Effect of laser and variable magnetic field simulation on amaranth seeds germination

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1 Int. Agrophysics, 2009, 23, INTERNATIONAL Agrophysics Effect of lser nd vrile mgnetic field simultion on mrnth seeds germintion A. Dziwulsk-Hunek 1 *, K. Kornrzyñski 1, A. Mtwijczuk 1, S. Pietruszewski 1, nd B. Szot 2 1 Deprtment of Physics, University of Life Sciences, Akdemick 13, Lulin, Polnd 2 Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Acdemy of Science, Doœwidczn 4, Lulin, Polnd Received Jnury 21, 2009; ccepted April 23, 2009 A s t r c t. A study ws conducted on the effect of stimultion with He-Ne lser nd vrile mgnetic field on germintion of seeds of mrnth cv. nd Rw t vrious tempertures. The study involved the use of lser light with power density of = 6 mw cm -2, in five replictions, vrile mgnetic field with induction B = 30 mt nd exposure time t = 30 s, nd comintions of lser light nd vrile mgnetic field t the ove prmeters. Amrnth seeds were sown on Petri dishes, t 100 seeds per dish in five replictions. The tests were conducted in controlled climte chmer t tempertures of 10, 12, 15, 20, 25, 35, 45, 55 C, in totl drkness. On the sis of the experiments it cn e stted tht lser stimultion, vrile mgnetic field, nd comintions of the two fctors hd fvourle effect on the germintion of seeds of mrnth, for the pplied doses nd germintion tempertures, ut primrily in the initil phse of germintion tht lsted from severl to severl dozen hours. K e y w o r d s: lser nd vrile mgnetic field stimultion, mrnth, germintion temperture INTRODUCTION Amrnth is one of the oldest crop plnts in the world, originting from South Americ nd more nd more frequently referred to s the cerel of the 21st Century (Szot, 1999; Szumi³o, 2006). Amrnth is clssified in clss dicotyledones, fmily Amrntcee, genus Amrnthus. It comprises pproximtely 60 species, vst mjority of them eing highly troulesome weeds. There is predominnce of nnul forms, ut some of the species re perennil plnts eg A. murictus, A. deflexus. The height of the prticulr species vries within the rnge from 0.3 to more thn 3 m (Szot, 1999). It is chrcterised y high content of proteins, high concentrtion of fts, fire, vlule minerls (clcium, phosphor, iron, zinc) nd vitmins from groups A, B, C nd *Corresponding uthor s e-mil: gt.dziwulsk-hunek@up.lulin.pl E, nd y the presence of tocotrienols which re inhiitors of synthesis of cholesterol, nd of squlenes, nd hs n extensive rnge of pplictions on the industril scle (Resio et l., 2006; Szumi³o, 2006; Zpotoczny et l., 2006). The high protein content of seeds of mrnth (15-22%) (Tosi et l., 2001; Zpotoczny et l., 2006) suggests tht protein extrcts from its seeds my ecome vlule source of dietry proteins. It is lso good source of mino cids lysine (Resio et l., 2006) nd methionine (Avnz et l., 2005), deficit levels of which re oservle in other cerels (Sujk et l., 2009). Amrnth is used in the production of food products (Pospišil et l., 2006) (grots, gruels, muesli, popcorn, cookies, nuddles, flour s component of red, rolls, ckes), niml fodders, cosmetics, medicl preprtions countercting the processes of geing of humn orgnism, nd for the protection of surfces of computer memory discs. It occurs in vrious climtic zones from the tropics to moderte res, nd lso t vrious ltitudes from 0 to m.s.l. The period of mrnth vegettion is 160 dys. The optimum temperture during vegettion is C, nd it grows nd develops the est within the temperture rnge of 16 to 35 C (Szot, 1999). One of the prolems involved in mrnth growing lies in its eing sensitive to weed infesttion, with simultneous negtive effect of most of the ctive sustnces contined in hericides on the growth nd development of its plnts (Szot, 1999; Szumi³o, 2006). Seed qulity is the min fctor ffecting the growth, development nd yielding of mrnth plnts. Therefore, in mrnth cultures, prt from shortening the period of vegettion, efforts re undertken to improve the sowing mteril using vriety of methods. Better nd higher crop yields cn e otined through sorting, 2009 Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Acdemy of Sciences

2 230 A. DZIWULSKA-HUNEK et l. clening, drying, nd improvement through priming, coting, scrifiction nd strtifiction of sowing mteril (Górecki nd Grzesiuk, 1994). For long time now physicl methods hve een used to improve the qulity of sowing mteril, including seed irrdition with lser light nd stimultion with mgnetic or electric field (Dziwulsk et l., 2004; Koper, 1994; Pietruszewski, 1993; Pietruszewski et l., 2002, 2002; Rochlsk, 2002). Such methods re sfe for the nturl environment, nd they only modify the physiologicl nd iochemicl processes in seeds, while incresing their nutritionl vlue. In griculturl production, pre-sowing tretment of seeds with physicl fctors is gining in populrity (Dziwulsk, 2006; Dziwulsk nd Koper, 2003; Pietruszewski et l., 2007; Sujk et l., 2009). OBJECTIVE OF STUDY The ojective of the study ws to estimte the effect of stimultion with He-Ne lser light nd with vrile mgnetic field on the germintion of seeds of mrnth cv. nd Rw t vrious tempertures. The cultivr origintes from South Americ nd ws entered in the COBORU register in the yer 2000 (2004), while the Polish cv. Rw ws red in the yer 1997 (Szot, 1999). MATERIAL AND METHODS At the eginning of the nineteen nineties, t the Fculty of Physics of the University of Nturl Sciences in Lulin, three different methods of pre-sowing stimultion of seeds hve een developed. For prcticl implementtion of those technologies, pprtus for lser stimultion of crop seeds nd vegetle plnts ws designed (Koper, 1996; Koper nd Dygd³, 1993; 1994; Koper nd WoŸnik, 1995), the sic element of which is the He-Ne lser (Hllidy et l., 2005). In this study ws employed technology known s the divergent em method, using He-Ne lser with reltive power of 40 mw. The seeds were plced in the feed continer of the pprtus, nd they were irrdited with He-Ne lser light during their free descent down the virtion trough. The trough is provided with djustment of slope ngle nd virtion frequency, which permits control of the speed of move- ment of the lyer of irrdited seeds. The study involved the use of lser light with power density of = 6 mw cm -2, in five replictions, vrile mgnetic field with induction B = 30 mt nd exposure time t = 30 s, nd comintions of lser light nd vrile mgnetic field t the ove prmeters. The stimultion of seeds ws conducted using test pprtuses: for the stimultion with lser light the pprtus designed y Koper nd Dygd³ (1993 nd 1994), nd for the stimultion with vrile mgnetic field y mens of n electromgnet system designed y Pietruszewski (1993). The germintion cpcity of seeds ws determined in the lortory experiment. Amrnth seeds were sown on Petri dishes, t 100 seeds per dish, in five replictions. The tests were conducted in controlled-climte chmer, t tempertures of 10, 12, 15, 20, 25, 35, 45, nd 55 C, in totl drkness. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Designtion of the germintion cpcity of different seed species the optiml, miniml nd mximl tempertures re used, lthough the optiml temperture does not wrrnt the highest germintion cpcity (Ciupk et l., 2007). Amrnth seeds grown in the soil t the temperture of 10 C usully germinte fter 4 to 5 dys, however the higher temperture is required for the growth of the plnts. The temperture optiml for the germintion of the mrnth seeds ws estimted s 25 C (Szot, 1999). In the cse of the seeds of tomtoes nd cpsicum the mximl germintion cpcity ws oserved t 20 nd 25 C, respectively, wht ws lso oserved y Podleœny (2002) for the seeds of white lupin. Figures 1-3 present the reltive kinetics of germintion of mrnth seeds of oth of the studied cultivrs, stimulted with lser light nd vrile mgnetic field, in the function of time, t vrious tempertures. The reltive kinetics is expressed s numer giving the rtio of the numer of germinted seeds sujected to stimultion to the numer of seeds germinted in the control smple for given time. Figure 4 presents the germintion cpcity of mrnth seeds with reltion to temperture, for stimulted seeds nd for the control. Stimultion of seeds of mrnth cv. Rw with vrile mgnetic field gve positive effect on the germintion kinetics in the initil phse (lsting c h) for the temperture of 55 C, nd within time intervl of up to c. 80 h for the temperture of 12 C (Fig. 1). Seeds of mrnth cv. were lso fvourly ffected y vrile mgnetic field during the initil period of germintion t low tempertures of 10 nd 15 C, s well s t room temperture nd higher - 25, 35, 45, nd 55 C (Fig. 1). Lser stimultion of seeds of mrnth cv. Rw, in the initil phse of germintion, hd fvourle effect for the low tempertures of 12 nd 15 C, nd for tempertures of 35 nd 55 C (Fig. 2). In the cse of mrnth seeds cv., in the initil phse of germintion, the effect of lser light stimultion ws fvourle for tempertures of 10 nd 15, nd for 35, nd 55 C (Fig. 2). A fvourle effect of the stimultion on the germintion of those seeds ws lso oserved within the time rnge of up to c. 80 h, for the temperture of 12 C. Ciupk et l. (2007) conducted experiments concerning the influence of lser He-Ne light, mgnetic field nd oth of these fctors on the process of germintion of uckwed cv.

3 LASER AND VARIABLE MAGNETIC FIELD VS. AMARANTH SEEDS GERMINATION 231 Rw Fig. 1. Reltive kinetics of germintion of mrnth seeds: cv. Rw, stimulted with vrile mgnetic field. Rw Reltive germintion Fig. 2. Reltive kinetics of germintion of mrnth seeds: cv. Rw, stimulted with lser light. Explntions s on Fig. 1.

4 232 A. DZIWULSKA-HUNEK et l. Rw Fig. 3. Reltive kinetics of germintion of mrnth seeds: cv. Rw, stimulted with mgnetic field nd lser light. Explntions s on Fig. 1. Kor t defined temperture of 21 C. As ws shown these physicl fctors hd n effect exclusively on the germintion velocity in the initil stge (48 h fter sowing). Podleœny (2002) showed tht the numer of germinting seeds of the white lupin differed lredy fter 24 h pst sowing ut the highest differences in the germintion dynmics hve een found during the period of 48 to 96 h pst sowing. Simultneous stimultion with mgnetic field nd lser light hd fvourle effect on germintion of seeds of mrnth cv. Rw in the initil phse of germintion, for the temperture of 10 nd for 35 nd 45 C, s presented in Fig. 3. For seeds of mrnth cv., mgnetic field nd lser stimultion effect on germintion in the initil phse ws positive t tempertures of 12, 25, 35, nd 55 C (Fig. 3). The kinetics of germintion of seeds of mrnth of oth cultivrs, for ll types of stimultion nd for the control smples, ws the highest t tempertures of c. 20 nd 42 C, nd the lowest t temperture of 10 C, which is presented in Fig. 4. Tles 1 nd 2 present the germintion cpcity of mrnth seeds of oth cultivrs t vrious tempertures. Anlysis of results of the study with level of sttisticl significnce ws conducted y mens of the Tukey test for seed germintion cpcity. For the estimtion of the effect of stimultion with selected fctors the uthors used lso the coefficient of vrition, expressed in percentges, tht is the rtio of stndrd devition nd the vlue of men germintion cpcity of stimulted seeds germinting t specific temperture. The coefficient of vrition is mesure of differentition in the distriution of trit nd defines its solute vrition ie it is reltive mesure tht depends on the vlue of the rithmetic men. The coefficient of vrition ws the highest for smples of seeds of mrnth cv. Rw germinting t low (10, 12 nd 15 C) nd high (45 nd 55 C) tempertures for ll smples of stimulted seeds nd for the control. In the cse of seeds of mrnth cv., the highest vlues of the coefficient were recorded for germintion tempertures of 10, 20 nd 55 C. The coefficient of vrition ws lso the highest for smples tht were not sttisticlly significnt, for which positive effect of stimultion ws otined for the initil phse of germintion nd which chieved germintion cpcity tht differed only slightly from tht of the control smples.

5 LASER AND VARIABLE MAGNETIC FIELD VS. AMARANTH SEEDS GERMINATION Amrnth Rw Rw Germintion (%) Control Lser stimultion Lser nd mgnetic field stimultion Mgnetic field stimultion Temperture ( C) Amrnth Germintion (%) Temperture ( C) Fig. 4. Germintion kinetics of mrnth seeds: cv. Rw, stimulted with mgnetic field, lser light, nd mgnetic field nd lser light, in the function of temperture. T l e 1. Germintion cpcity of mrnth seeds cv. Rw t vrious tempertures Temperture ( C) Control Lser stimultion Lser nd mgnetic field stimultion Mgnetic field stimultion ± 2.4 (8.21) 34.6 ± 2.2 (6.31) 23.4 ± 2.0c (8.66) 28.2 ± 2.4d (8.46) ± 3.3 (10.81) 33.0 ± 3.3 (10.06) 26.6 ± 1.2c (4.51) 33.6 ± 2.7d (7.93) ± 2.0 (4.26) 51.2 ± 1.4 (2.83) 46.2 ± 4.4c (9.61) 36.8 ± 3.0d (8.28) ± 0.8 (0.99) 76.5 ± 1.8 (2.33) 78.8 ± 1.5cd (1.95) 70.0 ± 1.5dc (2.18) ± 3.0 (4.63) 96.4 ± 0.9 (0.95) 93.0 ± 1.1c (1.24) 95.2 ± 1.2d (1.28) ± 0.16 (0.17) 93.6 ± 1.5 (1.60) 94.0 ± 1.1c (1.13) 94.2 ± 1.2d (1.30) ± 1.2 (1.28) 84.8 ± 4.2 (4.95) 88.6 ± 2.7c (2.79) 96.0 ± 0.8d (0.85) ± 2.2 (5.67) 48.0 ± 2.6 (5.52) 44.2 ± 2.7c (6.04) 42.2 ± 1.7d (3.93) ± stndrd devition. Men vlues in the sme column mrked with different letters, -d, differ t sttisticlly significnt level of p 0.05 (old type). Vlues of coefficient of vrition re given in prentheses.

6 234 A. DZIWULSKA-HUNEK et l. T l e 2. Germintion cpcity of mrnth seeds cv. t vrious tempertures Temperture ( C) Control Lser stimultion Lser nd mgnetic field stimultion Mgnetic field stimultion ± 4.3 (4.93) 84.4 ± 3.3 (3.91) 85.8 ± 3.2c (3.73) 88.8 ± 2.7d (2.99) ± 1.9 (2.31) 83.6 ± 2.1 (2.56) 88.4 ± 3.1c (3.54) 87.8 ± 2.4d (2.72) ± 0.7 (0.78) 83.6 ± 1.9 (2.26) 88.8 ± 2.5c (2.85) 87.8 ± 0.9d (1.07) ± 3.1 (3.48) 94.2 ± 1.6 (1.70) 81.6 ± 4.4c (5.43) 74.0 ± 6.7d (9.08) ± 0.3 (0.33) 96.4 ± 0.8 (0.87) 93.0 ± 1.1c (1.24) 95.2 ± 1.2d (1.28) ± 0.4 (0.42) 93.6 ± 1.5 (1.60) 94.0 ± 1.1c (1.20) 94.2 ± 1.2d (1.30) ± 1.2 (1.28) 84.8 ± 4.1 (4.89) 88.6 ± 2.7c (3.09) 96.0 ± 0.5d (0.54) ± 2.2 (5.66) 42.2 ± 1.2 (2.83) 44.2 ± 2.6c (5.94) 42.2 ± 1.7d (3.93) Explntions s in Tle 1. CONCLUSIONS 1. Bsed on the study presented herein we cn stte tht lser stimultion, vrile mgnetic field, nd comintion of those fctors hd positive effect on the process of germintion of mrnth seeds for the selected doses nd germintion tempertures, ut minly in the initil phse of germintion tht lsted from severl to severl dozen hours. 2. Anlysis of results with sttisticl significnce level, performed y mens of the Tukey test, tht ws concerned with the germintion cpcity lone, reveled significnce for only severl selected smples germinting t tempertures of 20 nd 25 C (Rw nd mgnetic field nd lser stimultion for 25 C, Rw mgnetic field stimultion for 20 C). 3. Seed stimultion with the physicl fctors pplied in this study hd prcticlly no effect on the germintion cpcity, which prole resulted from the fct tht the study ws conducted under lortory conditions. 4. Studies on the effect of lser light nd mgnetic field stimultion of mrnth seeds should e continued under field conditions, due to the significnt effect of those fctors in the initil phse, which my hve ering on further growth nd development of plnts nd on the level of yielding. REFERENCES Avnz M.V., Puppo M.C., nd Añón M.C., Rheologicl chrcteriztion of mrnth protein gels. Food Hydrocolloids, 19, Ciupk A., Szczurowsk I., G³dyszewsk B., nd Pietruszewski S., Impct of lser light nd mgnetic field stimultion on the process of uckwhet seed germintion. Technicl Sci. Arev. Techn. Sci., 10, COBORU, List of Cultivrs of Agriculturl nd Horticulturl Crop Plnts On Register In Polnd (in Polish). COBORU Press, S³upi Wielk, Polnd. Dziwulsk A., Effects of pre-sowing lser stimultion on swing vlue of lucerne seeds (in Polish). Act Sci. Polish Technic Agrri, 5(1), Dziwulsk A., Koper R., nd Wilczek M., Estimtion of the effect of He-Ne lser light on germintion cpcity of white clover cv. And (in Polish). Act Agrophysic, 106, Dziwulsk A. nd Koper R., Effects of pre-sowing lser iostimultion on germintion of lucerne seeds (in Polish). Act Agrophysic, 82, Górecki R. J. nd Grzesiuk S., World trends nd directions in sowing mteril improvement (in Polish). Proc. Conf. Refining of seeding mteril. June 9-10, Olsztyn-Kortowo, Polnd. Hllidy D., Resnick R., nd Wlker J., Fundmentls of Physics. Wiley Press, New York, USA. Koper R., Pre-sowing lser io-stimultion of seeds of cultivted plnts nd its results in grotechnics. Int. Agrophysics, 8, Koper R., Apprtus for pre-sowing lser io-stimultion of seeds with the method of their irrdition with controlled doses of energy (in Polish). Ptent UP RP, No Koper R. nd Dygd³ Z., Apprtus for pre-sowing tretment of seeds with lser light (in Polish). Ptent UP RP, No Koper R. nd Dygd³ Z., Apprtus for pre-sowing io-stimultion of seeds with lser light (in Polish). Ptent UP RP, No Koper R. nd WoŸnik Z., Methods of pre-sowing iostimultion of crop plnt seeds with lser light (in Polish). Zesz. Pro. Post. Nuk Roln., 424, Pietruszewski S., Effect of mgnetic seed tretment on yields of whet. Seed Sci. Technol., 21, Pietruszewski S., Kornrzyñski K., nd Prokop M., Germintion of onion seeds in sttionry mgnetic field (in Polish). Act Agrophysic, 62, Pietruszewski S., Kornrzyñski K., nd Prokop M., Germintion of white cte seeds In sttionry mgnetic field (in Polish). Act Agrophysic, 62,

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