Protein Synthesis and Processing A New Language
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1 Why? Protein Synthesis and Processing A New Language DNA is often referred to as the genetic blueprint. In the same way blueprints produced by an architect contain the instructions for construction of a building; the DNA found inside the nucleus of cells contains the instructions for assembling a living organism. In an architect s blueprint the written instructions tell the construction company what materials are needed and in what quantities; the DNA blueprint carries its instructions in the form of genes. Each gene directs the production of a polypeptide, from which other more complex proteins, such as enzymes or hormones, may be constructed. So, what is the language of these instructions and how are they read and decoded by the cellular organelles? Model 1: Structure of Chromosomes and Genes 1. What are the instructions on a chromosome called? HSPI The POGIL Project "
2 2. Within each gene there are two types of regions. What are they called? 3. Which regions do not contain any coding material? 4. With your group develop a hypothesis to explain the function of these non-coding regions. 5. Each chromosome is made from what biological molecule? 6. What are the four types of nitrogenous bases found in a strand of DNA? 7. What type of biological molecule will be produced using these instructions? HSPI The POGIL Project #
3 "#$%&'(&&)*+,-.*/01/",&23$+#/,4&+,#&5"06/,4&17$&8$,$1/.&5"#$9& 8. Where in the cell is the DNA found? 9. Where in the cell is the pre-mrna produced? 10. What monomers are used to construct the pre-mrna and where are they found? 11. What is the base found in pre-mrna that is not present in DNA? 12. What is the base pair rule for making pre mrna from DNA? HSPI The POGIL Project $
4 13. Which strand of the DNA is read to produce pre-mrna? 14. What molecule other than DNA is involved in the production of pre-mrna, and what type of biological molecule is it? 15. In which direction is the DNA molecule read? 16. When you apply to college they usually request a copy of your transcript. What exactly are they asking for when they request a transcript and how does this relate to the process of transcription in the nucleus of a cell? Read This Nearly all cells contain identical DNA, and each DNA strand may contain hundreds or thousands of individual sections, or genes. Each gene usually contains the code for one polypeptide strand, however some genes may code for more than one polypeptide. 17. Will a cell transcribe all the genes within its nucleus simultaneously? Justify your answer using complete sentences. 18. Considering the many types of cells and their different functions, will all cells transcribe all genes at some point in time? Justify your answer using complete sentences. HSPI The POGIL Project %
5 Model 3: mrna Processing (in Eukaryotes only) 19. What has been removed from the pre-mrna to make it into mrna? 20. Thinking back to Model 1 and the hypothesis you developed in question 4, why do you think these regions have been removed? 21. What three bases makes up the start codon? 22. What has been added to the mrna before the start codon and to which end of the molecule was it added? HSPI The POGIL Project &
6 23. There are 18 codons in this mrna strand. Given that information define a codon using complete sentences. 24. What has been added to the other end of the mrna, after the last codon? 25. Through which structure is the mrna leaving the nucleus? 26. The m in mrna is short for messenger. Why is this molecule called messenger RNA? Read This mrna is a short-lived molecule which will eventually be degraded by exonucleases. Exonucleases can only remove individual nucleotides from the 3 end of a nucleic acid. The individual mrna nucleotides will then be free to be used again during the process of transcription. 27. What type of biological molecule is an exonuclease? 28. Using the information in the Read This box, develop a hypothesis to explain why a poly-a tail is added to one end of the mrna. 29. Different mrna molecules can have poly-a tails of different lengths. Considering the purpose of adding the poly-a tail (from the previous question), why are some tails longer than others? Justify your answer using complete sentences. HSPI The POGIL Project '
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