rottion 2. Adjust soil ph by lime ppliction in low ph soils 3. Plnt less susceptible vrieties 4. Proper irrigtion mngement 5. Use pproprite fungicides 6. Avoid disese-fvorble conditions t hrvest 7. Apply post-hrvest fungicides 8. Reduce tuber pulp tempertures to 55 F or lower 9. Grde out infected tubers going into storge Effect of Wounding/Temperture on Pythium Lek 1 % tuber infected Wounded Non-wounded 6 7 Pythium infections through lenticels Photo provided by Bline Meeks 9

40 Mnging Pythium Lek Use mefenoxm-bsed fungicide Resistnce? Phosphorous cid fungicides re not effective Ensure skin set prior to hrvest Minimize wounding Do not hrvest when pulp temps re > 65 F Incidence of metlxyl-resistnt Pythium in the Pcific Northwest Elmore 14. Bline 1. Skgit Jerome Grnt Minidok 3. Adms 17. T. Flls 18. Cssi 2 4. Klickitt Power 5. Benton Binghm 6. Frnklin 4 7. Wll Jefferson Wll Morrow 1 Mdison 9. Umtill Jefferson Fremont Crook Klmth = fields found with metlxyl-resistnt Pythium Effect of Wounding/Temperture on Pythium Lek 1 % tuber infected Wounded Non-wounded 6 7 1

41 Avoiding Pesticide Resistnce Trent Tysom & Jeff Miller Assistnce from Dr. Pm Hutchinson, Dr. Don Morishit, nd Dr. Erik Wenninger, University of Idho Wht is Pesticide Resistnce? The heritble chnge in the sensitivity of pest popultion tht is reflected in the repeted filure of product to chieve the expected level of control when used ccording to lbel recommendtion for tht pest species. (IRAC, emphsis dded) 1

42 Not ll pesticide filure is due to resistnce How do I know if I hve resistnce, or ineffective ppliction? Sme weed species helthy nd dying in sme re. Pests controlled in the pst re not controlled now. Submit smple for nlysis. Exmple 1 Herbicide Resistnce Photos by Dr. Joel Felix, Oregen Stte University 2

43 Why should we cre? Resistnce cuses chnges in mngement prctices: Incresed cost of pest mngement Reduction of effective options Yield nd income loss Very few new pesticides re being developed. Need to mintin those tht re currently vilble. Exmples of Pesticides Acricide Mites, ticks, spiders Molluscicide Snils nd slugs Antimicrobil Attrctnt Bcteri, viruses, other microbes Attrcts pests for killing or monitoring Nemticide Piscicide Nemtodes Fish Avicide Birds Predcide Vertebrte predtors Fungicide Fungi Repellnt Repels pests Herbicide Weeds Rodenticide Rodents Insecticide Insects Synergist Improves performnce of other products Resources for Mnging Pesticide Resistnce 3

44 Pesticide Group Numbers Members of sme group trget pests in similr mnner. Resistnce to one group member my confer resistnce to other group members. Effective tool for helping rotte ctive ingredients. So how does pesticide resistnce develop? Development of Pesticide Resistnce Scenrio 1 1. Mixed pest popultion (lrgely susceptible to pesticide ). 4

45 Development of Pesticide Resistnce Scenrio 2 1b. Mixed pest popultion (lrgely susceptible to pesticide ). Exmple 1 Insecticide Resistnce Did you know... The Americn beetle will destroy our crops nd threten your livelihood! WWI French drfted plns to relese CPB on the Germns. WWII Germny ttempted to develop CPB rmy. Germny climed US/Britin ws doing the sme. Sboteurs in Americn Services t work! Fight for pece! By Bundesrchiv,Bild / Biscn / CC-BY-SA 3., CC BY-SA 3. de, 5

46 Cumultive Number of Active Ingredients Resistnce in CPB Alyokin et l., AJPR 85: Chemicl Groups with CPB Resistnce Crbmtes Orgnophosphtes Orgnochlorines Cyclodiene orgnochlorines Orgnotins Inorgnics Pyrethroids Isoflvenes Neonicotinoids Avermectins Nereistoxin nlogues Spinosyns Bt proteins Alyokin et l., AJPR 85: Mechnisms of Resistnce Metbolism (brekdown) of insecticides Trget site insensitivity Reduced insecticide bsorption/incresed excretion 6

47 Exmple 2 Fungicide Resistnce Exmple 2 Fungicide Resistnce Lun Trnquility, 11 fl oz/cre Endur, 5.5 oz/cre Erly Blight/Brown Lef Spot in Potto Premium Erly Blight Fungicides QoI Fungicides Group 11 Qudris Hedline Evito Gem Tnos Reson Qudris Opti (lso group M5) Qudris Top (lso group 3) Orgnotin Group 3 Super Tin Stronger on lte blight Trizoles Group 3 Revus Top (lso group 4) Qudris Top (lso group 11) Qush Crboxmides Group 7 Endur Lun Trnquility (lso group 9) Vertisn Prixor Pyrimethnil Group 9 Scl Lun Trnquility (lso group 7) Strong on gry mold Strong ginst white mold 7

48 Percent EB Control with QoI Fungicides (Group 11) Miller Reserch Trils Qudris Hedline Tnos Reson MOA Trget Site Group Nme Chemicl Group Common Nmes FRAC Code SDHI (succinte dehydrogense inhibitors) Pyrdinyl-ethyl-benzmides Fluopyrm Complex III Pyrzole-crboxmides Benzovindiflupyr Fluxpyroxd Penflufen Penthiopyrd Sedxne 7 Pyridine-crboxmides Bosclid Respirtion QoI fungicides (Quinone outside inhibitors) Methoxy-crltes Methoxy-crbmtes Azoxystrobin Picoxystrobin Pyrclostrobin Complex II Oximino cettes Oxzolidine-diones Trifloxystrobin Fmoxdone 11 Dihydro-dioxzines Fluoxstrobin Imidzolinones Fenmidone MOA Trget Site Group Nme Chemicl Group Common Nmes FRAC Code SDHI (succinte dehydrogense inhibitors) Pyrdinyl-ethyl-benzmides Fluopyrm Lun Trnquility Complex III Pyrzole-crboxmides Eltus Prixor Emesto Vertisn Benzovindiflupyr Fluxpyroxd Penflufen Penthiopyrd Sedxne 7 Pyridine-crboxmides Endur Bosclid Respirtion QoI fungicides Methoxy-crltes Azoxystrobin (Quinone outside inhibitors) Qudris, Aproch Picoxystrobin Methoxy-crbmtes Pyrclostrobin Hedline Complex II Oximino cettes Gem Oxzolidine-diones Tnos Trifloxystrobin Fmoxdone 11 Dihydro-dioxzines Evito Fluoxstrobin Imidzolinones Reson Fenmidone 8

49 Pesticide Resistnce Influenced by: Nture of pesticide (protectnt vs. systemic) Pesticide use ptterns Biology of pthogen/pest Cross resistnce = Development of resistnce to one chemicl lso confers resistnce to nother chemicl. Protectnt vs. Systemic Fungicides Protectnt Attck multiple sites in pest Protect where pplied Not s effective s systemics Exmples Chlorothlonil EBDC products Omeg Super Tin Systemic Trget one or few sites in pest Cn move within the plnt Highly effective Exmples Qudris, Hedline, Tnos Endur, Lun Trnquility Curzte, Previcur, Forum Ridomil Gold How do you void pesticide resistnce? 1. Use n integrted pest mngement pproch. Use ll mngement tools vilble. Do not rely on single pproch. Use culturl prctices whenever possible. Reduce use of the pesticide whenever possible. 2. Use scouting nd field history to determine pesticide need. 3. Use multiple modes of ction. Rottion of chemistry Tnk-mix 4. Apply t the recommended rte nd timing. Sub-lethl doses cn fvor fster selection of resistnce. 9

50 We cn t rely on new pesticide development. Lst new herbicide mode of ction ws relesed 2 yers go. No products with new mechnisms in dvnced development Most new fungicides re in existing fungicide clsses. Tke Home Messge Resistnce mngement should be high priority for you. Don t rely on single mode of ction. Rotte nd tnk-mix chemistries. 1

51 How Much Pesticide is on My Plte? Dr. Jeff Miller The Dirty Dozen, from the Environmentl Working Group Dirty Dozen PLUS 51 produce items Pottoes = #12 1

52 Beginning Sttements 1. We hve n emotionl ttchment to food. Beginning Sttements 2. Very few people love pesticides. I Pesticides Beginning Sttements 3. The internet is full of bd informtion. Scientific info bounds Everyone hs voice People cn sy whtever they wnt Little or no review process Serch engines don t serch everything on the net Hve you herd of the Pcific Northwest Tree Octopus? 2

53 Questionble Online/TV Advice Beginning Sttements 1. We hve n emotionl ttchment to food. 2. Nobody loves pesticides. 3. The internet is full of bd informtion. 4. Risk is inherent with lmost everything. We re more willing to ccept risk when we understnd the benefit. Wht is the true risk of pesticides in our food? 3

54 Food Qulity Protection Act (FQPA) Focus on protecting humn helth, environment. Resonble certinty of no hrm Incresed scrutiny of effects on children (1x sfety fctor). Consider ggregte risk from multiple sources. Registrtion review every 15 yers. Setting Risk Tolernces Under FQPA Residue Tolernces Risk Exposure Pre-FQPA Post-FQPA Adpted from FQPA: The Food Qulity Protection Act, NC Stte University, AG-69 4

55 FQPA Product Reregistrtion Sttus Re-registered 5,121 Amended 3,491 Cnceled 11,72 Suspended 4 Totl products completed 2,354 Products pending ction 4,621 Dt s of FY216 How is toxicity mesured? Animl, humn, environmentl studies Exposure Chronic vs cute Dose = concentrtion x time LD 5 mg/kg, ppm Derml nd orl exposure LC 5 mg/l, ppm, mg/m 3 Inhltion EPA Tolernce for Pesticides NOAEL = No Observble Adverse Effect Level ADI = Acceptble Dily Intke Lowest NOAEL of most sensitive test ADI often = NOAEL divided by sfety fctor (1 or 1) Includes ll circumstnces of dietry exposure EPA ssumes highest lbel usge 5

56 ADI NOAEL Pesticide Lbels When used ccording to the lbel, pesticides will not cuse unresonble hrm to the environment. The lbel is the lw s to how product cn be used. ADI NOAEL Product use ccording to lbel 6

57 USDA-ARS Pesticide Dt Progrm Estblished in 1991 Focuses on children s food Not designed for enforce EPA pesticide tolernces Dt collected from ~6 sites Test for 45 pesticides, brekdown products ~1, smples collected/yer 215 Smples Fresh nd processed fruits nd vegetbles Grins Diry Met nd poultry Honey Corn syrup Infnt formul Fish Nuts Penut butter Summry of Pesticide Dt Progrm Smples 11,893 1,14 1,619 1,187 % No Detections * 15 % Below Tolernce >99 >99 >99 >99 % Above Tolernce % W/O Tolernce * 3.9 *Could not ccess dt. PDP 215 Chlorothlonil # Smples # (%) Detections Detected Vlues (ppm) EPA Tolernce (ppm) Apples 531 NT Cucumbers (22) Grpefruit 9 NT Nectrines Ornges* 77 1 (.1).29 NT Peches (.3).5.5 Strwberries* 76 1 (.1).1 NT Wtermelon 37.5 Totl 3, *Two detections where no tolernce existed. Of those with tolernce, none exceeded tht vlue. 7

58 Where do non-tolernce residues come from? Spry drift Plnting of crops in field with previous pesticide use Post-hrvest trnsfer of pesticide residue in storge PDP 215 Potto Residues Active Ingredient # Detects % Detects Lowest Detect (ppm) Highest Detect (ppm) EPA Tolernce Azoxystrobin Chlorprophm Clothinidin Difenoconzole Fludioxonil Imidcloprid Metlxyl/Mefenoxm Pentchloroniline Thibendzole Thimethoxm totl smples. None exceeded tolernce. Detection of Pesticides 195 = 1 ppm 1965 =.1 ppm (1 ppb) 1975 =.1 ppm (1 ppt) 25 =.1 ppm (1 ppq) ppm = 1 ml/l or 1 mg/kg 1 inch in 16 miles 1 second in 11.5 dys 1 minute in two yers ppb = 1 µl/l or 1 µg/kg 1 second in 32 yers 1 sheet of toilet pper in roll stretching from New York to London 1 silver dollr in roll stretching from Detroit to Slt Lke City 1 drop of wter in n Olympic size swimming pool 8

59 These dt only relte to the presence of pesticide residue, NOT mount. The ssumption is tht ny pesticide residue is bd. All substnces re poisons; there is none which is not poison. The right dose differentites poison from remedy. - Prcelsus Tken from Csrett & Doull s Toxicology: The Bsic Science of Poisons. How much do I hve to et to get sick? Mx PDP Residue NOAEL Dose Servings equivlent to NOAEL Commodity EWG Rnk Residue (ppm) (mg/kg-bw/dy) Child Teen Womn Mn Apple 4 Diphenylmine ,19 Celery 9 Diclorn ,843 15,686 19,68 27,451 Cucumbers 13 Oxmyl oxime Pech 5 Iprodione ,89 3,779 4,724 6,614 Potto 12 Chlorprophm ,469 2,938 3,672 5,141 Strwberries 1 Cptn Sweet bell peppers 11 Acephte = ( ) h 1 ( ) From R. Krieger, UC Riverside Perspective on Pesticide Residues in Fruits nd Vegetbles 9

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61 Environmentl Working Group Revisited 79% of Society of Toxicology sy EWG oversttes risks. Website clims one strwberry smple hd 2 residues. It ws from Mexico. Toxicity Vlues of Common Products Pesticide LD5 (ppm) Product LD5 (ppm) Aldicrb.8 Cpsicin 47 Dizinon 3 Cffeine 2 Ethylene glycol 46 Ridomil Gold SL 55 Bendryl 5 Flonse 1 Mlthion 1 Acetylslicylic cid 1 Atrzine 178 Phosphorous cid >5 Amoxycillin 287 Sodium chloride 332 Accutne 4 11

62 So wht do I do now? Alwys follow the lbel! Use pesticides responsibly. Spek up in defense of griculture. Africn Proverb Well fed people hve mny problems, hungry people hve just one. 12

63 Resources for Agriculturl Informtion Miller Reserch You Tube Chnnel - Fcebook: University of Idho Pottoes Focus on Potto - PestAlert.net - Know GMO - You Tube Chnnel Serch for Know Ides Medi Fcebook - Sfe Fruits nd Veggies -