Chromatin Structure. a basic discussion of protein-nucleic acid binding

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Chromatin Structure. a basic discussion of protein-nucleic acid binding"

Transcription

1 Chromatin Structure 1 Chromatin DNA packaging g First a basic discussion of protein-nucleic acid binding Questions to answer: How do proteins bind DNA / RNA? How do proteins recognize a specific nucleic acid sequence? forces / interactions involved in protein-nucleic acid binding force / interaction parts of protein/nucleic acid involved in binding

2 2 What forces are most important for sequence-specific interaction? (helps stabilize / strengthen) increasing importance for sequencespecific binding (some ring stacking with specific bases / specific A.A. side chains precisely positioned) (the defined length and linearity of the hydrogen-bond requires very specific positioning of defined nucleotide and amino acid sequences) Note: all three forces are likely to be utilized in sequencespecific interaction but their importance varies Packaging DNA in Chromatin Structure nucleic acid binding proteins eukaryotic chromatin eukaryotic cell why package DNA? (requires compaction of about 10,000 fold) two types of chromatin proteins 1. basic proteins (high pi) (simple composition) 2. acidic proteins (low pi) (complex composition)

3 chromatin composition (mass ratio) DNA : histones : NHCP 3 packaging proteins replication/transcription splicing/regulatory proteins Histones histone mol wt (kd) amino acids A.A. comp. Lys/Arg Lys rich (29%) Lys rich (11%) Lys rich (16%) Arg rich (14%) Arg rich (14%) (Note: H2A-H2B, H3-H4 pairs and unique H1 have structural significance.) What can you say about the histones as a class of proteins?? 1. Proteins are defined by chromatin extraction procedure. extracted/soluble t in 0.1 M HCl (high h pi) proteins remaining/insoluble in 0.1 M HCl

4 2. Histones as a group: 4 NH 2 1/3 2/3 COOH 3. Specific amino acids are modified Lys Lys / Arg / His Ser affects DNA binding 4. Evolutionarily highly conserved primary sequence H3-H4 most conserved H2A-H2B highly conserved H1 least conserved H4: cow vs pea 2 A.A. differences H3: cow vs pea 4 A.A. differences

5 experimental approach examine chromatin structure (original approach to examine chromatin structure) 5 (non-specific S.S. and D.S. nuclease) determines sites of nuclease accessability on folded chromatin analytical techniques size + amount of DNA-protein complexes size and composition of digested DNA protein composition sucrose gradient analysis of digested chromatin What does this digestion pattern indicate?? A 260 S

6 What does this digestion pattern indicate?? 6 A 260 S agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA from digested chromatin Wh t d thi di ti What does this digestion pattern indicate??

7 electron microscopic analysis of chromatin 7 undigested chromatin (spread on a microscope slide) analysis of sucrose gradient peaks gradient peak DNA length EM structure 11S 15S 18S monomer bead ( 11S and 200 bp DNA) SDS polyacrylamide gel analysis of 11S protein composition histone protein ratio H1 : H3 : H2A : H2B : H4 What is the number of the different histone molecules in a single nucleosome?? +

8 further digestion of chromatin 3 stages of digestion 8 (200 bp DNA + 5 histones) (160 bp DNA + 5 histones) H1 extensive digestion 140 bp DNA + 4 histones (H2A, H2B, H3,H4) minus H1 electrophoretic analysis of DNA 11S p a u s e c o r e extensive digestion H3 H2A H2B H4 core 11S and pause complex What does this digestion pattern tell you about nucleosome structure??

9 Basic structural organization of a nucleosome 9 nucleosome core (H2A-H2B) x 2 (H3-H4) H4) x 2 nucleosome core (H2A-H2B) x 2 (H3-H4) x 2 What is the order of digestion accessibility for sites A, B, C, & D? DNA path A A A B C D Structure of the histone nucleosome core (H3-H4 H4 dimer) x 2 (H2A-H2B dimer) x 2 H2A H2B H3-H4 x 2 H2A H2B 2 L.H. DNA turns around this core

10 10 PNAS (1993) 90:10490 H3 = green H4 = white H2A = light blue H2B = dark blue histone octamer forms the nucleosome core H2A H2B H3-H4 x 2 H2A H2B Two full turns of the DNA is wrapped around the histone octamer core Histone H1 is not present in the nucleosome core

11 11 Nature (1997) 389:233 This is only a half nucleosome core possessing only one H2A-H2B dimer and one H3-H4 dimer with one full turn of the DNA What is the significance of the N-terminal histone tails??

12 Higher order chromatin folding 12 additional nucleosome folding (5-7 fold compaction) helix of nucleosomes = path of DNA (2 L.H. turns / nucleosome) H1 involvement important for nucleosome spacing and solenoid formation higher order folding (large loops of chromatin) still poorly understood (10,000 - fold compaction needed)

Hmwk # 8 : DNA-Binding Proteins : Part II

Hmwk # 8 : DNA-Binding Proteins : Part II The purpose of this exercise is : Hmwk # 8 : DNA-Binding Proteins : Part II 1). to examine the case of a tandem head-to-tail homodimer binding to DNA 2). to view a Zn finger motif 3). to consider the case

More information

Genes - DNA - Chromosome. Chutima Talabnin Ph.D. School of Biochemistry,Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology

Genes - DNA - Chromosome. Chutima Talabnin Ph.D. School of Biochemistry,Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology Genes - DNA - Chromosome Chutima Talabnin Ph.D. School of Biochemistry,Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology DNA Cellular DNA contains genes and intragenic regions both of which may

More information

NUCLEIC ACIDS Genetic material of all known organisms DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid RNA: ribonucleic acid (e.g., some viruses)

NUCLEIC ACIDS Genetic material of all known organisms DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid RNA: ribonucleic acid (e.g., some viruses) NUCLEIC ACIDS Genetic material of all known organisms DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid RNA: ribonucleic acid (e.g., some viruses) Consist of chemically linked sequences of nucleotides Nitrogenous base Pentose-

More information

Chapter 13. The Nucleus. The nucleus is the hallmark of eukaryotic cells; the very term eukaryotic means having a "true nucleus".

Chapter 13. The Nucleus. The nucleus is the hallmark of eukaryotic cells; the very term eukaryotic means having a true nucleus. Chapter 13 The Nucleus The nucleus is the hallmark of eukaryotic cells; the very term eukaryotic means having a "true nucleus". Fig.13.1. The EM of the Nucleus of a Eukaryotic Cell 13.1. The Nuclear Envelope

More information

Chromatin Structure and its Effects on Transcription

Chromatin Structure and its Effects on Transcription Chromatin Structure and its Effects on Transcription Epigenetics 2014 by Nigel Atkinson The University of Texas at Austin From Weaver 4th edition and Armstrong 1st edition What is the point? DNA is not

More information

Genome Architecture Structural Subdivisons

Genome Architecture Structural Subdivisons Lecture 4 Hierarchical Organization of the Genome by John R. Finnerty Genome Architecture Structural Subdivisons 1. Nucleotide : monomer building block of DNA 2. DNA : polymer string of nucleotides 3.

More information

DNA Structure & the Genome. Bio160 General Biology

DNA Structure & the Genome. Bio160 General Biology DNA Structure & the Genome Bio160 General Biology Lecture Outline I. DNA A nucleic acid II. Chromosome Structure III. Chromosomes and Genes IV. DNA vs. RNA I. DNA A Nucleic Acid Structure of DNA: Remember:

More information

Chromatin. Structure and modification of chromatin. Chromatin domains

Chromatin. Structure and modification of chromatin. Chromatin domains Chromatin Structure and modification of chromatin Chromatin domains 2 DNA consensus 5 3 3 DNA DNA 4 RNA 5 ss RNA forms secondary structures with ds hairpins ds forms 6 of nucleic acids Form coiling bp/turn

More information

RNA does not adopt the classic B-DNA helix conformation when it forms a self-complementary double helix

RNA does not adopt the classic B-DNA helix conformation when it forms a self-complementary double helix Reason: RNA has ribose sugar ring, with a hydroxyl group (OH) If RNA in B-from conformation there would be unfavorable steric contact between the hydroxyl group, base, and phosphate backbone. RNA structure

More information

Vocabulary. Nucleic Acid Nucleotide Base pairing Complementary Template Strand Semiconservative Replication Polymerase

Vocabulary. Nucleic Acid Nucleotide Base pairing Complementary Template Strand Semiconservative Replication Polymerase DNA and Replication TEKS (6) Science concepts. The student knows the mechanisms of genetics, including the role of nucleic acids and the principles of Mendelian Genetics. The student is expected to: (A)

More information

DNA Replication. The Organization of DNA. Recall:

DNA Replication. The Organization of DNA. Recall: Recall: The Organization of DNA DNA Replication Chromosomal form appears only during mitosis, and is used in karyotypes. folded back upon itself (chromosomes) coiled around itself (chromatin) wrapped around

More information

Lecture 21: Epigenetics Nurture or Nature? Chromatin DNA methylation Histone Code Twin study X-chromosome inactivation Environemnt and epigenetics

Lecture 21: Epigenetics Nurture or Nature? Chromatin DNA methylation Histone Code Twin study X-chromosome inactivation Environemnt and epigenetics Lecture 21: Epigenetics Nurture or Nature? Chromatin DNA methylation Histone Code Twin study X-chromosome inactivation Environemnt and epigenetics Epigenetics represents the science for the studying heritable

More information

Purification: Step 1. Lecture 11 Protein and Peptide Chemistry. Cells: Break them open! Crude Extract

Purification: Step 1. Lecture 11 Protein and Peptide Chemistry. Cells: Break them open! Crude Extract Purification: Step 1 Lecture 11 Protein and Peptide Chemistry Cells: Break them open! Crude Extract Total contents of cell Margaret A. Daugherty Fall 2003 Big Problem: Crude extract is not the natural

More information

Purification: Step 1. Protein and Peptide Chemistry. Lecture 11. Big Problem: Crude extract is not the natural environment. Cells: Break them open!

Purification: Step 1. Protein and Peptide Chemistry. Lecture 11. Big Problem: Crude extract is not the natural environment. Cells: Break them open! Lecture 11 Protein and Peptide Chemistry Margaret A. Daugherty Fall 2003 Purification: Step 1 Cells: Break them open! Crude Extract Total contents of cell Big Problem: Crude extract is not the natural

More information

Structural Bioinformatics (C3210) DNA and RNA Structure

Structural Bioinformatics (C3210) DNA and RNA Structure Structural Bioinformatics (C3210) DNA and RNA Structure Importance of DNA/RNA 3D Structure Nucleic acids are essential materials found in all living organisms. Their main function is to maintain and transmit

More information

DNA Transcription. Dr Aliwaini

DNA Transcription. Dr Aliwaini DNA Transcription 1 DNA Transcription-Introduction The synthesis of an RNA molecule from DNA is called Transcription. All eukaryotic cells have five major classes of RNA: ribosomal RNA (rrna), messenger

More information

Chapter 5 DNA and Chromosomes

Chapter 5 DNA and Chromosomes Chapter 5 DNA and Chromosomes DNA as the genetic material Heat-killed bacteria can transform living cells S Smooth R Rough Fred Griffith, 1920 DNA is the genetic material Oswald Avery Colin MacLeod Maclyn

More information

Nucleic acids deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ribonucleic acid (RNA) nucleotide

Nucleic acids deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ribonucleic acid (RNA) nucleotide Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are molecules that store information for cellular growth and reproduction There are two types of nucleic acids: - deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) These

More information

DNA: The Genetic Material. Chapter 10

DNA: The Genetic Material. Chapter 10 DNA: The Genetic Material Chapter 10 DNA as the Genetic Material DNA was first extracted from nuclei in 1870 named nuclein after their source. Chemical analysis determined that DNA was a weak acid rich

More information

Multiple choice questions (numbers in brackets indicate the number of correct answers)

Multiple choice questions (numbers in brackets indicate the number of correct answers) 1 Multiple choice questions (numbers in brackets indicate the number of correct answers) February 1, 2013 1. Ribose is found in Nucleic acids Proteins Lipids RNA DNA (2) 2. Most RNA in cells is transfer

More information

Research supervisors Thermal Fluctuation Spectroscopy

Research supervisors Thermal Fluctuation Spectroscopy Synopsis of thesis titled Thermal Fluctuation Spectroscopy and its application in the study of Biomolecules K. S. Nagapriya Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore - 560012, INDIA.

More information

Gene Expression and Heritable Phenotype. CBS520 Eric Nabity

Gene Expression and Heritable Phenotype. CBS520 Eric Nabity Gene Expression and Heritable Phenotype CBS520 Eric Nabity DNA is Just the Beginning DNA was determined to be the genetic material, and the structure was identified as a (double stranded) double helix.

More information

DNA replication: Enzymes link the aligned nucleotides by phosphodiester bonds to form a continuous strand.

DNA replication: Enzymes link the aligned nucleotides by phosphodiester bonds to form a continuous strand. DNA replication: Copying genetic information for transmission to the next generation Occurs in S phase of cell cycle Process of DNA duplicating itself Begins with the unwinding of the double helix to expose

More information

Nucleic Acids: Structure and Function

Nucleic Acids: Structure and Function ucleic Acids: Structure and Function Components of ucleotides The building blocks (monomers) of the nucleic acids are called nucleotides. ydrolysis of nucleotides gives phosphoric acid, a pentose sugar,

More information

BCMB Nucleic Acids - Chapter 33. DNA is the genetic component of life

BCMB Nucleic Acids - Chapter 33. DNA is the genetic component of life BCMB 3100 - Nucleic Acids - Chapter 33 Discovery of DNA Nucleotides, nucleosides & bases Polynucleotides DNA as genetic material Structure of double-stranded DNA Chromatin RNA Nucleases 1 DNA is the genetic

More information

NUCLEUS. Fig. 2. Various stages in the condensation of chromatin

NUCLEUS. Fig. 2. Various stages in the condensation of chromatin NUCLEUS Animal cells contain DNA in nucleus (contains ~ 98% of cell DNA) and mitochondrion. Both compartments are surrounded by an envelope (double membrane). Nuclear DNA represents some linear molecules

More information

Types of nucleic acid

Types of nucleic acid RNA STRUCTURE 1 Types of nucleic acid DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid RNA ribonucleic acid HOCH 2 O OH HOCH 2 O OH OH OH OH (no O) ribose deoxyribose 2 Nucleic acids consist of repeating nucleotide that have

More information

DNA is the genetic material. DNA structure. Chapter 7: DNA Replication, Transcription & Translation; Mutations & Ames test

DNA is the genetic material. DNA structure. Chapter 7: DNA Replication, Transcription & Translation; Mutations & Ames test DNA is the genetic material Chapter 7: DNA Replication, Transcription & Translation; Mutations & Ames test Dr. Amy Rogers Bio 139 General Microbiology Hereditary information is carried by DNA Griffith/Avery

More information

Protein Synthesis. DNA to RNA to Protein

Protein Synthesis. DNA to RNA to Protein Protein Synthesis DNA to RNA to Protein From Genes to Proteins Processing the information contained in DNA into proteins involves a sequence of events known as gene expression and results in protein synthesis.

More information

DNA RNA PROTEIN SYNTHESIS -NOTES-

DNA RNA PROTEIN SYNTHESIS -NOTES- DNA RNA PROTEIN SYNTHESIS -NOTES- THE COMPONENTS AND STRUCTURE OF DNA DNA is made up of units called nucleotides. Nucleotides are made up of three basic components:, called deoxyribose in DNA In DNA, there

More information

The DNA Molecule: The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

The DNA Molecule: The Molecular Basis of Inheritance Slide hapter 6 he DN Molecule: he Molecular Basis of Inheritance PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil ampbell and Jane Reece Lectures by hris Romero, updated by Erin Barley

More information

Chapter 13 Section 2: DNA Replication

Chapter 13 Section 2: DNA Replication Chapter 13 Section 2: DNA Replication Opening Activity DNA is considered to be a relatively stable molecule. What gives it this stability, even though the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen bases are

More information

GENE REGULATION slide shows by Kim Foglia modified Slides with blue edges are Kim s

GENE REGULATION slide shows by Kim Foglia modified Slides with blue edges are Kim s GENE REGULATION slide shows by Kim Foglia modified Slides with blue edges are Kim s 2007-2008 Bacterial metabolism Bacteria need to respond quickly to changes in their environment STOP GO if they have

More information

DNA Structure and Analysis. Chapter 4: Background

DNA Structure and Analysis. Chapter 4: Background DNA Structure and Analysis Chapter 4: Background Molecular Biology Three main disciplines of biotechnology Biochemistry Genetics Molecular Biology # Biotechnology: A Laboratory Skills Course explorer.bio-rad.com

More information

Problem Set 8. Answer Key

Problem Set 8. Answer Key MCB 102 University of California, Berkeley August 11, 2009 Isabelle Philipp Online Document Problem Set 8 Answer Key 1. The Genetic Code (a) Are all amino acids encoded by the same number of codons? no

More information

Structure/function relationship in DNA-binding proteins

Structure/function relationship in DNA-binding proteins PHRM 836 September 22, 2015 Structure/function relationship in DNA-binding proteins Devlin Chapter 8.8-9 u General description of transcription factors (TFs) u Sequence-specific interactions between DNA

More information

DNA. translation. base pairing rules for DNA Replication. thymine. cytosine. amino acids. The building blocks of proteins are?

DNA. translation. base pairing rules for DNA Replication. thymine. cytosine. amino acids. The building blocks of proteins are? 2 strands, has the 5-carbon sugar deoxyribose, and has the nitrogen base Thymine. The actual process of assembling the proteins on the ribosome is called? DNA translation Adenine pairs with Thymine, Thymine

More information

DNA makes RNA makes Proteins. The Central Dogma

DNA makes RNA makes Proteins. The Central Dogma DNA makes RNA makes Proteins The Central Dogma TRANSCRIPTION DNA RNA transcript RNA polymerase RNA PROCESSING Exon RNA transcript (pre-mrna) Intron Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM FORMATION

More information

What Are the Chemical Structures and Functions of Nucleic Acids?

What Are the Chemical Structures and Functions of Nucleic Acids? THE NUCLEIC ACIDS What Are the Chemical Structures and Functions of Nucleic Acids? Nucleic acids are polymers specialized for the storage, transmission, and use of genetic information. DNA = deoxyribonucleic

More information

Division Ave. High School AP Biology

Division Ave. High School AP Biology Control of Eukaryotic Genes 2007-2008 The BIG Questions n How are genes turned on & off in eukaryotes? n How do cells with the same genes differentiate to perform completely different, specialized functions?

More information

translation The building blocks of proteins are? amino acids nitrogen containing bases like A, G, T, C, and U Complementary base pairing links

translation The building blocks of proteins are? amino acids nitrogen containing bases like A, G, T, C, and U Complementary base pairing links The actual process of assembling the proteins on the ribosome is called? translation The building blocks of proteins are? Complementary base pairing links Define and name the Purines amino acids nitrogen

More information

6- Important Molecules of Living Systems. Proteins Nucleic Acids Taft College Human Physiology

6- Important Molecules of Living Systems. Proteins Nucleic Acids Taft College Human Physiology 6- Important Molecules of Living Systems Proteins Nucleic Acids Taft College Human Physiology Proteins Proteins- made from: C, H, O, N, and S. Proteins are very large molecules composed of long chains

More information

The Double Helix. DNA and RNA, part 2. Part A. Hint 1. The difference between purines and pyrimidines. Hint 2. Distinguish purines from pyrimidines

The Double Helix. DNA and RNA, part 2. Part A. Hint 1. The difference between purines and pyrimidines. Hint 2. Distinguish purines from pyrimidines DNA and RNA, part 2 Due: 3:00pm on Wednesday, September 24, 2014 You will receive no credit for items you complete after the assignment is due. Grading Policy The Double Helix DNA, or deoxyribonucleic

More information

Bundle 6 Test Review

Bundle 6 Test Review Bundle 6 Test Review DNA vs. RNA DNA Replication Gene Mutations- Protein Synthesis 1. Label the different components and complete the complimentary base pairing. What is this molecule called? Deoxyribonucleic

More information

The Genetic Code and Transcription. Chapter 12 Honors Genetics Ms. Susan Chabot

The Genetic Code and Transcription. Chapter 12 Honors Genetics Ms. Susan Chabot The Genetic Code and Transcription Chapter 12 Honors Genetics Ms. Susan Chabot TRANSCRIPTION Copy SAME language DNA to RNA Nucleic Acid to Nucleic Acid TRANSLATION Copy DIFFERENT language RNA to Amino

More information

Problem Set Unit The base ratios in the DNA and RNA for an onion (Allium cepa) are given below.

Problem Set Unit The base ratios in the DNA and RNA for an onion (Allium cepa) are given below. Problem Set Unit 3 Name 1. Which molecule is found in both DNA and RNA? A. Ribose B. Uracil C. Phosphate D. Amino acid 2. Which molecules form the nucleotide marked in the diagram? A. phosphate, deoxyribose

More information

Nucleic Acids: Structure and Function

Nucleic Acids: Structure and Function ucleic Acids: Structure and Function Components of ucleotides The building blocks (monomers) of the nucleic acids are called nucleotides. ucleotides are made up of: phosphoric acid, a pentose sugar, and

More information

Nucleic acids and protein synthesis

Nucleic acids and protein synthesis THE FUNCTIONS OF DNA Nucleic acids and protein synthesis The full name of DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid. Every nucleotide has the same sugar molecule and phosphate group, but each nucleotide contains one

More information

Fig. 16-7a. 5 end Hydrogen bond 3 end. 1 nm. 3.4 nm nm

Fig. 16-7a. 5 end Hydrogen bond 3 end. 1 nm. 3.4 nm nm Fig. 16-7a end Hydrogen bond end 1 nm 3.4 nm 0.34 nm (a) Key features of DNA structure end (b) Partial chemical structure end Fig. 16-8 Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Concept 16.2: Many

More information

Bio11 Announcements. Ch 21: DNA Biology and Technology. DNA Functions. DNA and RNA Structure. How do DNA and RNA differ? What are genes?

Bio11 Announcements. Ch 21: DNA Biology and Technology. DNA Functions. DNA and RNA Structure. How do DNA and RNA differ? What are genes? Bio11 Announcements TODAY Genetics (review) and quiz (CP #4) Structure and function of DNA Extra credit due today Next week in lab: Case study presentations Following week: Lab Quiz 2 Ch 21: DNA Biology

More information

Structure formation and association of biomolecules. Prof. Dr. Martin Zacharias Lehrstuhl für Molekulardynamik (T38) Technische Universität München

Structure formation and association of biomolecules. Prof. Dr. Martin Zacharias Lehrstuhl für Molekulardynamik (T38) Technische Universität München Structure formation and association of biomolecules Prof. Dr. Martin Zacharias Lehrstuhl für Molekulardynamik (T38) Technische Universität München Motivation Many biomolecules are chemically synthesized

More information

LAB 6: Agarose Gel Electrophoresis of Restriction Digested Plasmid DNA

LAB 6: Agarose Gel Electrophoresis of Restriction Digested Plasmid DNA LAB 6: Agarose Gel Electrophoresis of Restriction Digested Plasmid DNA I. Objectives The purpose of today s lab is to learn how to set up and run an agarose gel, separate DNA fragments on the gel, and

More information

Lecture 2: Central Dogma of Molecular Biology & Intro to Programming

Lecture 2: Central Dogma of Molecular Biology & Intro to Programming Lecture 2: Central Dogma of Molecular Biology & Intro to Programming Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Proteins: workhorse molecules of biological systems Proteins are synthesized from the genetic blueprints

More information

Bundle 5 Test Review

Bundle 5 Test Review Bundle 5 Test Review DNA vs. RNA DNA Replication Gene Mutations- Protein Synthesis 1. Label the different components and complete the complimentary base pairing. What is this molecule called? _Nucleic

More information

Types of chromatography

Types of chromatography Chromatography Physical separation method based on the differential migration of analytes in a mobile phase as they move along a stationary phase. Mechanisms of Separation: Partitioning Adsorption Exclusion

More information

Protein Synthesis: Transcription and Translation

Protein Synthesis: Transcription and Translation Protein Synthesis: Transcription and Translation Proteins In living things, proteins are in charge of the expression of our traits (hair/eye color, ability to make insulin, predisposition for cancer, etc.)

More information

DNA Structure and Replication, and Virus Structure and Replication Test Review

DNA Structure and Replication, and Virus Structure and Replication Test Review DNA Structure and Replication, and Virus Structure and Replication Test Review What does DNA stand for? Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA is what type of macromolecule? DNA is a nucleic acid The building blocks

More information

DNA & Protein Synthesis UNIT D & E

DNA & Protein Synthesis UNIT D & E DNA & Protein Synthesis UNIT D & E How this Unit is broken down Chapter 10.1 10.3 The structure of the genetic material Chapter 10.4 & 10.5 DNA replication Chapter 10.6 10.15 The flow of genetic information

More information

1. Cross-linking and cell harvesting

1. Cross-linking and cell harvesting ChIP is a powerful tool that allows the specific matching of proteins or histone modifications to regions of the genome. Chromatin is isolated and antibodies to the antigen of interest are used to determine

More information

RNA synthesis/transcription I Biochemistry 302. February 6, 2004 Bob Kelm

RNA synthesis/transcription I Biochemistry 302. February 6, 2004 Bob Kelm RNA synthesis/transcription I Biochemistry 302 February 6, 2004 Bob Kelm Overview of RNA classes Messenger RNA (mrna) Encodes protein Relatively short half-life ( 3 min in E. coli, 30 min in eukaryotic

More information

Protein Synthesis Notes

Protein Synthesis Notes Protein Synthesis Notes Protein Synthesis: Overview Transcription: synthesis of mrna under the direction of DNA. Translation: actual synthesis of a polypeptide under the direction of mrna. Transcription

More information

All Rights Reserved. U.S. Patents 6,471,520B1; 5,498,190; 5,916, North Market Street, Suite CC130A, Milwaukee, WI 53202

All Rights Reserved. U.S. Patents 6,471,520B1; 5,498,190; 5,916, North Market Street, Suite CC130A, Milwaukee, WI 53202 Secondary Structure In the previous protein folding activity, you created a hypothetical 15-amino acid protein and learned that basic principles of chemistry determine how each protein spontaneously folds

More information

The replication of DNA Kornberg 1957 Meselson and Stahl 1958 Cairns 1963 Okazaki 1968 DNA Replication The driving force for DNA synthesis. The addition of a nucleotide to a growing polynucleotide

More information

The preparation of native chromatin from cultured human cells.

The preparation of native chromatin from cultured human cells. Native chromatin immunoprecipitation protocol The preparation of native chromatin from cultured human cells. All solutions need to be ice cold. Sucrose containing solutions must be made up fresh on the

More information

Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA

Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA Living organisms are complex systems. Hundreds of thousands of proteins exist inside each one of us to help carry out our daily functions. These proteins are produced locally,

More information

DNA Transcription. Visualizing Transcription. The Transcription Process

DNA Transcription. Visualizing Transcription. The Transcription Process DNA Transcription By: Suzanne Clancy, Ph.D. 2008 Nature Education Citation: Clancy, S. (2008) DNA transcription. Nature Education 1(1) If DNA is a book, then how is it read? Learn more about the DNA transcription

More information

Nucleic Acid Structure. Nucleic Acid Sequence Abbreviations. Sequence Abbreviations, con t.

Nucleic Acid Structure. Nucleic Acid Sequence Abbreviations. Sequence Abbreviations, con t. BC 4054 Spring 2001 Chapter 11 & 12 Review Lecture otes Slide 1 ucleic Acid Structure Linear polymer of nucleotides Phosphodiester linkage between 3 and 5 positions See Figure 11.17 Slide 2 ucleic Acid

More information

DNA and RNA. Chapter 12

DNA and RNA. Chapter 12 DNA and RNA Chapter 12 Warm Up Exercise Test Corrections Make sure to indicate your new answer and provide an explanation for why this is the correct answer. Do this with a red pen in the margins of your

More information

Molecular characterization, detection & quantitation of biological products Purin Charoensuksai, PhD

Molecular characterization, detection & quantitation of biological products Purin Charoensuksai, PhD Molecular characterization, detection & quantitation of biological products Purin Charoensuksai, PhD Department of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University Example of critical checkpoints

More information

Make the protein through the genetic dogma process.

Make the protein through the genetic dogma process. Make the protein through the genetic dogma process. Coding Strand 5 AGCAATCATGGATTGGGTACATTTGTAACTGT 3 Template Strand mrna Protein Complete the table. DNA strand DNA s strand G mrna A C U G T A T Amino

More information

Mechanisms of Transcription. School of Life Science Shandong University

Mechanisms of Transcription. School of Life Science Shandong University Mechanisms of Transcription School of Life Science Shandong University Ch 12: Mechanisms of Transcription 1. RNA polymerase and the transcription cycle 2. The transcription cycle in bacteria 3. Transcription

More information

Prokaryotic Transcription

Prokaryotic Transcription Prokaryotic Transcription Transcription Basics DNA is the genetic material Nucleic acid Capable of self-replication and synthesis of RNA RNA is the middle man Nucleic acid Structure and base sequence are

More information

DNA - The Double Helix

DNA - The Double Helix Name Date Period DNA - The Double Helix Recall that the nucleus is a small spherical, dense body in a cell. It is often called the "control center" because it controls all the activities of the cell including

More information

Nucleic acids. What important polymer is located in the nucleus? is the instructions for making a cell's.

Nucleic acids. What important polymer is located in the nucleus? is the instructions for making a cell's. Nucleic acids DNA - The Double Helix Recall that the nucleus is a small spherical, dense body in a cell. It is often called the "control center" because it controls all the activities of the cell including

More information

Name: Class: Date: ID: A

Name: Class: Date: ID: A Class: _ Date: _ CH 12 Review Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. How many codons are needed to specify three amino acids? a. 6 c. 3 b. 12

More information

DNA and RNA. Chapter 12

DNA and RNA. Chapter 12 DNA and RNA Chapter 12 History of DNA Late 1800 s scientists discovered that DNA is in the nucleus of the cell 1902 Walter Sutton proposed that hereditary material resided in the chromosomes in the nucleus

More information

DNA STRUCTURE AND REPLICATION

DNA STRUCTURE AND REPLICATION AP BIOLOGY EVOLUTION/HEREDITY UNIT Unit 1 Part 2 Chapter 16 Activity #2 BUILDING BLOCKS OF DNA: Nucleotides: NAME DATE PERIOD DNA STRUCTURE AND REPLICATION 1. 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose) 2. Nitrogenous

More information

Review of Protein (one or more polypeptide) A polypeptide is a long chain of..

Review of Protein (one or more polypeptide) A polypeptide is a long chain of.. Gene expression Review of Protein (one or more polypeptide) A polypeptide is a long chain of.. In a protein, the sequence of amino acid determines its which determines the protein s A protein with an enzymatic

More information

Understanding DNA Structure

Understanding DNA Structure Understanding DNA Structure I619 Structural Bioinformatics Molecular Biology Basics + Scale total length of DNA in a human cell is about 2m DNA is compacted in length by a factor of 10000 the compaction

More information

Chapter 18: Regulation of Gene Expression. 1. Gene Regulation in Bacteria 2. Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes 3. Gene Regulation & Cancer

Chapter 18: Regulation of Gene Expression. 1. Gene Regulation in Bacteria 2. Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes 3. Gene Regulation & Cancer Chapter 18: Regulation of Gene Expression 1. Gene Regulation in Bacteria 2. Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes 3. Gene Regulation & Cancer Gene Regulation Gene regulation refers to all aspects of controlling

More information

CSE : Computational Issues in Molecular Biology. Lecture 19. Spring 2004

CSE : Computational Issues in Molecular Biology. Lecture 19. Spring 2004 CSE 397-497: Computational Issues in Molecular Biology Lecture 19 Spring 2004-1- Protein structure Primary structure of protein is determined by number and order of amino acids within polypeptide chain.

More information

BIOCHEMISTRY Nucleic Acids

BIOCHEMISTRY Nucleic Acids BIOCHEMISTRY Nucleic Acids BIOB111 CHEMISTRY & BIOCHEMISTRY Session 17 Session Plan Types of Nucleic Acids Nucleosides Nucleotides Primary Structure of Nucleic Acids DNA Double Helix DNA Replication Types

More information

DNA Chapter 12. DNA and RNA B.1.4, B.1.9, B.1.21, B.1.26, B DNA and RNA B.1.4, B.1.9, B.1.21, B.1.26, B Griffith s Experiment

DNA Chapter 12. DNA and RNA B.1.4, B.1.9, B.1.21, B.1.26, B DNA and RNA B.1.4, B.1.9, B.1.21, B.1.26, B Griffith s Experiment DNA Chapter 12 DNA and RNA B.1.4, B.1.9, B.1.21, B.1.26, B.1.27 To truly understand genetics, biologists after Mendel had to discover the chemical nature of the gene. In 1928, Frederick Griffith was trying

More information

Pauling/Itano Experiment

Pauling/Itano Experiment Chapter 12 Pauling/Itano Experiment Linus Pauling and Harvey Itano knew that hemoglobin, a molecule in red blood cells, contained an electrical charge. They wanted to see if the hemoglobin in normal RBC

More information

DNA vs. RNA B-4.1. Compare DNA and RNA in terms of structure, nucleotides and base pairs.

DNA vs. RNA B-4.1. Compare DNA and RNA in terms of structure, nucleotides and base pairs. DNA vs. RNA B-4.1 Compare DNA and RNA in terms of structure, nucleotides and base pairs. Key Concepts l Nucleic Acids: l deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) l ribonucleic acid (RNA) l Nucleotides: l nitrogen base,

More information

Chromatin assembly kit

Chromatin assembly kit Chromatin assembly kit Cat. No. C01030001 (20 rxns) Version 1 I 09.15 Contacts DIAGENODE HEADQUARTERS Diagenode s.a. BELGIUM EUROPE LIEGE SCIENCE PARK Rue Bois Saint-Jean, 3 4102 Seraing - Belgium Tel:

More information

Gene Expression - Transcription

Gene Expression - Transcription DNA Gene Expression - Transcription Genes are expressed as encoded proteins in a 2 step process: transcription + translation Central dogma of biology: DNA RNA protein Transcription: copy DNA strand making

More information

DNA- THE MOLECULE OF LIFE. Link

DNA- THE MOLECULE OF LIFE. Link DNA- THE MOLECULE OF LIFE Link STRUCTURE OF DNA DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid): DNA is a long, stringy, twisted molecule made up of nucleotides that carries genetic information. DISCOVERIES Rosalind Franklin,

More information

Chapter Fundamental Molecular Genetic Mechanisms

Chapter Fundamental Molecular Genetic Mechanisms Chapter 5-1 - Fundamental Molecular Genetic Mechanisms 5.1 Structure of Nucleic Acids 5.2 Transcription of Protein-Coding Genes and Formation of Functional mrna 5.3 The Decoding of mrna by trnas 5.4 Stepwise

More information

Bi 8 Lecture 7. Ellen Rothenberg 26 January Reading: Ch. 3, pp ; panel 3-1

Bi 8 Lecture 7. Ellen Rothenberg 26 January Reading: Ch. 3, pp ; panel 3-1 Bi 8 Lecture 7 PROTEIN STRUCTURE, Functional analysis, and evolution Ellen Rothenberg 26 January 2016 Reading: Ch. 3, pp. 109-134; panel 3-1 (end with free amine) aromatic, hydrophobic small, hydrophilic

More information

DNA- THE MOLECULE OF LIFE

DNA- THE MOLECULE OF LIFE DNA- THE MOLECULE OF LIFE STRUCTURE OF DNA DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid): DNA is a long, stringy, twisted molecule made up of nucleotides that carries genetic information. DISCOVERIES Rosalind Franklin,

More information

1. Mitosis = growth, repair, asexual reproduc4on

1. Mitosis = growth, repair, asexual reproduc4on Places Muta4ons get passed on: Cell Reproduc4on: 2 types of cell reproduc4on: 1. Mitosis = growth, repair, asexual reproduc4on Photocopy machine Growth/Repair Passed on in the same body 2. Meiosis = sexual

More information

RAINBOW GELS: AN INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROPHORESIS. STANDARDS 3.1.7, , Westminster College 3.3.7, , 3.3.

RAINBOW GELS: AN INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROPHORESIS. STANDARDS 3.1.7, , Westminster College 3.3.7, , 3.3. RAINBOW GELS: AN INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROPHORESIS STANDARDS 3.1.7, 3.1.10, 3.1.12 Westminster College 3.3.7, 3.3.10, 3.3.12 INTRODUCTION This laboratory will demonstrate the basics of electrophoresis and

More information

Epigenetics. Medical studies in English, Lecture # 12,

Epigenetics. Medical studies in English, Lecture # 12, Epigenetics Medical studies in English, 2018. Lecture # 12, Epigenetics Regulation of gene activity in eukaryotes Correlation of chromatin structure with transcription stably heritable phenotype resulting

More information

AGENDA for 10/11/13 AGENDA: HOMEWORK: Due end of the period OBJECTIVES:

AGENDA for 10/11/13 AGENDA: HOMEWORK: Due end of the period OBJECTIVES: AGENDA for 10/11/13 AGENDA: 1. Finish 1.2.3 DNA Analysis Analyzing DNA Samples Using Current Forensic Methods OBJECTIVES: 1. Demonstrate the steps of gel electrophoresis 2. Analyze restriction fragment

More information

Division Ave. High School Ms. Foglia AP Biology. Nucleic acids. AP Biology Nucleic Acids. Information storage

Division Ave. High School Ms. Foglia AP Biology. Nucleic acids. AP Biology Nucleic Acids. Information storage Nucleic acids 2006-2007 Nucleic Acids Information storage 2006-2007 1 DNA Nucleic Acids Function: u genetic material stores information w genes w blueprint for building proteins n DNA RNA proteins transfers

More information

Transcription is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA by the enzyme, RNA polymerase.

Transcription is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA by the enzyme, RNA polymerase. Transcription in Bacteria Transcription in Bacteria Transcription in Bacteria Transcription is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA by the enzyme,

More information

36. The double bonds in naturally-occuring fatty acids are usually isomers. A. cis B. trans C. both cis and trans D. D- E. L-

36. The double bonds in naturally-occuring fatty acids are usually isomers. A. cis B. trans C. both cis and trans D. D- E. L- 36. The double bonds in naturally-occuring fatty acids are usually isomers. A. cis B. trans C. both cis and trans D. D- E. L- 37. The essential fatty acids are A. palmitic acid B. linoleic acid C. linolenic

More information

C. Incorrect! Threonine is an amino acid, not a nucleotide base.

C. Incorrect! Threonine is an amino acid, not a nucleotide base. MCAT Biology - Problem Drill 05: RNA and Protein Biosynthesis Question No. 1 of 10 1. Which of the following bases are only found in RNA? Question #01 (A) Ribose. (B) Uracil. (C) Threonine. (D) Adenine.

More information

Review of ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Review of ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Nucleic Acids: DNA Review of ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Definition: Contains CARBON (C) and Hydrogen (H) Large polymers can be made of smaller individual monomers. Ex: For carbohydrates, polysaccharides are large

More information